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Combatting Terrorism, 2008.
This paper discusses terrorism focusing on Al Qaeda and presents a counter terrorism training plan.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses a plan designed to meet the needs of operatives charged with the difficult task of countering the terrorist threats posed by Al Qaeda. As is well known, since the devastatingly deadly attack on the people of the USA, which has come to be known as 9/11, counter terrorism has become of paramount importance. The writer notes that an important step in countering terrorism is to attempt to understand the motivations of terrorists. The writer points out that by studying the Al Qaeda manual that is available on the Internet, one can enhance one's understanding, so that terrorists may be better understood and can be fought more effectively.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of Terrorism in the Modern World
Combating Terrorism in the Modern, Globalized World
What we can Learn from the Al Qaeda Manual
From the Paper
"Thus, we can reasonably expect that the USA will continue to be attacked by terrorists for the foreseeable future. The challenge then is to find the best way to counter it. To do this, we must bear in mind what experts such as Wilen have pointed out: that we cannot beat terrorism by operating only in a reactive mode, as has largely been the case up till now. Rather, we need to operate in a preventative manner. For example, we need to integrate information in order to know about terrorism attacks before they happen, and then take steps to prevent them. This will be a much lesser drain on our resources than cleaning up the mess afterwards. Consider, for example, how much better it would be to prevent a nuclear attack on New York, than to attempt to repair the damage afterwards, especially given the fact that land affected by nuclear fallout cannot be inhabited for 70 years."
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Censorship, Propaganda and Globalization, 2008.
This paper presents the thesis that media conglomerates and oil corporations use deliberate strategies of censorship, propaganda and globalization to discredit the effectiveness of government.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that large corporations utilize strategies of censorship, propaganda and globalization that alienates the populace and destroys people's faith in being governed. The paper explains that this is in order to restructure a supra-capitalist, technocratic society. The paper shows the difference between censorship and propaganda and discusses how globalization can cause a level of propaganda that leads people to believe that censorship is what they want and need.
From the Paper
"What is the difference between censorship and propaganda? "Intelligent men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument by which they can fight for productive ends and help to bring order out of chaos" (Bernays 168) . Censorship is the "suppression of information, whether purposeful or not, by any method--including bias, omission, underreporting or censorship--that prevents the public from understanding what is happening in society" (Jensen 419) . Webster is more to the point. A censor is one "who reads communications and deletes forbidden material" (Webster 135) . Since there are many different kinds of information or knowledge in society that need to be forbidden because they are harmful to certain groups (i.e., the use of drugs, pornography, assault weapons), what rationale legitimizes suppressed information as forbidden and therefore potentially harmful? The rationale is "to bring order out of chaos" by the instrument of propaganda: "the conscious and intelligent manipulation of the masses" (Bernays 37)."
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The Patriot Act: An Essential Weapon, 2008.
This paper presents arguments in favor of the USA Patriot Act of 2001.
2,158 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper attempts to demonstrate that the USA Patriot Act is a prudent and necessary legislation to protect the United States from the real threat of terrorism. The paper argues that the perceived threat to our civil liberties is unfounded. The paper compares the provisions of the Act to truly outrageous actions taken in the past by a government in crisis, such as the Alien Sedition Acts of 1798 and the suspension of habeas corpus by President Lincoln.
From the Paper
"The USA Patriot Act is the often discussed, much maligned, and little understood legislation that was put forward in response to the tragic aftermath of the 9/11 attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center in New York, heavily damaged the Pentagon in Washington D.C., and left a crater in Shanksville, Pennsylvania as a testimony to the heroics of ordinary citizens faced with the new reality of life during the first war of this young century. This abbreviated name wrongly suggests a simple law, and has been the target of many groups citing the end of personal civil liberties and the coming of a new police state. Nothing could be farther from the truth, in fact, this Act is extremely complex, far less reactionary that previous laws enacted during wartime, and fundamentally necessary to protect our fellow citizens from another early morning tragedy to unfold on live television."
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Population and Immigration, 2008.
This paper looks at the issues of population and immigration with a specific focus upon the United States.
1,148 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at immigration and at its dramatic impact upon nations forced to grapple with a massive influx of newcomers. In particular, the paper looks at the political consequences of some ethnic and racial groups gaining ascendancy while others fall into relative eclipse. The writer also looks at how changes in the composition of the professional classes brought about by migratory inflows can precipitate hostility and resentment among the native-born. Additionally, the paper discusses how large-scale immigration can lead to transformations in social programs and policies and also to cultural transformations bearing with them significant political implications. Finally, the impact of immigration vis-a-vis crime levels is looked at - specifically as it pertains to the United States and its ongoing problem with illegal immigration. In the end, this paper concludes that the cultural and political dissonances produced by immigration can be curbed through acculturation, through strict enforcement of pre-existing immigration law, and through an end to divisive politics and policies that divide Americans along ethnic and racial lines.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is fairly evident that immigration will shape the population of a country in ways that almost no other phenomenon can. For example, a nation with a declining birth rate among the native-born will invariably need to draw upon outsiders if it is to satiate the business community's demand for labor and if it is to find a sufficient base of tax-paying, full-time workers capable of subsidizing costly social programs. Suffice it to say, this influx can result in the absolute increase of some ethnic and racial groups along with a concomitant increase in their political efficacy; at the same time, other pre-existing groups within the host nation may see their relative share of the population decline and, along with it, their political influence decline. Unsurprisingly, there are those who fear that illegal immigrants - at least within the United States - can unduly impact congressional races simply because U.S. courts have traditionally taken the view that even illegal residents count when districts are being apportioned and gerrymandered. Still, as significant as these electoral matters are, they scarcely begin to describe the sweeping effect of immigration - legal and otherwise - upon recipient nations."
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Marijuana Legalization, 2008.
This paper argues that the legalization of marijuana would have a negative impact on society and public health.
1,236 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper asserts that the detriments of legalization clearly outweigh the benefits from a social standpoint as well as from a public health perspective. The paper suggests that adjusting the current campaign on drug abuse and the sale of drugs is an alternative to legalization. The paper is of the opinion that this limits the need to provide federal oversight and sponsorship of a drug that is still questionable in its benefits to public health and society.
Outline:
Health Detriments of Marijuana
Social Implications
From the Paper
"The growing static surrounding the legalization of marijuana has increased over the past 20 years due to the rise of medical marijuana use and the strict laws the encompass the possession of marijuana. The maturation of the baby boomer generation is providing a vocal venue in which to platform the legalization of marijuana. However, what are the true benefits of legalizing marijuana? Will the legalization of this drug resolve the issues of black market sales and a decrease in recreational use? Most likely, the legalization of marijuana will only serve to perpetuate recreational use and instigate a governmental nightmare in regulation and policymaking."
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The Patriot Act: A Constitutional Challenge, 2008.
This paper critically examines the USA Patriot Act and how it challenges the Constitution.
5,396 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the reasons behind the Patriot Act's formulation and passage into law in order to explain why millions of Americans were willing to cast the Constitution aside in the name of national security. The paper explores the critical responses to this Act and the Constitutional challenges it presents. The paper strongly contends that
Constitutional challenges to the Patriot Act should be intensively pursued and asserts that this Act is a travesty of democracy. A large amount of source material is appended to the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Background and History of USA Patriot Act Origination
Critical Responses to Patriot Act
Content and Implications of Patriot Act
Reasons for Constitutional Challenge
Content of 8 USC 1182
Amendment Issues
Case Law Discussion
Implications of Future Terrorist Attacks
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In stating the problems presented by the USA Patriot Act and in examining its background, it is necessary to review the reasons for its formulation and passage into law, for they explain why millions of Americans have been willing to cast the Constitution aside in the name of national security. This Act emerged into the national consciousness just eight days after the al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, when the Bush Administration made a legislative proposal that has become known as the USA Patriot Act. (Balkin)"
"Critics contend that the proposal was not the product of a carefully considered examination of the failures and deficiencies of the American law enforcement and intelligence agencies that allowed the attacks to succeed, but was little more than a collection of questionable old conservative agendas that were taken off the shelf and introduced by the Bush Administration in the form of vital new powers the federal government needed to protect the United States from terrorism. (Brunswick)"
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Feminist Theory and Abortion, 2008.
A discussion on abortion in light of feminist theory.
3,002 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper seeks to take a critical look at feminist theory in light of the second wave of feminism by breaking down feminism into its various belief systems and foundations. A short section on feminist bioethics is also presented including its history and foundation. The next section of the paper focuses on abortion in light of feminist theory. The paper then concludes with a personal discussion on the author's agreement with the pro-choice feminist theory on abortion. While theory and foundations on feminism are presented for both pro-choice and pro-life feminist theory, this writer believes that the maintenance of a pro-choice feminist ideology is critical.
Outline:
Abstract
Feminist Theory and Feminism
Feminist Bioethics
Abortion in Light of Feminist Theory - US
Abortion in Light of Feminist Theory - International
This Writer as 'Pro-Choice' - Statement
This Writer as 'Pro-Choice' - Personal Ideology
From the Paper
"Stewart (2003) tells us that from the late 1960s into the 1970s, feminists started developing their own theory as to what feminism was, but by the 190s, there were conflicting opinions and viewpoints on the best way to challenge the patriarchy. Ermarth (2000) comments on the differing viewpoints of feminism that are all individual components of the "feminist umbrella" she refers to as 'identity politics.' To Ermarth (2000), how one identifies themselves determines their concept of feminism. Ermarth (2000) tells us that feminism can take on any meaning, although the most common refers to the social factors related to male supremacy and an opposition to any kind of domination. "
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Social Change and Same-Sex Marriage in Canada, 2006.
An examination of same sex marriages and Canadian society.
1,988 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legalization of same-sex marriages in Canada and the shift in society that brought about this change. The paper discusses the negative attitude of Canadian society in the past toward same-sex marriages. The paper also notes that more same sex couples were becoming parents, while increasing numbers of lesbians and gays were coming out of the closet and, as a result, many more non-gay Canadians realized that people they knew - family members, friends, other parents at their children's schools - were gay and lesbian, and due to this became gradually more tolerant. The paper explains that the biggest social change in Canada this century has been the legalization of same sex marriage which happened in June of 2005, when the federal government, led by the Liberal Party under Paul Martin, legalized same-sex marriage for all of Canada.
From the Paper
"For a very long time in Canadian society, the very idea of same-sex marriage would have been preposterous. After all, up until 1967, sex between consenting adults of the same sex was actually illegal. This, it is argued, was absolutely unacceptable in a country that has enshrined equal rights for all adults in its Bill of Rights. However, it seems that this bill was not far-reaching enough, given that the state still saw fit to prescribe appropriate sexual behaviours between consenting adults."
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Environmental Terrorism, 2007.
This paper discuses environmental terrorism and analyzes the Gulf War oil spill of 1991 as an example.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that environmental terrorism is one of the most significant terrorist tactics that not only impacts multiple nations but also serves to destroy the livelihood of the natural environment. The author relates that the Gulf War oil spill annihilated an entire shoreline and was responsible for billions of dollars in reconstruction and economic fallout. The paper emphasizes that Saddam Hussein's intent was not only a military strategy as a reactive and symbolic agent to the U.S. intervention, but was also an ideological principle rather than malice towards the environment. The author points out that, nonetheless, the Persian Gulf oil spill demonstrates strong similarities to the model of environmental terrorism developed by Daniel Schwartz and contains a number of characteristics that classify it as an act of environmental terror.
Table of Contents:
Terrorism on the Rise
Environmental Destruction as a Symbol
The Persian Gulf War
The Oil Spill: Historical Review
Terrorism Defined
Terrorism during War
Modeling Environmental Terrorism
The Justification for Environmental Terrorism
The Persian Gulf Oil Spill: Terrorism and Justification
From the Paper
"Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 would be the introduction of the United States involvement in Middle East affairs. Hussein's stranglehold upon the citizens of Iraq was known across the world; with his intolerance to those who dissented by government or religion feeling the wrath of his punishment. Notable acts of genocide against Kurds and Shiite Muslims in the 1980's brought his notoriety to the international scene. However, the Iraqi oil reserves were not to be rivaled by many countries, and Hussein's invasion of Iraq only served to increase the country's wealth."
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New Immigrant's Personal Statement, 2008.
An application essay expounding an the applicant's accomplishments.
704 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains why the applicant, originally a new immigrant is worthy of a college place. It discusses how his "jack-in-a-box' approach to language acquisition and body building has made him a more flexible and open communicator.
From the Paper
"Going further, my approach to learning a new language, while certainly unconventional in many respects, was nonetheless richly rewarding not only for the way in which it helped me digest the English written word but for the many ways in which it helped me gain a secure grasp of spoken English. In short, by immersing myself in the rapid-fire back-and-forth of the workplace, I learned the conversational "short-hand" that is so vital to learning how to interact with native-born English speakers. Each and every time that I communicated with an impatient customer or with an impatient supervisor, I came a little bit closer to understanding the linguistic and even facial/physical subtleties that allow a newcomer to America to gain mastery of the spoken word. "
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Immigration from Russia, 2008.
This paper explores immigration to America before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper explains why and when immigration occurs. The paper discusses how, before the fall of the Soviet Union, it was difficult for people from any of the Soviet republics to emigrate, but with the fall of Communism in 1991, emigration restriction policies were changed and many people emigrated to the United States and other Western countries. The paper then looks at how emigration from Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet republics has steadily increased since then.
From the Paper
"Immigration occurs when people in a certain country or region are experiencing political or religious oppression, economic distress, famine, war, or a host of other grave problems that convince them that they have no choice but to leave their native land for a new country and a new life in another land. Over the last two hundred years, more people have immigrated to the United States than any other country, and have often found life so good here that they have contacted family and friends in the old country and have convinced them to come to America as well. More specifically, the United States has witnessed a 40% increase immigration from the Soviet Union since the early 1980's. This serves as an explicit example of the vast cultural and political changes during the fall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union, and its impact on the immigration."
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Gay Marriage Amendment, 2008.
This paper argues against an amendment to ban gay marriage in the United States.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Congress should not adopt a resolution calling for an amendment to the United States Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. The writer maintains that such an amendment is not necessary to address any real problem and would cause problems. Further, the writer argues that this is a political ploy. In addition, the writer maintains that such an amendment would jeopardize the separation of church and state. The writer concludes that the Federal Marriage Amendment is not needed practically, may cause unexpected problems, is a cynical political ploy, undercuts the judiciary, would jeopardize the separation of church and state and should not be adopted.
From the Paper
"Further, Chapman finds strong practical arguments for gay marriage. It will not increase unfettered sex. Sex, fettered or unfettered at one's preference, is easily and abundantly available. Given liberal divorce laws, many children already live outside the idealized mom-and-daddy family, and others are suffering because their parents do not divorce when they should. If children are better off when their parents marry, and adults generally build more stable relationships in which to raise children if they commit themselves to marriage, how are the children of gay couples better off if their parents barred from marrying? Proponents of the Federal Marriage Amendment leave these questions frustratingly unaddressed."
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Suicide in America, 2008.
This paper evaluates the ethics and morality of suicide within modern American society.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This study examines the ethical and moral arguments that support or decline the validity of suicide within modern American society. By examining the role of assisted suicide for suffering patients, the autonomy of a person's own body argues that the law has no right to interfere with the rational taking of one's own life. In contrast, the writer maintains that the morality of the law often denies a person's self-autonomy due to the religious and ethical background of the American legal apparatus. In essence, these two contradicting points of view are analyzed within this ethical and moral evaluation of suicide in modern American society.
From the Paper
"Although the law makes it possible for a person to terminate life with the consent of a family member, the issue of self-autonomy and the right to life is deferred on religious morality and within the criterion of the Hippocratic Oath that many doctors adhere to in their medical code of ethics. These are the major factors that define how American law perceives suicide and how it can be dine within the parameters of social morality and ethical standards. Often, the basis of religious or medical ethics provide the legal standards that often enforce a lack of self-autonomy on the part of patient's to choose their own suicide. By understanding the basis of law, one can now examine the counter arguments for suicide that detail the right to live or die through a person's own bodily autonomy."
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Arab-Americans, 2007.
This paper analyzes the impact of 9/11 on Arab-Americans.
2,982 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for Arab-Americans, who were just as shocked by 9/11 as all Americans, there was an even greater intensity of emotion because of their concern that all Arabs would be stigmatized and blamed for the 9/11 attacks. The author points out that these concerns have been justified because many Americans have become hostile to Arabs and especially to Arab-Americans living in the United States. The paper relates that these reactions, which are deeply troubling, are not only irrational but also are a betrayal of the American values of freedom, liberty and equality that have made America great. The paper underscores that the Bush Administration security policies, such as racial profiling, and the mass media increasingly has portrayed a negative image of Arab-Americans.
From the Paper
"The three Muslim students clarified that it was a car, not a building, they had been talking about "bringing down" during a restaurant conversation overheard by the Georgia woman. But, on the second anniversary of 9/11, with memories of the World Trade Center towers collapsing still vivid in her mind, this woman in a small, conservative town in Georgia suspected that the three Arab-Americans she saw and heard talking about "bringing down" something could well be terrorists plotting to bring down a building or an airliner."
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Same-Sex Marriage Law, 2008.
This paper discusses the constitutionality of the same-sex marriage law in Canada.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the controversial issue of same-sex marriage has dominated both floors of the Canadian Parliament for nearly a decade. The writer points out that while legislators were decidedly split on the issue during its first inception into legislative committees, the Canadian citizenry pleaded with their legislators to push for the legalization of same-sex marriages. The writer discusses that effective July 20, 2005, the Civil Marriage Act took full effect however, many of the bill's opponents vowed to rescind the bill once the balance of power shifted. The writer concludes that in accordance with the Canadian Charter of Rights, the Civil Marriage Act upholds its pledge to treat every citizen equally, in addition to recognizing the equality of minorities and the rights of those in the minority.
From the Paper
"The main challenge for proponents of the Civil Marriage Act was not only to ensure the equal rights for same-sex marriages, but also to uphold the religious freedom also outlined in the Charter of Rights. Dissenters argue that religious freedom is still violated by this bill, however the Civil Marriage Act is very explicit on religious institutions. Religious groups and institutions are not to be forced to wed those who seek same-sex marriage, and it is not the responsibility of the government to enforce federal power over religious groups to provide said service to those seeking a wedding.
"More importantly, a good amount of time was spent incorporating the Civil Marriage Act into other pieces of legislation."
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Active and Passive Euthanasia, 2008.
This paper discusses active and passive euthanasia in Canada and the implications for nursing.
1,138 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that active euthanasia should never be legalized because it is morally wrong. The paper explores passive euthanasia, which is generally accepted when it is clear that a person wants to have no extraordinary measures taken to prolong his/her life. The paper discusses how nurses must be familiar with the complexities of euthanasia. The paper explains that a request for active euthanasia can result in a serious ethical dilemma for the nurse who is unprepared and who has not determined a personal ethical stance.
From the Paper
"Active euthanasia and assisted suicide will very probably never be legalized in Canada. I agree because the ethical principle relating to autonomy is violated in cases of assisted suicide, irrespective of whether or not the patient's consent is given. The view of the Canadian government on assisted suicide has been clear through the 1993 case of Sue Rodriguez. This woman was suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease and requested the right to assisted suicide. A painful death was inevitable and she wished official approval of her eventual need for assisted suicide. The government's decision can be viewed in two ways. First of all, as stated by the court, "Fundamental justice required that a fair balance be struck between the interests of the state and those of the individual" (Kondro, 1993, p. 918). The principle at work was justice and determining what was the best course for all individuals. Assisted suicide, if legalized, can lead to abuse. The other viewpoint is that the court's decision was based on a slippery slope or fear of possible negative outcomes."
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Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of racial diversity in the American higher education system.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of racial diversity in the affirmative action issues currently being debated within higher education. The writer discusses how the beneficial aspects of affirmative action in higher education help to create a diversified and culturally multi-lateral academic institution. The writer advocates that by understanding the critical issues such as reverse discrimination for "reserved spots" and the concept of "reverse racism", one can realize the arguments that are counter productive to a more diverse higher education. The writer concludes that affirmative action integrates both minorities and whites into a system that provides a greater academic and cultural multiplicity to the American higher education system.
From the Paper
"The issue of inclusion in higher education has often been a major problem for the United States in relation to the adhering to the Bill of Rights and the irony of problems with institutional racism in a so-called democracy. Affirmative Action has played a role in lessening these barriers within academic institutions, which has been a slowly changing racial factor within the diversity needed for an idealized society of this type. Although the strict racism of past eras has been reduced to a certain degree, there are still problems with the system:
Skin color is no longer as much of a barrier to higher education as it once was. But skin color --and race, gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, national origin, and economic status-- continues to be a very real barrier to higher education, employment and full participation in this "democracy" (Soto para.5)."
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Immigration Policy in the United States, 2006.
An analysis of the immigration policy of the U.S.A following the September 11th attacks.
2,494 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the U.S. government's focus on immigration since September 11th. It explains how the U.S government attempts to discover the most effective approach to continue to allow immigrants into the nation, while at the same time prevent another terrorist attack on American soil. The writer discusses the two forms of immigration into the United States - permanent and temporary. The writer further discusses the 'Patriot Act' and its implications. In addition, the writer looks at how technology would be added to bolster the strength of screening techniques at American borders and allow for legal immigrants to enter the country, while at the same time prevent illegals and terrorists from using the borders as their gateway to the country.
From the Paper
"The United States has traditionally been known as a country that accepts immigrants and values their diversity within society. The events of September 11th, however, made lawmakers, political entities and the public reconsider their view of immigration. This is because 12 of the 19 high-jackers in the September 11th attacks were all in the country legally with either tourist or student visas (Ruiz sec. 1). Three of those terrorists had held legal visas which had expired, but no action was ever taken to force them to leave the United States at that time. Alexia Elejalde-Ruiz contends that because the status of these individuals through immigration is public knowledge, now there are millions of Americans that believe that if the immigration policies had been different, there would have been no 9-11 attacks (sec. 1)."
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The Failed Iraq War, 2008.
A forceful argument against America's policy in Iraq.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the arguments that the "war on terrorism" has unacceptable costs for the United States and is doomed to failure. The paper points out flaws in American military strategies and claims that they have led to insurgency, violence and an ineffective Iraqi army. The writer even claims that American actions so antagonize Iraqis that they are creating terrorists faster than they are killing them. The paper contends that success could be had only by annihilating Iraq, the nation they are supposedly trying to save. The paper concludes that this war on terror cannot and should not go on.
From the Paper
"Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the world seemed united in condemning as an assault on civilization.1 With frustrating haste, the United States squandered world support by going to war against Iraq on March 20, 2003. Within days, American forces occupied that country, neutralizing all formal opposition. Unfortunately, defeating the Iraqi army was only the beginning of the American role in Iraq, and for its continuation, the United States has proven wholly unprepared. Entering Iraq with unreasonable expectations that we would be welcomed as liberators, America brought a force that, for all its hardware, was less than one-third the number of military and police that Saddam Hussein had used to control his country. Virtually no planning had been done about dealing with post-war Iraq. Critically, the United States had almost no interpreters among its invading troops."
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