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Colonial America, 2007.
A review of various literary pieces discussing the religious struggles in Colonial America.
1,068 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines colonial period literature that deals with the conflict between the Christian community and cultural relaxation that occurred from the 17th to 18th centuries. According to the paper, the majority of colonial era immigrants came to the United States to escape religious persecution.
From the Paper
"In his essays, Roger Williams expresses his disgust at the inability of the colonies to deal with religious toleration. He is especially frustrated that Puritans, who were persecuted for their religious piety in England would do the same to condemn other religions in New England. He writes, "It is the will and command of God, that a permission of the most Paganish, Jewish, Turkish, or Antichrisitan consciences and worships, be granted to all men, in all nations" (Williams, npg). Williams identified the key contradiction within Puritan logic, the need to be strictly sectarian in the new world. When in fact, the concept of Colonialism depended on the granting of freedoms which could not be obtained within Europe. His essays defined the transition between the traditional views of Puritan dogmatism and the transformation into religious tolerance. In the end he was able to resolve such conflicts through the formation of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, both bastions of religious freedom for diverse religious groups."
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Mexican-Americans, 2007.
A look at the history of Mexicans in California.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the life and history of Mexicans living in California. According to the paper, a large number of immigrant Mexicans lived in "barrios" where the conditions were unsanitary and the crime rate high. The paper takes a look at how these conditions prevailed, and how life for Mexicans living in the USA, eventually improved.
From the Paper
"Much did not change for the Mexicans from the 1940s to 1960s, with discrimination and segregation continuing to be the norm. Many school districts continued to send children to Mexican schools, based on the theory that the students were such slow learners they would hold back white student levels. In 1944, the parents of nine-year-old Sylvia Mendez' moved to the largely non-Hispanic white community of Westminster in Orange County and tried unsuccessfully to enroll her in the neighborhood school. This school was a source of community pride and the ramshackle Mexican school was located adjacent to a dairy farm (Hayes-Bautista, 2004, p. 24). Her father won the case, but only by a loophole."
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Eagle Man, 2007.
An analysis of Eagle Man's (Ed McGaa) discussion in his work "We Are All Related: Eagle Man," about stewardship and eco/civil-responsibility and how it relates to the writer's experiences in his workplace.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the work "We Are All Related: Eagle Man." It shows how Ed McGaa (Eagle Man) uses the work to represent a culmination of the Native-American principles of stewardship and connectedness to all living things, displaying a simpler understanding of the place of progress and eco/civil-responsibility in the world. The paper focuses on the writer's experiences within the health professions of connecting work with eco/civil responsibility.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stewardship may not seem like a concept that would be easily applied in a health care setting but the emphasis on stewardship and holistic care has been fully embraced by those in my clinic, and is taught through art and representation within the clinic. We frequently emphasize the needs of the whole of the community through our thoughts and actions and rely heavily on the idea that We are all related, as a guide to our interactions with patients and other people we deal with on a daily basis. Returning to the simple ideals of the Eagle Man as a goal to strive for, the emphasis that the modern is not all bad and that we can save lives with the treatments that we use, but that we can also do so in a way that better serves our environment and our community, we will succeed in setting a good example for others to do the same."
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Leonard Peltier, 2007.
This paper discusses Leonard Peltier and looks at how justice miscarried.
3,250 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Leonard Peltier has been in prison at Ft. Leavenworth more than 30 years for a crime that he and many supporters say he did not commit. In order to understand what actually happened that day and why many people consider Peltier a political prisoner, the writer notes that it is necessary to obtain an awareness of the historical context in which the incident took place and the government's attitude toward the American-Indian Movement. In this essay, the writer examines the historical context, looks at the two trials that were held in connection with the shootings and describes subsequent legal actions.
Outline:
Historical Context
The American Indian Movement
From the Paper
"Three films have been made about the incident and the case: Incident at Oglala a documentary produced by Robert Redford (which this paper draws heavily upon), another documentary Warrior, and a fictionalized version Thunderheart. The film Incident at Oglala was based directly on a book written by Peter Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, which describes the historical context and events that led to the shoot-out in 1975. The book was kept off the market for eight years until 1991 by a lawsuit that the FBI funded. Eight decisions later, the Supreme Court ruled that the book was free of libel, so it and the documentary are now available to the public. Although Peltier is known in foreign countries as a hero, and Amnesty International and others are fighting for him as a political prisoner, there is not much public awareness about him in the United States."
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Leonard Peltier, 2007.
A look at the circumstances surrounding the conviction and incarceration of Leonard Peltier, who was accused of shooting two FBI agents in 1975.
3,454 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Leonard Peltier, who has been in prison at Ft. Leavenworth more than 30 years for a crime that he and many supporters say he didn't commit. The paper examines the historical context in which the killing of two FBI agents in 1975 took place, including the government's attitude toward the American-Indian Movement. It then looks at the two trials that were held in connection with the shootings and describes subsequent legal actions.
Table of Contents:
Historical Context
The American Indian Movement
From the Paper
"At the end of President Bill Clinton's presidency, there was a chance that he would pardon Leonard Peltier. He was seriously considering it. However, 500 agents of the FBI and their families staged a protest outside the White House demanding the president deny clemency for Leonard Peltier. The president did not pardon him. He gave no reason, but it seems likely he didn't want to go against the FBI (Sanchez, Stuckey, & Morris, 1999). Nobody knows for sure. Afterwards, however, a billionaire named David Geffen stopped supporting Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign financially and funded Barack Obama's campaign instead. Geffen said he was disillusioned by President Clinton's refusal to pardon Peltier while at the same time he pardoned Marc Rich, whom he called "a billionaire felon and criminal" (Wikipedia web site)."
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City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation, 2007.
A review of the Supreme Court decision in the case of City of Sherrill, New York v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a summary of the conflict, the contentions of each party and the subsequent court decisions. The paper examines the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that the Oneida Nation had to pay the property tax on the land that they claimed had the status of Indian reservation land. The paper discusses how the guarantees set out in both U.S. federal and state laws in relation to reservation land would not apply in this case as the Indian Nation had sold the land willingly and then after 200 years repurchased the land in the free-market. The paper notes the interest of the researcher in this case.
Outline:
Objective
Summary of the Conflict
Summary of the Contention of Each Party
Summary of Court Decisions
Discussion
Statement of Interest in This Case
From the Paper
"The Oneida Indian Nation of New York descends directly from the Oneida Indian Nation. The Oneida Nation's aboriginal homeland is stated to be formed by approximately six million acres in central New York State and owned land that stretch "...from Pennsylvania border to the St. Lawrence River and from Lake Ontario to the Adirondack foothills." (Grant, 2005) In the year of 1785 the Oneida Tribe sold 300,000 acres in the Treaty of Fort Herkimer to the State of New York. In the year of 1788, New York Sate and the Oneida Indian Nation entered into a treaty with the Oneidas releasing the lands they owned to the Sate of New York."
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"Waterlily", 2007.
This paper analyzes the book "Waterlily" by Ella Cara Deloria.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the main character, Waterlily, in Ella Cara Deloria's book of the same name, about early Native-American life. The paper focuses on Waterlily's changes throughout the book and her main relationships. The paper follows Waterlily's life from birth to the birth of her own child and her second marriage. The paper shows how this book allows an intimate look into Sioux life, especially that of Sioux women. The paper highlights how this book showcases their hopes and dreams, along with the hard work that came with camp life.
From the Paper
"Waterlily has to change many times during this book, because she grows up, and because her circumstances change. One change comes when her mother remarries, and Little Chief becomes her real brother. In some relationships, Waterlily might have been treated like a stepchild or less than desirable, but Rainbow makes her a child-beloved, honoring her and offering her a secure and special place in the family."
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"The Devil in Silicon Valley"--A Review, 2007.
A review of Stephen J. Pitti's "The Devil in Silicon Valley: Northern California, Race, and Mexican Americans ."
827 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This book review shows how Stephen J. Pitti's work attempts to address a historical gap in the academic and popular literature of the history of California. His work, "The Devil in Silicon Valley: Northern California, Race, and Mexican Americans," focuses on the economic contributions of Native-Americans, Mexicans and non-white labor in the economic prosperity of California. Although the reviewer states that Pitti's work is grounded in substantial historical documentation, one weakness of the book is perhaps the simplicity of its thesis--that racism justified the subjugation and use of Hispanic and Indian labor.
From the Paper
"These non-Anglos enjoyed little financial rewards for the gains they won for the state's Caucasian settlers. The discrepancy of the fortune of whites and non-whites traces back to the earliest missionaries. Then, "the friars undoubtedly resorted to more [and more] brutal tactics to ensure that non-Christians entered their Christian community" of the day (15). Indos, the native people, were viewed as inferior even after they were converts. As white settlements grew more populous in the 1840s, scientific and anthropological justifications of white supremacy took hold. The mixed race Californios were "indolent" and forced the Indian "savages" to work rather than work themselves, and thus were not worthy of the land on which they lived (26)."
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Native-American Dropouts from High School, 2007.
This paper studies the high dropout rates among Native-American high school students.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at research regarding Native-American dropouts from high school. The writer notes that the problems that arose in the process of locating young Native-Americans who had dropped out of school, helped the researchers come to terms with the kind of poverty and depressing environments in which these people lived. The writer concludes that as a nation, America took most of the Indian's lands away from them, placed them on reservations, and now the U.S. allows giant corporations to profit by exploiting and polluting the land the Indians count on for their survival. The writer maintains that this should be a topic in all high schools, especially Native-American high schools.
From the Paper
"In autumn, 1980, high dropout rates among Native-American students in a Montana high school district were so out of proportion with other school districts' dropout rates that a study was needed in order to come to grips with the problem. According to an article in the Journal of American Indian Education, about 60 percent of Native Americans were dropping out before finishing their high school careers. And 90 percent of the students were of Native-American ethnicity."
"In order to conduct what the district believed would be an "empirical" study of the problem, the district partnered with the University of Montana, which set up the research. The method used was to carefully examine the problem, develop instruments for the analysis, develop good techniques for interviewing, reach out to the dropouts and carefully assess the data resulting from the project."
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The Americas Before Columbus, 2007.
An analysis of the book "1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus" by Charles Mann.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews and discusses the book, "1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus", by Charles Mann. The paper explains that the book reveals how the "New World" for the Europeans was not new at all. The paper relates Mann's revelation that archaeologists and anthropologists have verified that at least 100 million people lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived. The paper relates that Mann explores findings in three specific areas: Indian demography (Part I), Indian origins (Part II) and Indian ecology (Part III).
From the Paper
"The most interesting aspect about 1491 is that Mann compiles information from a large number of reputable sources, which has never been done before. Many anthropologists and archaeologists have written studies on the topics contained in the book, but they remained in academia and not for the layman. Mann not only assembles many of these scientific findings (he apologizes that it would be impossible to cover everything written), but writes about them in an understandable and appealing fashion. At times, he gets the readers muddled with too much technical information and names of tribes, but most often it is just an interesting read."
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"A Spirited Resistance", 2007.
This paper analyzes "A Spirited Resistance. The North American Indian Struggle for Unity 1745-1815," by Gregory Evans Dowd.
1,193 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Gregory Evans Dowd recounts the struggle for resistance of a few American Indian tribes against the British-American expansion. The paper is of the opinion that Dowd gives a unique and very interesting interpretation of the events taking place during the mid- eighteenth century. The paper portrays how Dowd tried to reconstruct the British colonization from the point of view of the Native Americans, by focusing on their perception of the Anglo-American invasion.
From the Paper
"The "Indians' Great Awakening" presents the resistance of the Native Americans to the British colonization, and observes the double character of this movement: it is both a spiritual and a political resistance, or in other words, the political resistance is backed up by a spiritual regeneration of the Indians, who rediscover their traditional religions and rituals in their effort to preserve their identity in front of the colonists."
"Moreover, the nativistic movement has yet another character apart from the spiritual and the political ones, according to Dowd. The sudden awakening of the Indians is not a mere spiritual revival, but a finding of a sense of unity as a people."
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"The Heartland Chronicles", 2007.
This paper analyzes the book "The Heartland Chronicles" by Douglas E. Foley.
1,232 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the irony of the Native-American gaming industry the author discusses in his book. The paper discusses how today the Native-Americans are capitalizing on the white's propensity for gaming and greed while for centuries, whites have capitalized on the Native-Americans, taking their land, relocating them and altering their lives. However, the paper reveals that the cultural differences between whites and Native-Americans are just as strong today as they ever have been. The paper illustrates how the author chronicles the story of his hometown, Tama, Iowa and how he demonstrates the many subtle and not-so-subtle issues of racism throughout the book. The paper concludes that the "The Heartland Chronicles" shows how differences between races are exceedingly difficult to eradicate.
From the Paper
"Throughout this book, the anthropologist author chronicles the story of his hometown, Tama, Iowa. It would seem that would tell a bucolic story of moms, apple pie, farms, and Midwestern American values. However, the author shows those stereotypes belong in Hollywood, rather than Iowa. In actuality, the "town" people are distrustful and afraid of the Native Americans and their settlement outside of town. They make up shocking stories about things that happen on the reservation, and maintain that the Indians are only good for violence, drinking, and terrorizing whites."
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The Rise of the Aztec Society, 2006.
A look at the history of the Aztecs.
2,157 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the history of the Aztecs and the development of the Aztec society. According to the paper, the Aztecs were not the first great civilization that inhabited the region of today's Mexico, but settled after many former cultures had passed and left their influence hundreds of years before the empire was built. The paper reports that like other cultures, the Aztecs started as a small group of people that managed to achieve power and riches through hard work and a vision of the future.
From the Paper
"The lowest stage of society was a kind of peasant that was not allowed to have properties, was bound to the land of the nearby nobles and had the task of working it, in exchange for a portion of the harvest. A lower stage were the slaves, less in number and that achieved such condition only if they were war prisoners, had debts or committed crimes. A slave was similar to a paid servant. The children of the poor people could be sold as slaves, but it was usually for a determined period of time. The slaves had the right to buy their freedom."
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Native American Influence on American English, 2007.
An analysis of the history of certain American English words that have their roots in Native-American languages.
2,938 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of Native-American languages on American English. It begins by discussing the variety, origin and roots of Native-American languages. It then discusses early contact between settlers and Native-Americans and the evidence that has been found to suggest that American English was influenced by this contact, particularly the names of places names that were named after the tribes that occupied the location.
Table of Contents:
The Lumbee
What Does this Mean for Native American Words in American English?
From the Paper
"In conclusion, tribal languages are typically spoken only in places where tribal members are isolated. However, it is doubtful if there are any areas left where the tribal language is spoken exclusively. Typically the tribal language exists alongside English. As the number of native speakers diminishes, so does the usage of that language until it is eventually extinguished. This has been the fate of many native languages. The remnants that remain in American English are testimony to their existence. In some cases they are one of the last remaining references to their existence. The study of native American words in the English language gives us a glimpse into many ancient languages that are long forgotten and can give us clues to the cultures of these people as well. The study of Native language remnants is a testimony to the tribes and peoples that once represented the dominant culture in North America."
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Black Elk's Religion, 2006.
A look at the life of Native American, Black Elk, and his strong Christian beliefs.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the life and beliefs of Black Elk, member of the Oglala Sioux nation. According to the paper, Black Elk had many visions, the first of which he experienced at age nine. The paper goes on to discuss how Black Elk provided leadership in the acceptance of Christianity for a peaceful coexistence with the dominant society, while at the same time remaining a Lakota traditionalist at heart.
From the Paper
"Black Elk shared his vision with the entire tribe, which then carefully enacted each detail (Wink 2000). They gathered sixteen horses: four black horses which represented the west, four white horses for the north, four sorrels for the east, and four buckskins for the south, and all with riders painted accordingly (Wink 2000). Then they began dancing, wheeling from one quadrant of the sacred circle to the next, drawing everyone into the circle until all were within the center (Wink 2000). A stick was planted in the earth that would flower as a sign of life and hope for the Sioux tribe (Wink 2000)."
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Christian Conversion in Mexico and Brazil, 2007.
A description of the Spanish and Portuguese attempts to convert native peoples to Christianity during their conquests of Brazil and Mexico.
2,274 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of Spanish and Portuguese colonization on Mesoamerican culture, with an emphasis on conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity. The author describes the native religion and lifestyle prior to the Europeans' arrival, and the subsequent results of conversion to Christianity, both positive and negative. Also described is the treatment toward the native peoples by the Europeans. The paper is divided into two sections, one describing the Spanish invasion and the other the Portuguese conquest of Brazil. The author concludes that the effort by Portuguese Christians to convert native Brazilians - by force or otherwise - to Christianity was far less successful than tactics used by Spaniards in Mexico.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
The arrival of the Spaniards into Mesoamerican Mexico
Things did not go well for the Spaniards in 1680s and 1690s
Jesuit priest Father Tomas Miranda raged at the cruel treatment of the Seri
Portugal and the Colonization of Brazil
Works Cited
From the Paper
"And because the Roman Catholic leadership in Spain saw the natives as part of a prophecy, a gift from Lord to enrich their Spanish culture, the Franciscan missionaries, the first priests in Mexico, used "indoctrination" as a term rather than "evangelization." The Spaniards reportedly believed that since God had placed these Native Americans on Mexican soil for the enhancement of Spanish culture and religion, that the natives merely needed the facts of Christianity (Roman Catholicism), not the full litany of evangelization. The Spaniards were wrong, of course, and they found themselves in the midst of a myriad of troubling situations they could not possibly have predicted."
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Mesoamerica, 2006.
A look at Mesoamerica, which includes the central area of Mexico, Central America, down to Guatemala and Honduras.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of Mesoamerica. According to the paper, archaeological evidence showing signs of human habitation north of the Valley of Mexico indicates that the history of Mexico can be extended back at least 20,000 years. The paper looks at the development of the different civilizations that inhabited this region and era and discusses their art.
From the Paper
"Much of the art of the region shows similar concerns and similar designs. The ancient mythic cultures of the Olmec, the Mayan, and the Aztecs, along with frescoes from different periods in Mexican history, show images of plumed coyotes, men with the shells of turtles, dogs wearing human masks, jaguars in scarves, arum flowers with pistils that are tiny men, geometrically shaped gods with large noses, and so on. Many of these have become iconic image and have been emulated by others in later periods."
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The Fox Wars, 2003.
A brief history of the Fox Wars between the Fox (Mesquakie) American Indians and the French.
3,372 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Fox Wars, fought between the Fox (Mesquakie) American Indians and the French in the early 18th Century. According to the paper, these Fox Wars that were fought in the then-French territory of Wisconsin, were due to the struggles that persisted as a result of access to land and waterways, security of expanding French forces into the West and mistrust perpetuated by previous encounters.
From the Paper
"Beauharnois chose Paul de la Marque Sieur Marin to lead an expedition to suppress the Meskwaki. Marin and his forces left Montreal in the summer of 1729 and wintered over in a deserted fort near the Menominee village. He first encountered Meskwaki people in the spring, near Little Lake Butte des Morts. After five days of fighting the Meskwaki were successful in escaping during the night and eluding capture or defeat by Marin. Having lost all of their allies and left with few resources in their home area, the Meskwaki took an offer from the Iroquois to seek refuge outside of Wisconsin. In the summer of 1730 they set off for Lake Ontario, traveling through southern Wisconsin and along the Illinois River. They had plans to meet with allies in the Ouiatanon tribe near Lafayette, Indiana. However, their travel was also reported to the French by the Meskwaki's former allies, the Mascouten and the Kickapoo. The French threatened the Iroquois for offering refuge to the Meskwaki. Meanwhile, St. Ange of Peoria, Illinois gathered a force of French and Indian warriors and pursued the Meskwaki. "
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Native-American Family Culture, 2007.
This paper explores Native-American culture, focusing on family life.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer presents an examination of family life with a focus on the Native-American community. The writer explores child rearing, parenting, moral training, infant care and other aspects of the Native-American culture and presents it in a cohesive fashion. The writer notes that the Native-American population continues to blend its foundation with American life to create a situation in which they can live cohesively while not forgetting who they are and where they came from. The writer concludes that as Americans become more tolerant of equal genders and get further away from corporal punishment of children the American culture will become more similar to the Native-American culture, and perhaps learn from a people that has maintained their integrity through almost constant assault.
From the Paper
"The concept of family is important in almost every culture in the world. How one raises children, treats children and support children is instrumental in any culture. Native Americans have struggled for many years to maintain their individual culture and tradition in a world that has spent 200 years trying to strip it away. One of the more difficult elements of maintaining that culture has been in the area of family. Family traditions, and Native American culture have clashed with modern America and the result for many has been confusion, depression and anger as children and teenagers rebel against their parent's wishes. While this is common in almost all family cultures the Native American culture also wrestles with prejudice and bias against their ways. Today, many Native Americans are striving to raise their children with respect for modern ways while still maintaining the traditions of their heritage."
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