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Christian Conversion in Mexico and Brazil, 2007.
A description of the Spanish and Portuguese attempts to convert native peoples to Christianity during their conquests of Brazil and Mexico.
2,274 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of Spanish and Portuguese colonization on Mesoamerican culture, with an emphasis on conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity. The author describes the native religion and lifestyle prior to the Europeans' arrival, and the subsequent results of conversion to Christianity, both positive and negative. Also described is the treatment toward the native peoples by the Europeans. The paper is divided into two sections, one describing the Spanish invasion and the other the Portuguese conquest of Brazil. The author concludes that the effort by Portuguese Christians to convert native Brazilians - by force or otherwise - to Christianity was far less successful than tactics used by Spaniards in Mexico.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
The arrival of the Spaniards into Mesoamerican Mexico
Things did not go well for the Spaniards in 1680s and 1690s
Jesuit priest Father Tomas Miranda raged at the cruel treatment of the Seri
Portugal and the Colonization of Brazil
Works Cited
From the Paper
"And because the Roman Catholic leadership in Spain saw the natives as part of a prophecy, a gift from Lord to enrich their Spanish culture, the Franciscan missionaries, the first priests in Mexico, used "indoctrination" as a term rather than "evangelization." The Spaniards reportedly believed that since God had placed these Native Americans on Mexican soil for the enhancement of Spanish culture and religion, that the natives merely needed the facts of Christianity (Roman Catholicism), not the full litany of evangelization. The Spaniards were wrong, of course, and they found themselves in the midst of a myriad of troubling situations they could not possibly have predicted."
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Mesoamerica, 2006.
A look at Mesoamerica, which includes the central area of Mexico, Central America, down to Guatemala and Honduras.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of Mesoamerica. According to the paper, archaeological evidence showing signs of human habitation north of the Valley of Mexico indicates that the history of Mexico can be extended back at least 20,000 years. The paper looks at the development of the different civilizations that inhabited this region and era and discusses their art.
From the Paper
"Much of the art of the region shows similar concerns and similar designs. The ancient mythic cultures of the Olmec, the Mayan, and the Aztecs, along with frescoes from different periods in Mexican history, show images of plumed coyotes, men with the shells of turtles, dogs wearing human masks, jaguars in scarves, arum flowers with pistils that are tiny men, geometrically shaped gods with large noses, and so on. Many of these have become iconic image and have been emulated by others in later periods."
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The Fox Wars, 2003.
A brief history of the Fox Wars between the Fox (Mesquakie) American Indians and the French.
3,372 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Fox Wars, fought between the Fox (Mesquakie) American Indians and the French in the early 18th Century. According to the paper, these Fox Wars that were fought in the then-French territory of Wisconsin, were due to the struggles that persisted as a result of access to land and waterways, security of expanding French forces into the West and mistrust perpetuated by previous encounters.
From the Paper
"Beauharnois chose Paul de la Marque Sieur Marin to lead an expedition to suppress the Meskwaki. Marin and his forces left Montreal in the summer of 1729 and wintered over in a deserted fort near the Menominee village. He first encountered Meskwaki people in the spring, near Little Lake Butte des Morts. After five days of fighting the Meskwaki were successful in escaping during the night and eluding capture or defeat by Marin. Having lost all of their allies and left with few resources in their home area, the Meskwaki took an offer from the Iroquois to seek refuge outside of Wisconsin. In the summer of 1730 they set off for Lake Ontario, traveling through southern Wisconsin and along the Illinois River. They had plans to meet with allies in the Ouiatanon tribe near Lafayette, Indiana. However, their travel was also reported to the French by the Meskwaki's former allies, the Mascouten and the Kickapoo. The French threatened the Iroquois for offering refuge to the Meskwaki. Meanwhile, St. Ange of Peoria, Illinois gathered a force of French and Indian warriors and pursued the Meskwaki. "
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Native-American Family Culture, 2007.
This paper explores Native-American culture, focusing on family life.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer presents an examination of family life with a focus on the Native-American community. The writer explores child rearing, parenting, moral training, infant care and other aspects of the Native-American culture and presents it in a cohesive fashion. The writer notes that the Native-American population continues to blend its foundation with American life to create a situation in which they can live cohesively while not forgetting who they are and where they came from. The writer concludes that as Americans become more tolerant of equal genders and get further away from corporal punishment of children the American culture will become more similar to the Native-American culture, and perhaps learn from a people that has maintained their integrity through almost constant assault.
From the Paper
"The concept of family is important in almost every culture in the world. How one raises children, treats children and support children is instrumental in any culture. Native Americans have struggled for many years to maintain their individual culture and tradition in a world that has spent 200 years trying to strip it away. One of the more difficult elements of maintaining that culture has been in the area of family. Family traditions, and Native American culture have clashed with modern America and the result for many has been confusion, depression and anger as children and teenagers rebel against their parent's wishes. While this is common in almost all family cultures the Native American culture also wrestles with prejudice and bias against their ways. Today, many Native Americans are striving to raise their children with respect for modern ways while still maintaining the traditions of their heritage."
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Peltier and Hatcher, 2007.
This paper discusses the cases of Leonard Peltier and Eddie Hatcher and looks at the Native-American experience with the U.S. justice system.
1,027 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer provides two cultural and historic examples of injustice in the treatment of Native-American individuals. Further, the writer identifies the tribe or the individual's name as well as the geographical or historical context. The pros and cons of the situation are analyzed and stated. The writer relates that the 'system' is manipulated by those in power rendering verdicts that forever change the lives of individuals such as Hatcher and Peltier wreaking a great injustice upon individuals, tribes and minorities throughout the United States. The writer concludes that it is doubtful that real justice and just principles can be in reality founded upon the methodological genocide of the Native-American people that occurred in the establishment of this system of 'justice'.
From the Paper
"In 1973 a three-year period of political violence began on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation with the tribal chairman hiring vigilantes or self-titled "GOONS" to run the American Indian Movement (AIM) off of the reservation. During the violence over 60 traditional tribal and AIM members were murdered and many more hurt. The evidence seemed to point to the GOONS as being responsible for the largest part of the crimes yet nothing was done to stop the ongoing violence. THE GOONS were supplied with intelligence on AIM members by the FBI who also supplied the GOONS with ammunition. The traditional people at Pine Ridge South Dakota asked Leonard, who was a gifted organizer for AIM to go to Pine Ridge and watch over those who were the victims of violence. Leonard and a few other younger members of AIM camped on a ranch which was owned by the Jumping Bull Family, a tradition family. June 26, 1975 was the fateful day that two agents for the FBI followed a pickup in their unmarked car to the Jumping Bull Ranch. The families who lived there, due to the violent nature of those who had targeted them became scared and shots rang out while over 150 agents, GOON's and law officers surrounded the ranch."
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The Thirst of a Mercantile Empire, 2007.
This paper explores the use of rum, grog, brandy and other alcoholic beverages in shaping the relationship between Great Britain and Her American colonies.
2,274 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how when Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, and other European nations established colonies in the Americas, each was faced with a similar dilemma - how to turn a profit from these new ventures. The paper shows how the mercantile colonial world of the British New World Empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was based upon the sugar plantations of the West Indies. The paper describes how rum, grog and other sugar-cane based alcoholic beverages fed the appetites of British men and women in the mother country and fueled the European trade in slaves along the West Coast of Africa.
From the Paper
"Rum, for example, was distilled from the molasses - the molasses itself a product of one the stages of sugar refining. Still other strong drinks were made directly from the fermented, or distilled, juice of the sugar cane plant. These liquors were shipped back home to Britain, where the profits from their sale were invested either in alcoholic beverages of European manufacture, or put back into the sugar plantations themselves. These plantations demanded enormous amounts of backbreaking labor, but laborers were in short supply. It was only when the British, and other European colonizers, discovered the cure-all of African slavery that their problem appeared solved, and the classic Eighteenth Century mercantile relationship between colonizer and colony was fixed firmly in place."
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Woodland Indians, 2006.
A look at Woodland Indians and their culture.
1,196 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the lives of Woodland Indians. According to the paper, the study of Woodland Indian culture is difficult, the reason being a lack of evidence. Many artifacts and remains were destroyed by amateurs lacking the skills to preserve the evidence. However, archaeologists were able to substantiate an entire society's way of life by tracking and analyzing how much chert was to be found in rocks and stream beds.
From the Paper
"They also left weapons, including; arrowheads, axes, spearheads and knives of many different shapes and sizes. A well trained archeologist would be able to glean much information from these artifacts if allowed to discover them in their context. The museum also displayed how the Woodland Indians played and hunted."
"One display showed how hunting was their main source for food and also supplied them with skins for clothing and bedding to keep them warm during the winter. That same display informed us that the Indians played many games, including lacrosse. There were some games that only the woman played, while the men also showed off their skills at archery and spear throwing. Dice was also popular, although they probably did not use the same type of manufactured dice that we use today. "
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California Indians, 2007.
This paper describes the history of the California Indians and the struggles they faced with colonizing Europeans.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief history of the Native Americans of California, focusing on their struggles with colonizing Europeans and their eventual loss of land and civil rights. The paper traces the history of Native Americans in the US back to their arrival in North America from Asia. Next the author describes their settlement and cultures in North America, and California specifically. The paper highlights the arrival of Europeans to Californian, describing the Native American's subsequent loss of loss of land, culture and autonomy. Special attention is paid to the effects of reservations on the Native American population.
Outline:
California Indians
Population Decline of California Indian
Figure-1: Native California [Census 2000]
Figure-2: Native California Population [Census 2000]
Indian Plight since Columbian Period
Paper includes maps and charts.
From the Paper
"This exploitation continued well into the twentieth century and displacement of Native Indian from reserves continued with little or no compensation until the early twentieth century. The enlightened society of the twentieth century began to apply the laws which have been on the statutes for centuries to all Americans. Discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion and sex can not be legally justified anymore. This important factor now provides legal rights and new protection to Native Indians. "
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The Spanish Explorers, 2007.
A discussion regarding the impact of the Spanish explorers on the native populations of the West Indies and Mexico.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Spanish explorers Christopher Columbus, Bartolome' de las Casas and Bernal Diaz Del Castillo. The paper discusses the differences in attitudes of the three different explorers with regard to the native populations of the countries they discovered. The paper further discusses the impact of these Spanish explorers on the native populations of the West Indies and Mexico.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, it was the innocent and gullible attitude that would be the downfall of the Taino. Columbus wrote home to Spain and explained how useful this tribe would be due to their work ethic, caring, and cooperativeness. Columbus and his crew soon found ways to take advantage of the Taino's generosity. Many women of the Taino tribe were abducted by Columbus' soldiers. On a more formal level when Columbus returned for his second voyage the real mistreatment of the Taino began. About 1200 tribe members were sent to Spain where they were sold off as slaves. Those in the new world began working in mines and on plantations. Columbus began demanding a tribute of gold from each adult Taino; death or mutilation was the punishment for not complying. The population of Taino quickly began to deteriorate due to mistreatment and disease."
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Multiculturalism and the Canadian Documentary, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of multiculturalism in Canadian film.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that Canadian documentary directors have used the genre to effectively illustrate facets of multiculturalism and style that would be lost in the non-documentary film-making world. The writer discusses and compares three films in this paper. The writer describes that Simcha Jacobovici and Roger Pyke present a striking memorandum that illustrates the pain and struggle of religious persecution in the film 'Expulsion & Memory: Descendants of the Hidden Jews'. Similarly, the writer looks at Alanis Obomsawin's 'Richard Cardinal: Cry from the Diary of a Metis Child'. The writer also discusses 'Shooting Indians: A Journey with Jeffery Thomas' by Ali Kazimi that quietly illustrates one man's struggle to change the stereotypical image of Native cultures and people in North America, while also reflecting on the relationship of culture as the director shares his cultural background. The writer concludes that through different uses of the documentary genre, all three films effectively use the factual background to establish strong views of multicultural identity.
From the Paper
"As a film style, documentaries are tied to stricter guidelines than other films because they must adhere to fact to some respect. While many filmmakers might see this as a problem or hurtle, well-made documentaries take advantage of this factor as strength. American director St. Clair Bourne explains that the making of a fictional movie is much more demanding because the background and context must all be created from scratch; he finds documentaries to be more about interpretation and bringing out the real story that already exists within a context. This is the case with the three films discussed here, though each film faced different challenges in creation, and succeeded in different aspects. Each of these films takes the raw material of the history involved and shapes it to create a story with whatever intentions exist from the directors."
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Feminism in Native America, 2007.
An analysis of feminism in Native America and its impact on native communities.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses feminism in Native America. It begins by describing various forms of feminism and discussing three waves of feminism. It then links feminism in Native America to the third wave, which includes ecofeminism, postcolonial feminism, generational, youth feminism and embodiment, nature, culture and dualism. The paper goes on to discuss the implications of this form of feminism on the native communities.
From the Paper
"Regardless of its origins in Native communities, sexism operates with full force today and requires strategies that directly address it. Smith believes that before Native peoples fight for the future of their nations, they must decide who is included in the nation. Gender justice is often articulated as being a separate issue from issues of survival for indigenous peoples, and such an understanding presupposes that "we could actually decolonize without addressing sexism, which ignores the fact that it has been precisely through gender violence that we have lost our lands in the first place," argues Smith."
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The Native-American Plight, 2007.
A discussion of the history of European dominance and Native-American suppression in the United States.
5,373 words (approx. 21.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Native-American population is one of the most marginalized groups in American society. The paper relates that the government has treated the Native-American population as a separate and sovereign nation within the borders of the United States, while at the same time reducing their power and preventing it from thriving even in limited circumstances. The paper points out that any discussion of Native-Americans must recognize the variety of tribes in different parts of the country and the social and cultural elements that link them in opposition to the white society that pushed the Native-American out of one region after another. The paper concludes that the plight of the Native-American remains precarious as their culture is undermined and altered even today.
Outline:
Introduction
Early Period
Pre-Civil War
Twentieth Century
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Europeans were surprised at the mode of life of the Native Americans even as they saw that lifestyle to be antithetical to their own. For one thing, as shown in writings by the Europeans, they were consistent in their amazement at the personal liberty of the Indians and especially their freedom from rules and social classes based on the ownership of property, forces which governed the lives of the Europeans. This fact points to one difference between Europeans and Native Americans--Europeans "owned" property and saw the land as something to be possessed, while the Native Americans lived with nature and did not try to own it. The Indians used their resources for survival, while the Europeans sought more than this and developed a broad-based trade that depended on exploiting resources, including exploiting them for products they could sell to their home countries. Much of the history of the New World involved a clash between these values, with Europeans pushing the Indians off their land in order to exploit the resources and to assert ownership, as if God had given them the right to do this."
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Wounded Knee - Battle or Massacre?, 2006.
A discussion regarding the Battle of Wounded Knee and the impact it had on American Indians.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Wounded Knee in American history. Specifically the paper discusses whether the conflict was a battle, as it was first known, or a massacre as it is now being called. The Battle of Wounded Knee was the last major battle between Native-Americans and whites. According to the paper, it was a tragic time in American history, and a lasting reminder of how the Indians lost their way of life, their dignity, and their homes, all due to white aggression and displacement.
From the Paper
"The Battle of Wounded Knee took place on December 29, 1890 near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. A large group of Sioux Natives had gathered by the Creek, and the U.S. Army wanted to break up the gathering, because they felt the group was engaging in the religious dance called the Ghost Dance, which they felt was dangerous because it created unrest among the Natives. The soldiers began to separate the women and children from the men, and during this separation, someone fired a shot. It is not known who fired it. One historian writes, "In the chaos that followed, soldiers gunned down and stabbed Sioux men, women, and children. Some who did not die instantly crawled away only to freeze to death in the coming blizzard" (Johnson). "
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A Good Woman in Colonial Times, 2007.
An analysis of "Sovereignty and Goodness of Good" by Mary Rowlandson.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how "Sovereignty and Goodness of Good" by Mary Rowlandson is both typical and atypical of captivity narratives of the early American colonial period. The paper examines how the author refers to the Native-Americans as savages. However, as her captivity wore on, and her experiences with the Native-Americans grew more intimate, Mary Rowlandson began to show more compassion and balance in her point of view of the Native-Americans. The paper reveals her morality and culture and maintains that this personal adaptability, combined with a balance and generosity of spirit that marks Mary as a distinct voice, may have garnered Mary's greater acceptance by her captives. The paper adds that it also gains her an additional credit as a historical voice and testimony to early settler and Native conflicts.
From the Paper
"It is true that Mary's religious language makes itself evident in the narrative early on. Mary paints the Native's conflicts with the settlers in black-and-white moral terms and demonstrates the similarity of her perspective with other captive women in her theological viewpoint. Mary's view of the events of her life as a playing-out of Biblical conflicts, rather than a struggle for amoral natural resources shows how her fundamental perspective is still united with the culture of her original English people, throughout her travels with the Indians."
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Native-American Totem Poles, 2006.
A review of the Native-American Indian totem pole and it's importance to the culture of Native-American Indians.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the role of the totem pole in the lives of Native-American Indians. The paper first provides a brief history of the totem pole from the perspective of the British explorer, Captain James Cook and then goes on to discuss the history of the totem pole in Native-American Indian culture. The paper then explains the process of creating a totem pole, listing the meaning behind the various symbols.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Totem Pole Significance
The History of the Totem Pole
Steps to Making a Totem Pole
Totem Pole Symbolism
The Great Seal of the US and the Canadian Coat of Arms
Native-American Indian Oral Tradition
The Haida Totem Pole
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
" The Native American Indians did not have a written form of their language and totem pole stories and imagery were shared with the owners of the pole and those who they told. The only meanings which are on record are in cases where the owners of the pole left written record, granted interviews or in cases where the story has been transferred from generation to generation in a story. These stories are referred to as the "oral tradition" which is subject to change and become distorted over time.
According to the website of the Manataka American Indian Council: The Native American Indians placed the totem pole at the front entrance of the family's longhouse for honoring the clan's ancestors, to record the clan's standing, rights and accomplishments, in memoriam of a ceremony or spiritual experience and contains the symbolism of the qualities, experience, and exploits of the family clan. (Manataka American Indian Council, 2006)"
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Wounded Knee 1973, 2007.
This paper explores the Wounded Knee incident of 1973 and discusses the actions by the participants and the government during that time.
3,706 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the events leading up to the Wounded Knee incident and recreates the atmosphere that prevailed before the stand off began. The writer notes that during the 71 day siege at Wounded Knee in 1973, Americans were re-introduced to the plight of the American Indians as media coverage brought hour by hour descriptions of the demands made by those who lead the charge. The writer then describes how thousands of Native-Americans joined together to try and force the American government to change some of the basic problems that were prevalent on reservations not only near Wounded Knee but across the nation. The writer concludes that today, Wounded Knee still serves as an example of the undercurrent of anger many Native Americans feel about the way the government has treated them since first taking over this land.
Outline:
Introduction
Leading Up to Wounded Knee
Wounded Knee Begins
The Demands
The End
Conclusion
End Notes
From the Paper
"Before one can begin to fully understand the impact that Wounded Knee had on the nation and the participants one needs to have an understanding on the events and problems that led up to the siege.
While the Native Americans and the supporters of their people had long been angry over the treatment by the American government when it came to their culture, history and daily life there were several events that worked as a catalyst to lead up to the actual siege at Wounded Knee . The snowball of events begin in 1972 when a young native American named Raymond Yellow Thunder was abducted by two ranchers. Raymond Yellow Thunder was a member of the Oglala Sioux Tribe and had been kidnapped and taken to a dance at an American Legion Hall in Gordon Nebraska. While there participants in his abuse forced him to strip his clothes off and dance naked while audience members threw lit cigarettes beneath his feet to force him to continue dancing."
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Totem Poles, 2007.
A discussion on totem poles as a spiritual form of ethnic art.
2,319 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper researches and writes about the building of totem poles as a spiritual, multicultural art form. Specifically, it looks at the recent totem poles carved by Jewell Praying Wolf James from the Lummi Native American Nation. It also discusses the tradition of totem poles and how their use and meaning may have changed in Native-American culture from the late 18th century to present day.
From the Paper
"Despite the long and important tradition of totems and the celebrations relating to them (called potlashes), they have experienced great challenges and setbacks in the past centuries. In Canada, the Indian Act of 1876 made potlatching and other Native customs illegal. Many consider that the Indian Act destroyed tribal life in Canadian Native Americans, and it certainly had an impact of native culture and art; totem poles and other art was destroyed or confiscated, and people violating the laws were imprisoned or fined heavily. In both Canada and the United States, the abuse of Native Americans and their lack of rights under the American and Canadian governments resulted in mass export of their art, if it was not destroyed (Malin 167-68). "
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The Lost Colony of Roanoke, 2007.
A look at the impact of disease on the lost American colony of Roanoke.
969 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how one of the most perplexing historical mysteries of early American history is that of the lost colony of Roanoke. It examines how the initial contact between the settlers and the Roanoke Indians included a biological clash at the microbiological level in the form of disease and how disease weakened and reduced the native population. It also examines how, because of the intellectual and religious interpretations available to the American Indians at the time, the virulence of the diseases acted as a kind of unintentional, but effective weapon of fear for the settlers.
From the Paper
"When first exposed to the early English colonists in what would become the Southern United States, the native population experienced an almost immediate, precipitous "depopulation" that was mainly due to imported European diseases that the native populace had not been exposed to ever before. Thus, the Roanoke Indians had not built up immunity towards European ailments in a way that the settlers, who had experienced exposure to such microbes all their lives, had been able to form within their bodies. In coastal North Carolina alone, measles, smallpox, and colds caused a death rate of up to a quarter of some of the native villages near the Roanoke colony. "
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The Dilemma of Beacheaven, 2006.
A look at the dilemma the community of Beacheaven face when electing a new police captain.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the community of Beacheaven and the issues they face when electing a new police captain. According to this paper, Beacheaven has always taken pride in aiming to increase the representation of females and minorities within their community. This paper reports that the Concerned Citizens Coalition will decide to rally for an affirmative action solution.
From the Paper
"The city of Beacheaven took a positive step in announcing their affirmative action plan and it should be noted that any positive action would always have a group of people opposing it. When the city announced its plan it should carry it out without caring about any legal action. Such actions are important to reduce the act of discrimination that is prevalent in our society today. "Employment discrimination experts agree that antidiscrimination laws such as the Civil Rights Act encourage, and in many instances require, affirmative action" (Forman, 1991). Affirmative action is necessary and people from the minorities should be brought up to higher ranks and highly paid jobs rather than left concentrated at lower paid jobs. Opportunity should be given to them so that they can excel and make their living standards better. Equal opportunity should be present for all the races in the United States. Moreover, gender discrimination should also be subtracted and men and women should have equal job opportunities. Affirmative action is being taken by many nations of the world because they realize its importance. "India, for example, has undertaken affirmative action initiatives in regard to disfavored castes that are both older and more extensive than any program ventured in the United States" (Ginsburg, 2000). Its 1950 constitution boldly affirms affirmative action because it realizes that equal opportunity should be presented to all the castes and races in India."
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