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Achievement Gap in Education, 2005.
A discussion of the historic Brown vs. Board of Education decision and how it has failed to achieve its intended purpose.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the Brown vs. Board of Education, a Supreme Court decision mandating the integration of public schools with the purpose of promoting equality in education, and ultimately in society, has not yet achieved this ideal. The first part of this paper details how the achievement gap between different races can be seen in all levels of education, from primary to college levels. This section also looks at how this gap can be discerned in various areas from academic subjects like mathematics to extra curricular activities like SAT preparations. The next part of the paper then looks at the reasons why this achievement gap persists. Finally, the paper looks at various programs that are geared towards narrowing this gap. Though their successes remain limited, this paper argues that programs such as these are the only long-term solution to a problem as ingrained as the achievement gap in education.
From the Paper
"The scholastic achievement gap starts as early as pre-school. Data from the U.S. Department of Labor (cited in Jacobson 2001) shows that by kindergarten and first grade, children of African American, American Indian and Latino heritage exhibit lower levels of school awareness compared to white and Asian children of the same age. These tests measure factors such as the mastery of oral language, pre-mathematics and pre-reading skills. In addition, African American, American Indian and Latino children also who lower levels of general knowledge."
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"I Heard the Owl Call my Name", 2005.
Discusses the theme of death and dying in Margaret Craven's novel, "I Heard the Owl Call My Name".
2,951 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Craven's book about a bishop who must tell his young Anglican missionary who is living in a remote Indian village in Canada that he has only two years, or less, left to live. The paper explains the conflict the bishop faces as to how and when to tell the young vicar and describes parts of the book, citing the page numbers to which these descriptions refer. Furthermore, the paper explores the book's theme about death and dying by referencing passages in the book and then explains how this book is, in addition to being a dramatic story, an historical and cultural look at Canadian Indians.
From the Paper
"Readers also know just how "rough and tumble" and backwoods this setting is, when I page 19, a good description is given of the hang-logger "Calamity Bill" (the opposite of Broadway's "Calamity Jane"?). Because his float is subject to its nails coming loose when boats pass to fast and create wakes to rough, he is known to come out of his A-Frame "shaking his fist and swearing" - but the most interesting and raw rural aspect of Calamity Bill is the fact that the inner of his two sets of long-legged underwear is "part of his skin." The putrid smell of rancid underwear just might be close to the smell of death itself, although the author may not have intended for that linkage. "
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The Pacific Northwest, 2005.
An examination of the history of conflicting cultures that characterized the American Pacific Northwest in the 1800s.
1,241 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of the Pacific Northwest and the clashes of nations and cultures that dominated the history of the region in the 1800s. These clashes were mainly between American settlers and the Native American tribes who already lived in the area. It looks at the attempts of the settlers to change and dominate the native population and various treaties that were signed.
From the Paper
"During and after the so-called "Great Migration of 1843" which included settlers from all over the United States, it became abundantly clear to the native Indians of the Pacific Northwest that what is now Oregon and Washington State were destined to become strongholds of American culture and society. According to Secretary of State John Calhoun, more than one thousand Americans had relocated to Oregon by 1843 and that twice this number would arrive in 1844 (Fuller, 258); Calhoun also stated "the migration forces which had driven the tide of population in earlier days would drive it on with increasing power across the Rockies to the banks of the Columbia River which was destined to be peopled by us" (Fuller, 259). Thus, this migration of settlers proved to be a turning point in the history of the Pacific Northwest and was even eclipsed in 1845 when more than three thousand "immigrants" poured into Oregon which effectively doubled the white population. With this event, it is comparatively easy to understand how the native Indians of Oregon and Washington were affected, for the white settlers had obviously "expected certain American cultural traditions to be carried over to the Pacific Northwest" (Tisdale, 298), such as commerce, religion and other societal traits. In the end, the Pacific Northwest became part of the true American landscape and, like in so many other regions of the country, the native Indians were either "assimilated" or outright destroyed."
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The Mohave and the Chemehuevi, 2005.
Examines the past and the present of two American Indian tribes of California.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the history, social organization, and customs of two California tribes: The Mohave and the Chemehuevi. The scope of the paper includes a review of the current status of the two tribes.
From the Paper
"The American Indian tribes are the original immigrants of the continent of America. In fact, the people of these tribes are of old Eastern origin, believed to be descendants of the Mongloid race in Asia. Over a period of thousands of years, these tribes gradually populated the unoccupied Western Hemisphere, from the Bering Strait to the southern most tip of South America, and from coast to coast. These first settlers were not savages and, in fact, possessed ancient knowledge about the laws of the universe and nature. They developed varying types of social organization and mechanisms, which satisfied their choice of environment and preferred manner of living, in harmony with nature (Dutton 1983: xix-xx). It is the objective of this paper to discuss the history, customs, and social organization, both past and present, of two of the American Indian tribes that settled in the West, namely, the Mohave and the Chemehuevi."
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Father Eusebio Kino, 2004.
A report on the Spanish missionary, Father Eusebio Kino.
2,594 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper describes some of the accomplishments of Father Eusebio Kino, his influence on a great many individuals in the Western portion of the United States, and provides an historical account of his life and career.
Introduction
Life Before the Priesthood
Life Range
His Life's Work
From the Paper
"Father Kino's family name was originally Chini but he adopted Kino after college. Kino was a scholar first. His education consisted of several universities including Trent and later Hall near Innsbruck. His educational pursuits also took him to several excellent Universities such as Landsberg, Ingolstadt, Innsbruck, Munich and Oehingen. He had already distinguished himself in several fields of study including mathematics, cartography, and astronomy in Germany. He was a distinguished mathematician and also observed the comet of 1680-81 at Cadiz, where he published his discovery in his 'Exposicion astronomica de el [sic] cometa.' He also taught mathematics for a short while at the University of Ingolstadt. As is the case with many European citizens, he was gifted in multiple languages including Italian, Spanish Swiss, German and French. This ability to speak multiple languages helped him later acquire the local American Indian languages and dialects."
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Genocide or Clash of Cultures?, 2004.
A discussion of whether the cultural decimation of the American Indian was caused by a clash of cultures or genocide.
1,561 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how facts and documentation all point to the genocide of the American Indians and indigenous culture, as opposed to a mere clash of cultures, and how arguing against this by using facile sociological theories of cultural change and adaptation is simply to mask the reality of history. It looks at how the reality of the genocide of the American Indians is a part of a history that should be examined and exposed, as it provides important lessons in intolerance and understanding. If these historical realities are ignored or transmuted by false theories and perceptions, the danger exists that these tragic events may be condoned and even repeated in other forms and histories in the future.
From the Paper
"While documented evidence of genocide is a historical fact, some still view the genocide of American Indians simply as a minor, inevitable tension between different cultures, which forms a part of history. Supporting this belief is Vice-President Dick Cheney who is of the opinion that the history of the American Indian is the result of a clash of cultures rather than genocide. Addressing students Cheney told the audience he did not believe the mass extermination of the American Indian population that took place from 1492 until the late 1800s could be considered genocide. It was merely a clash of cultures that occurred for a brief period and was perpetuated by Europeans . (Grim R.) The theory of the clash of cultures implies a fusion and integration of cultures and a more benign sense of social and historical development."
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2004.
This paper discusses the relationship of the Native American tribes and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lewis and Clark managed to adhere to their objectives for the expedition handed out by Jefferson, including proclaiming American sovereignty in the West, advancing American trade, and promoting peace between Indian tribes, while attempting to establish a peaceful and profitable relationship with the Native American tribes. The author points out that, during their expedition, Lewis and Clark encountered nearly 50 Native American tribes, each with distinct and often characteristic responses to the white presence; some tribes provided the expedition with a great deal of assistance, others hindering the expedition. The paper relates that the expedition's plans to bring peace between the Indian tribes meant that the Americans would provide guns to the Nez Perces and the Shoshones; the Blackfoot opposed this plan, fearing that it would hurt their power in the region; therefore. the Blackfoot warriors tried to steal the expedition's guns.
From the Paper
"Promoting peace between the Native American tribes was a complex process for which Lewis and Clark were little prepared. The Lewis and Clark expedition came upon the American Natives long after complex and lengthy histories of intertribal warfare had developed, making any intervention by the expedition temporary at best, and futile, at worst. The intricate trade network systems among the native tribes played an enormous role in the relative successes and failures of Lewis and Clark's inroads into Native American culture. Lewis and Clark knew little of the complexities of trade among the tribes, including the demanding and complex trade alliances between the Assiniboine and Manda/Hidata, and the trade between the Arikara and Teon Sioux."
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Role of Education in Society, 2004.
A look at racial bias and bigotry in the U.S. educational system and what can be done to eliminate it.
1,357 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the tendency in the U.S. educational system to force non-mainstream cultures to conform to the established mainstream culture and how this is the primary means by which education contributes to the development and preservation of bigotry and prejudice. The paper also looks at how, if done properly, education can instead be used to help overcome racist, bigoted, and hate-inducing ideas in society and, actually, honor multiculturalism and diversity.
From the Paper
"The education system in the United States has a long history of ethnic segregation, both formal (adjudicated by law) and informal. It has been argued that segregated programs are based on the idea of de-culturizing the student, rather than incorporating the culture in question into the learning experience. This is done through a program designed to eliminate the native language and culture. For instance, there have been times when the education system has eliminated or simply ignored the laws concerning attendance, especially in the case of Mexican American farm workers' children who were needed to work in agriculture during planting and harvest seasons (Spring, 2003)."
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Native American Gambling Revenues, 2004.
An analysis of the political disagreement regarding the revenue generated from casinos on Native American reservations.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the political storm surrounding the state's wish that the revenues that are generated from the casinos run by Native Americans be shared with the state. It discusses the political background of laws and legislation in negotiation regarding this issue.
From the Paper
"In March, Ron Johnson, vice president of the Prairie Island Tribal Council, remarked, "We were given a compact from the state in good faith ... I think it was assumed we wouldn't succeed in gaming. Now you have the bad economy and successful Indian casinos, and they want part of what we have" (Lopez Pp). House Speaker Steve Sviggum, responded, saying that times have changed, and the state budget has pressing needs, and that basically it wasn't fair that other states were receiving gaming resources, while Minnesota received nothing (Lopez Pp). Henry Buffalo, the tribe's counsel, replied that the tribes are not responsible for the economic problems, nor are they the solution, that they have continuing employment, "with 14,000 jobs statewide and 30,000 jobs indirectly by gaming" (Lopez Pp). Johnson pointed out that they were the largest employers in Goodhue County, with one in fifteen jobs attributed to the casino and warned that expansion could create layoffs, thus creating an even higher unemployment rate (Lopez Pp). Sviggum also chastised the gaming tribes for not sharing revenue with other tribes (Lopez Pp). Buffalo explained that it was up to the tribes on how they use their revenues to move forward and take care of their own communities (Lopez Pp). And to ban video gaming would "eliminate thousands of jobs and force us back onto welfare rolls" said Johnson (Lopez Pp)."
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Native American Spirituality and Traditions, 2004.
Discusses the traditions and spirituality of the Eastland Woodlands Native Americans.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The Woodlands people lived in three main areas, the upper Great Lakes and Ohio River valley, the Lower Great Lakes, and the coastal region. This paper examines some of the traditions of these Native American groups, as well as their spiritual beliefs. It looks at their connection to the land, their reverence for all living things, and naming traditions. The paper also touches on the artifacts that accompanied their spiritual rituals.
From the Paper
"But for Native Americans, names referred more to spiritual qualities. Lakota men might receive their adult name because of a dream or from something they saw in a 'vision quest,' a purposeful spiritual retreat. Or they could be named for a wondrous deed or a horrid misdeed. No matter how the adult name arose, however, it meant more than Tom, Dick or Harry. The name was meant to draw a connection between the physical person receiving the name and the spiritual things inside and outside of that person."
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Louise Erdrich's Poem, "Dear John Wayne", 2004.
A look at the symbolic and thematic elements of Erdrich's poem about assimilation and immigration into a culture defined by racism.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Erdrich's use of diction, image, tone, metaphor, irony, theme, and symbol in her poem, "Dear John Wayne", which describes the white culture's extortion of land and culture from a Native American perspective.
From the Paper
"The poem begins with a description of group of young Native American men lying on the hood of a Pontiac car, watching the face of John Wayne as he defeats a group of Indians in a spaghetti western. Here, John Wayne, the American cowboy, himself symbolizes the white invasion of the west, and the white man's taking of Native culture and land. Wayne himself is the ultimate fighter against the Indians, the individualistic and rugged cowboy that symbolizes the white desire for land and power. The poem describes "hordes of mosquitoes", which represent the white invasion, and their relentless attacks and numbers that make them largely unstoppable."
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Captivity of Settlers, 2004.
A discussion of the captivity of three white settlers by Native Americans.
1,021 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the captivity periods of Mary Rowlandson, Hannah Dustin, and Mary Jamison and how they each coped with captivity in their own way. It explains how the stories of their captivity revealed the much of the customs among Native Americans, especially through the greatly different treatment afforded to the three women.
From the Paper
"Mary White Rowlandson, wife of Puritan minister Joseph Rowlandson, was captured by native Americans in February of 1676. During this time, King Philip, the leader of the Wampanoag tribe of southern Massachusetts organized a rebellion against the incursion of white settlers on native land. In total 23 settlers were captured, and 13 people were killed, including Mary's brother-in-law, sister, nieces and nephews. Mary's six-year old daughter died on the trip, and Mary and her other children were sold as a slaves to different masters. Mary made herself useful by sewing and mending clothes for her captors, and was eventually ransomed in May of 1676 for to English settlers for 20 pounds, and reunited with her husband (Lancaster Online; About.com)."
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Native Americans, 2004.
This paper discusses the past history and present condition of Native American tribes.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Native American tribes lost sovereignty over their lands, which were considered sacred to them, because the colonists and, later, the U.S. wanted the valuable resources on the land and needed the space for their own populous growth. The author explains that the constant uphill battle to gain independence has led to many Native Americans feeling abandoned by the government as they try to improve their reservations and preserve their history and ancestors' way of life. The paper relates that there are very few present day 'heroes' for a young Native American growing up in a poverty-stricken area of a struggling reservation.
From the Paper
"Native American communities not only struggle with high levels of unemployment and poverty, but are also affected by alcoholism, depression, obesity, and other health and mental health related issues that far exceed any other minority in the United States. This is startling to imagine that a whole community of people is affected by such difficulties, solely because they are unable to gain their own independence. Some may argue that there are other factors that contribute to these facts, but it is a vicious circle, enabled by a system of government that is more interested in their own economic gains and livelihood."
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"Custer Died for Your Sins", 2004.
An analysis of Vine Deloria, Jr.'s "Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto".
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
One of the more profound developments of the current Native American movement has been an effort on the part of Indians themselves to record their own history in order to help them gain control of their future. When Deloria promulgated his "Indian Manifesto" in 1969 with the title of "Custer Died for Your Sins", it became apparent that he was at the forefront of this movement, and the issues he identifies continue to be at the forefront of Native American concerns today. This paper provides an overview of Deloria's book, followed by a discussion of six of the main points made by the author. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"According to Deloria, popular myths about American Indians have created a mainstream mentality in American that is based on ethnocentric perceptions that help soothe the national conscious because, after all, the Indians got the short end of the resources and geographic stick. Deloria makes the point that Native American men have been considered virtually subhuman since Europeans first set foot on the continent, but the Indian women were viewed as possessing a sufficient amount of stockiness and attributes to make them worthy of having their bloodlines added to the Euro-American family history through intermarriage."
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The Case of Leonard Peltier, 2004.
This paper discusses the case of Leonard Peltier, who has languished in prison for three decades for murder. It tries to determine if Peltier is a cold-blooded murderer or a down-trodden political prisoner.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Leonard Peltier is a man who is currently serving two life sentences. Peltier was convicted of the murder of two FBI agents, but has repeatedly asked for parole and been rejected. The author points out that Peltier, who is Native American, insists that his heritage, his anger, and his protest against the white American government are what have caused him to receive two life sentences. The paper concludes that had Peltier only been convicted of this Wounded Knee standoff crime, it could be conceivable that he would have a valid point when it comes to his continued detainment; but he has been convicted of other violent crimes before the murders at Wounded Knee. Therefore, he is not a political prisoner, but rather a common criminal.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background of the Issue
Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ballistics evidence presented by the government was that Peltier was the only one who was using the type of gun that fired the type of bullets located in the car of the FBI agent. Whether or not he was using that gun has come under fire many times in the past three decades. Peltier and his attorneys continue to argue that he was there, he was involved but he did not pull the trigger of the gun that murdered the two agents. While he accepts some culpability for being involved in the standoff he objects to being convicted of murder, and even more so to spending two life sentences behind bars for a murder he believes he did not commit. As the appeals process was used his attorneys pointed to other cases in which the convict was at the scene but did not pull the trigger. They insist that in those cases the convicts did not have to wait so long for a parole hearing. According to his legal team and those who support his cause, Peltier is not being held this long because he killed someone, he is being held this long to be used as an example to what will happen to others who dare to buck the system of the United States government."
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Hohokam Culture and Traditions, 2004.
Explores the Hohokam culture, one of four major native American cultural groups that dominated the Southwest.
1,232 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses different cultural and traditional aspects of four periods of the Hohokam history known as the pioneer, colonial, sedentary, and classic periods. The paper explores the architecture of these cultures, their art, the agricultural, hunting and gathering aspects, their clothing and pottery aspects, as well as their ceremonial and religious practices.
From the Paper
"The name Hohokam is synonymous with "the ancients" (Kroeber, 1962). The tribe were neighbors to the Anasazi, somewhat similar to Pueblo cultures (Kroeber, 1962), and though to have migrated from various regions in Mexico to Arizona and the surrounding area (Gregoris, 1997). Many often compare the Hohokam with the Anasazi, who built very similar dwellings and lived similar lifestyles. The Hohokam distinguish themselves somewhat however by building largely segregated dwellings on posts and reeds, with habitats typically more arid in nature requiring the digging of irrigated canals and ditches (Kroeber, 1962)."
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"Missionary Conquest", 2004.
A critical analysis of George Tinker's book, "Missionary Conquest: The Gospel and Native American Cultural Genocide".
1,587 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the disastrous affects of missionary work on the demography and population of Native Americans by analyzing Tinker's book. It explains how the book illustrates the dark side of missionary work and the damage that can and has been done to Native American cultures and peoples as a result of the inherent coupling of colonialism/ethnocentrism and religion.
From the Paper
"From the beginning of the book, Tinker makes it clear that his main point in writing Missionary Conquest is "that the Christian missionaries-of all denominations working among the American Indian nations-were partners in Genocide" (Tinker, 1993: 4). Of course, this assertion is no small thing. The term "genocide" is hardly a trifling term-especially when coupled with an institution as supposedly benevolent (to those who support its existence) as Christian mission work. Indeed, Tinker mentions several times throughout the book the supposed "good intentions" of the very genocidal missionaries he discusses-missionaries that, despite the very real damage they helped perpetrate against an entire people, are on the verge of "canonization:""
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Race, Culture, and Politics in the United States, 2004.
An examination of the issue of cultural diversity in the United States.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in the United States, there is currently a paradigm of tolerance as never before and how the many different cultures that make up the United States have never been more deeply studied in order to understand them. It looks at how colonization has been finished, how the American dream has been fulfilled, and how all that remains is attempting to understand the casualties that occurred as a result of the rush towards this dream fulfillment.
Outline
African-Americans in the United States
Asian-Americans
Native Americans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The key difference between Asian- and African-Americans, in terms of their arrival in the United States, is the fact that the Asians immigrated willingly in search of the American Dream, while Africans were imported against their will as slaves. The Asians, mainly composed of Chinese, were initially welcomed. However, as soon as the economy in terms of the California gold rush became an issue, discrimination once again favored the Caucasian over all others. During the late 1800's this then resulted in the Asian exclusion from citizenship."
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Michigan's Gaming Industry, 2004.
Examines the influence that American Indian tribes have on the gaming industry.
7,522 words (approx. 30.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 165.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history of the involvement of Indian tribes in Michigan's gaming industry, government involvement in the industry, and relevant laws enacted. The paper also considers the impact the Indian tribes and their connection to the gaming industry has had on the political scene and the attempts of both political parties to woo the Indian vote by supporting the efforts of various tribes in maintaining and increasing their control of the gaming industry.
From the Paper
"For long, the gaming industry in Michigan has been influenced by the Indian tribes and their constant demands. Over time, regulatory bodies have promulgated various laws detailing gaming procedures and conduct. With the passage of time, the legislature has been from time to time modified so as to accommodate the various demands of Indian tribes. Of late, efforts have been made to usher in public casinos. This has had its serious share of repercussions. In the bargain, public legislative and regulatory bodies have had to perform a balancing act satisfying both advocates of Indian gaming and public gaming outfits. While this has caused a storm in the tea cup, it has also been responsible for steady erosion of the Indian support towards the public legislature. On the whole the economy has due to this move, had its share of fortunes and losses."
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