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Battle at Wounded Knee, 1992.
An analysis of the 1890 South Dakota massacre of Indians by the U.S. military, including background, the Ghost Dance religion, government policy, leadership and the aftermath.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"On December 29, 1890, an incident occurred in South Dakota which is now known as the Battle at Wounded Knee. At that time, the United States government was using its army to control the Sioux population in the area. The white settlers and soldiers in the area were afraid of a possible Indian insurrection. The white authorities were particularly concerned about the Sioux Chief Big Foot. Big Foot had arrived in South Dakota with a band of followers for the purpose of attending a meeting with other Sioux leaders. On December 28, Big Foot and his band were captured by the 7th Cavalry and brought to a campsite at Wounded Knee for detention. The following morning, while the soldiers were disarming the warriors of the band, a fight broke out. This fight turned into a massacre when the soldiers started firing into the crowd. As the Indian women and children tried to flee..."
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"The Battle of the Little Bighorn" by Mari Sandoz, 1992.
A critical review of the work on the misjudgments of the U.S. military leadership in the defeat at the hands of the American Indians.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine The Battle of the Little Bighorn by Mari Sandoz, with a view toward exploring a twentieth-century interpretation of the pattern of misjudgment and what might generously be called hubris that informed the command structure of the United States Army division that encountered a massive Native American division at the Little Bighorn River in 1876. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which the book examines the details of the battle, and then to discuss the political social, cultural, and historiographical background and environment in which the modern understanding of the battle may be most profitably explored. Throughout, as appropriate, reference will be made to the point of view that Sandoz brings to judging events and circumstances of the incident itself and its myriad implications."
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American Indians and Death, 1991.
An analysis of the ethnographic acccounts of the treatment of and attitudes toward death and the dead among Indians of Arizona and New Mexico.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"North American Indian cultures incorporated a number of ceremonies within their communities. These activities were held for a variety of reasons and purposes, but all held an important role within the tribe's daily life. And, with the different tribes' universal belief in the supernatural, death received as much attention as the other life events: birth, puberty and marriage. The purpose of this paper will be to research the ethnographic accounts of treatment and attitudes toward the dead among the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico.
Religious beliefs, which are the basis of all Indian ceremonies and rituals, were linked with supernatural and extraordinary forces of the spirit world (249). For the North American Indians, religion was as important in government and social control as in any other function of society. In fact,..."
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"On the Border With Crook" by John G. Bourke, 1991.
A critical analysis of the1891 account of the life of the Indian fighter General George Crook.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"John G. Bourke. On the Border with Crook. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1971. (originally published 1891.)
America's nineteenth-century Indian Wars are out of fashion today. The contemporary popular-culture version of these wars, in the movie "Dances with Wolves," is a cartoon image that simply stands old "B" western stereotypes on their heads, with noble Indians and brutalized soldiers. The only battles in the Indian Wars that remain household names today are an Indian victory, Little Big Horn, and the late episode at Wounded Knee, remembered now as a massacre rather than a battle. The only American military man now remembered as an "Indian fighter" is General George Custer (Other famous Americans were Indian fighters, notably President Andrew Jackson and many Civil War generals. But only Custer is now remembered for his exploits against..."
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Peyote in the Native American Church, 1991.
An arguement that use of a natural drug in American Indian religion is a justified and authentic part of religious ceremonies.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the use of Peyote in the Native American Church. The argument of the study will be that the use of peyote by the members of the Native American Church is justified and is an authentic element of the religious and spiritual beliefs and practices of the members of the Church, and is in no way to be associated with the "recreational" use of peyote or other drugs by members of society at large.
The issue of peyote use by members of the Native American Church has entered the headlines in 1990 as the result of a peculiar court case which reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Two members of the Church in Oregon were fired for "violating (their employers') absolute rule against drug or alcohol use" (Laycock, 1989, p. 876). It was discovered that they had been using peyote as a part of their church's religious rituals. The two men filed..."
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North American Indian and European Relations, 1991.
"This study compares British-Indian relations with Spanish-Indian relations from pre-contact to 1830, emphasizing European domination and exploitation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will compare and contrast British-Indian relations with Spanish-Indian relations from pre-contact to 1830. The study will focus on North American Indians, and will concentrate specifically on the question of how Indians resisted or accepted the authority which the British and/or the Spanish attempted to impose upon them. The thesis of the study will be the argument that the differences between the way the English and Spanish treated the Indians were not nearly as numerous as the similarities, and that the basis of these similarities was the exploitation of the Indians by both European nationalities. The Indians did not respond in significantly different ways to either group, and in the great majority of the encounters between the Indians and the Europeans the Indians were ultimately forced to submit to the stronger force of the Europeans."
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The American Indian Movement (AIM), 1991.
This paper discusses the American Indian Movement (AIM): Origins, leadership, Wounded Knee incident, purposes, politics, and the government responses to militant group.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The American Indian Movement (AIM) was an important militant group in the early 1970s. It was founded in Minneapolis in 1968 and was led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means. In November 1972, members of AIM drew attention to the plight of American Indians in modern times by taking over the headquarters of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. A more dramatic statement was made during the period between February and May, 1973, when AIM occupied the town of Wounded Knee in the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota. After the Wounded Knee occupation, the United States government made a systematic and concerted effort to disband AIM and other organizations like it. Although the movement had come to an end by the mid-1970s, it had already made an important contribution to the development of Indian rights at that time. By bringing the attention of the American people to ... "
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"Custer Died For Your Sins" by Vine DeLoria, Jr., 1990.
This paper examines a 1969 work, "Custer Died For Your Sins" by Vine DeLoria, Jr. about the American Indians from demythologizing and intercultural communications viewpoints.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"It seems as if both historians and ethnographers are again concerning themselves with the diatribe of past events in relation to modern, more pragmatic, communicative efforts. In fact, many of the recent works tend to readdress some of the historical issues so prevalent in ethnographic research, and attempt to merge the varieties of fieldwork with an historical perspective--presumably to reformat some of the issues in a newer, more modern, bent. Within this context, this paper will examine a 1969 work, Custer Died For Your Sins, by Vine DeLoria, Jr.
In brief terms, the book is less of an historical interpretation of the American Indian, for it would be difficult for any book to attempt such a feature in only one volume, than an extended essay-like commentary on the way the American Indian ... "
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New Echota Treaty of 1835, 1990.
This paper discusses the New Echota Treaty of 1835 which removed the Cherokee Indians from their land: Injustices, leading figures, government policy and implementation and economics.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The New Echota Treaty of 1835 negotiated what is commonly called the Cherokee Removal. Because the treaty was not supported or sanctioned by the majority of the Cherokee Nation, its enforcement was costly to the U.S. Government and deadly to the Cherokee people. President Andrew Jackson found a way to negotiate an agreement with subchief John Ridge, who apparently did not represent the wishes of the Indians. Cherokee Chief John Ross opposed any treaty to expulse the Cherokees from their land. After Senate ratification in 1836, several U.S. leaders as well as Ross approached the president and Senate about modifying the treaty. Unable to reach a compromise with Ross two years later, the new president, Martin Van Buren, ordered the Indians forcibly removed with great loss of life. Historical accounts differ regarding the culpability of both Ridge and Ross in the less- ... "
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Ku Klux Klan & The Skinheads, 1989.
Compares two white supremacist groups. Discusses founding & evolution, tactics, violence, racial & religious hatred, uniforms, leadership, organization, recruiting, social reactions & restrictions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
" And damn his treacherous flattery . . .
Tall men, sun-crowned, who live above the fog
In public duty and in private thinking;
For while the rabble, with their thumb-worn creeds,
Their large professions and their little deeds,
Mingle in selfish strife, lo! Freedom weeps,
Wrong rules the land and waiting justice sleeps.
God, give us men!
- excerpt taken from a KKK ritualistic initiation
(Lowe 9)"
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Hopi Indians, 1987.
Discusses these Northeast Arizona people's moral/social behavior, culture, family, religion, marriage, rituals, death and symbols.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" The Hopi Indians of Northeast Arizona are the "peaceful ones" who are native Americans who have survived for centuries, enduring forms of adversity from the harsh desert weather to the encroachment of Spanish explorers and missionaries. This ability to carry on through generations, with constant natural forces threatening their existence, is most certainly a function of the Hopi's moral code and the social and spiritual values that the Indians possess. Like the tree that bends with the wind, the Hopi clans have remained flexible in their beliefs. This has quite possibly been at the root of their strong will to carry cn an age-old style of life. "The Hopi are not given to setting forth doctrines or principles of conduct. Although a belief may be firm(...)"
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The Navajo Indians & Their Religion, 1973.
This paper discusses the myths, legends and religious chants of the Navajo Indians.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The Navajo Indians are perhaps one of the most fascinating of the American Indian groups to study. Their courage, stamina and perseverence as a people speak highly for the psychological and even physical unity which their religion supplies.
The Navajos did not appear in the southwest United States until 1000 - 200 A.D. They had probably come from across the Bering Strait and down along the west coast of the United States although there is some evidence from religious ideas from the Plains Indians woven into their ideas, that they might have first come south along the east side of the Rocky Mountains and then filtered into the southwest.
Once in the southwest the Navajos took advantage of the Hopi ... "
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Southwest Literature -- America Picante, 2002.
An analysis of four books which represent the distinct literature of Southwestern America.
2,812 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This essay describes and defines the genre that has come to be known as Southwestern American Literature. Four novels, Tony Hillerman's "Dance Hall of the Dead", Edward Abbey's "Fire on the Mountain", Cormac McCarthy's "All the Pretty Horses" and Rudolfo Anaya's "Bless Me, Ultima" are analyzed to reveal how they contribute to this genre. Distinct landscapes and distinct characters inhabit these books, offering a panoply of cactus, desert, mountains, cowboys, cattlemen, Native Americans and Chicanos, all possessing a sense of alienation from the rest of the world. Southwestern literature, in summary, as this essay shows is about an appreciation of the wilderness and humans with a frontier mentality who are always seeking another open vista.
From the Paper
"Southwestern American literature forms a distinct genre with a sharp flavor that includes land and geography and attitudes and people. The landscape was there before a diversity of peoples sank their spiritual and physical roots into soil as varied as their voices. This literature is the empty land of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, of the four corners area, stretching even down through Texas into old Mexico. This land of cactus, desert, and mountains, and it's inhabitants, cowboys, Indians, and Chicanos, possess a sense of separation or alienation from the rest of the world. Southwestern literature is about an appreciation of the wilderness and humans with a frontier mentality who are always seeking another open vista. It is wide open spaces and emptiness, a barren but beautiful paradise, and the very real humans who live there. Offering what Rudolfo Anaya calls " the spirit of the place" (Dunaway ix-xvi), Southwestern literature is about character, men who are men, tough, stubborn humans who face hard facts with spirit. It is about cactus and desert and mountains and the folklore of native Americans, Chicano, and cowboys. Southwest Literature offers a picante taste that lingers on the inner tongue, a flavor of place and people, it includes both "surface" and "soul"(Dunaway ix), becoming a uniquely American "magical realism" (Dunaway 31)."
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Speech of Indian Tribe Chief, 2002.
A creative essay written as a speech by a Native American chief to his people describing the history of the Santee Sioux tribe.
657 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
By using the chief of the Sioux tribe as narrator, the paper traces the history of the tribe. The paper begins with a description of life on the plains around Lake Superior, wars with the rival Ojibwa tribe and then carries the reader until the time when the tribe is forced to seek unification with other tribes in order to fight a new enemy, the white man.
From the Paper
"The white men's approach shows their nature of treachery that leaves them unfit for any pact from our end. In spite of the reality that the white men are better equipped in arms than us, forget not my men that the white man is not well equipped in his will. If we can win them, we can win by our will; by our determination; by our unity for our mother. We know the land as none other, for we have roamed therein years together for buffalo hunting and the big game.
These white men cannot overpower us if we resist their intrusion wisely. I have known that they come from different lands from far. Some are different from the others. If we can use these differences to make them fight among themselves for the land, we can win half of the battle. Then, the white men shall have the taste of their own medicine."
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Indian Boarding Schools, 2002.
This paper discusses Indian boarding schools that were designed to assimilate Native American children into the greater American (white) culture.
600 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Indian boarding schools that represent an early attempt to subjugate the Native American culture. The author believes that the schools disappeared due to reports of mistreatment of the children and financial concerns. The author states that the schools should serve as a reminder that our nation has learned much about cultural diversity.
From the Paper
"Boarding schools first became vogue prior to the American Civil War. During this time, idealistic reformers put forth the idea that Indians could become "civilized" with the proper education and treatment. Prior to this time, most white Americans had seen the American Indian population with great fear. Captain Richard Henry Pratt was one of the leading proponents of this movement and believed that he could "kill the Indian and save the man." "
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"The Approximate Size of His Favorite Humor", 2001.
An analysis of one of Sherman Alexie's short stories entitled "The Approximate Size of His Favorite Tumor."
1,507 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This is an examination of one of Alexie's short stories from the collection "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight In Heaven." In this specific short story the writer discusses how two different characters deal with human mortality and the role humor plays in both their grieving processes.
From the Paper
"In the short story collection The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight In Heaven Sherman Alexie deals with a number of difficult subjects and controversial issues with biting humor. Jimmy Many Horses, the main character in "The Approximate Size of My Favorite Tumor," approaches the idea of his impending death in the same manner. For this evident detachment, his wife leaves him. She returns however, when she discovers that he is as frightened about his illness as she is. Alexie explores the different ways in which two people react to the thought of human mortality and the way in which they finally come to understand one another."
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"The Unredeemed Captive", 2002.
A review of "The Unredeemed Captive" by John Deemos about the adoption of a Puritan child by the Indians.
1,651 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John Deemos' "The Unredeemed Captive" about the adoption of Eunice Williams by Indians at a time when the Puritan settlers of New England Colonies did not get on with their neighboring Indians. It discusses the Puritan's stereotype views of the Indians and how the only way to 'redeem' oneself if captured was by escape or by being freed. It tells the story of Eunice's capture and evaluates how this stereotype only increased Eunice's repulsion of how her father viewed the Indians,. making her adopt their way of life and marry an one of them and thus remaining "unredeemed".
From the Paper
"The Mohawk Indians attacked the frontier village of Deerfield in 1704, taking a number of Puritans captive. The whole Puritan - Indian cross-cultural encounter brought out the Puritan's view of other societies and how their lack of Puritanical beliefs made them savages, uncivilized and wild. On release, some captives decided to remain behind with the Indians, one of them being Eunice Williams, daughter of the Puritan minister John Williams. This horrified the other Puritans, as they could not understand how one would be willing to turn away from God and adopt heathenic ways ensuring their souls would never attain salvation."
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Southern CA Indian Adaptations, 2000.
A definition of the Indian, biological and cultural adaptation and the Cahuilla and Chumash groups.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"As soon as humans crossed the land bridge to the Americas and began to settle here they also began a process of adaptations to their new world. Some of these adaptations would prove successful and some less so, although the definition of human success is sufficiently complex to preclude any simple assessment of various adaptations. This paper briefly reviews the idea of both cultural and biological adaptations before looking specifically at the types of adaptations made by two American Indian groups that settled in Southern California with an attempt to assess the functionality of their choices.
The fact that American Indians have been dramatically reduced in population and power in the last half-millennium indicates that at some level their adaptations were dysfunctional ones. However, a tenet of evolutionary theory is that one can..."
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American-Indians and Gambling, 2000.
The historical, cultural, legal and economic issues of efforts by the New York and Southern CA tribes to institute gaming.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"In the 1980s the possibility of legal gambling on Indian reservations emerged as a potential means for many Native American peoples to revitalize their societies and pull themselves out of the dependency and poverty that reservation life had brought them. There were many variations in the process of instituting gambling on the reservations--but the primary differences were in the reactions and the efforts of the many tribes. Two examples of Native American groups who sought to institute gaming on a sufficient scale to revitalize their economies were the Mohawk of northern New York and the numerous tribes of southern California. In New York a terrible "Mohawk civil war," as the popular phrase put it, tore apart the Akwesasne, Kahnawake, and Kanesatake reservations (Johansen xxi). But in California the battle over gambling pitted the..."
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