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Sex Between Therapists and Clients, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of sex between therapists and their patients, as well as the potential problems that could arise from such relationships.
1,914 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that the issue of sex between therapists and their patients is not a new one, and that the potential problems that could arise from such a relationship have been considered since the beginnings of the practice of therapy. From the beginning of the modern therapeutic relationship, therapists have themselves recognized the harm that could result from sexual involvement with patients. Such prohibitions within the field of medicine as a whole have ancient roots: The Hippocratic oath, which forbid doctors to have sex with their patients so as to preserve the sanctity of their relationship. This paper details various reports and studies on this subject. The American Psychological Association (APA) suspends or expels 12 of its members each year on average for various forms of patient exploitation, of which almost all are sexual. Studies have shown that a number of specific characteristics make certain attributes of patients more sexually attractive. These include: Physical attractiveness, positive mental or cognitive traits and sexuality. This paper explores the various courses of action to be taken if a client feels exploited in anyway by his/her therapist. This paper also details the potential problems, to the patient that could arise from such a relationship which include: The client having difficulty in trusting future therapists. They are not able to make changes without trusting the therapist. The client may sit huddled, avoid making eye contact, withhold important information or may even cancel appointments.
From the Paper
"It is critical for the therapist to seek help from a friend, supervisor or any one else who can help ensure that the therapist does not act in a manner that will interfere with the client's best interests. The APA had strict guidelines and ethical principles, along with a formal code of conduct, to help its members set boundaries for themselves in Document four. In Document four, it explains how a therapist should conduct himself or herself when they face with a possible sexual relationship with a client. It is obvious that the APA Stance of therapist and client relations is very strict. And, the study that was conducted by Pope Ken Velter in 1972 is very true for the modern society."
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Homosexuality as a Deviance, 2006.
Examines the discrimination against homosexuals under the pretence that homosexuality is a deviance.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
Deviance is a behavior that does not conform to social norms, therefore is socially created. Since most people in the United States believe that homosexuality is wrong, society has created homosexuality to be a deviance. This paper argues that since deviance is relative and not absolute to a society, homosexuality is not a universal form of sexual deviance. There are many cultures that accept forms of homosexuality. The Western society is not accepting of it though, and many times this non-accepting view cause discrimination towards homosexuals. Is homosexuality a way for some people to deviate, or is it just the way some people need to live their lives? The paper argues that if it is the way of life for some people, then society has to become accepting towards this lifestyle.
From the Paper
"Instead of keeping their sexuality a secret, they are openly gay at all times. They challenge societal norms in hopes that there will be a change in attitudes. Gay liberationist rose about in the early 1970s, after an event that took place earlier. On June 28, 1969, the police raided Stonewall Inn, a gay hangout. Instead of dispersing as usual, the customers rioted. This incident drew a lot of needed attention to problems of police harassment that homosexuals faced."
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"Wine", 2006.
Uncovers the truth behind intangible relationships in the story, "Wine" by Doris Lessing.
1,389 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Wine" by Doris Lessing deals with the differences between men and women as it applies to sexuality, personality and evaluation or understanding of certain situations. It brings to light our societal stereotypes (as they were in the late fifties when this piece was written and even as they appear now), and our failing appreciation of one another as separate genders. The paper shows that with the use of merely one man and one woman, Lessing builds a path, based on both misconception and misunderstanding, that leads to a doorway into what she conceives is the truth about the depth any heterosexual relationship can actually achieve.
From the Paper
"Even later yet, the woman refuses to follow his cue when he raises his glass of wine for a toast, though only the moment before she had loved him wholly. Unlike the couple first seen coming from the hotel, they now seem out of sync, uncoordinated, and almost strangers to one another. First, they had looked at ease and comfortable with each other, now they seem as they are simply coping. However, this is but a tidbit of their true personalities. The main course of their dysfunctional relationship is shown through their parallel memories."
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The Socialization of Gender Roles, 2005.
This paper discusses the socialization of gender roles, especially the trap of gender-typing, which places unnecessary limits on a child's development.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the terms "masculinity" and "femininity" are the most difficult to define because the popular explanation of these terms generally has more to do with gender stereotypes than any definable quality of social behavior. The author points out that many social scientists and psychologists argue that it is healthier to be "process-oriented", by choosing behavior based on what is appropriate to the person's needs and the situation at the time, rather than to be "role-oriented" by choosing behavior appropriate to the role society has given them regardless of the situation. This paper emphasizes, that to break the cycle of gender typing, it is necessary to change the popular conception of gender, beginning with the individual, proceeding through families and affecting institutions such as schools and the workplace.
From the Paper
"In American society, early sexual contact is considered more desirable or at least acceptable for boys than for girls. Thus, in a 1989 study of 16 to 25 year-olds in Los Angeles, the average age for first intercourse among boys was 14.9 years, while girls were a year behind at 15.9 years of age. However, this difference has been narrowing in recent years as more girls become sexually active at a younger age. Men's tendency to be more sexually active is related to the traditional assignment of sexual virility as a quality desirable in men. According to the ideals of Western culture, males are supposed to desire sex and take the initiative in sexual activity. This leads to problems in a role-oriented sexual relationship, where women often report attaining less satisfaction in sex due to society-enforced passivity."
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Sexual Harassment, 2006.
Examines how the EEOC deals with sexual harassment in organizations.
2,240 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
Sexual harassment is a workplace topic that has gained more attention in recent years. This paper examines how the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has set the guidelines in defining sexual harassment used by the court system and society in general. The paper examines several court cases where this problem came to light in organizations.
From the Paper
"In the case of Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services Inc., the Supreme Court ruled same-sex sexual harassment is a form of sexual discrimination under the protection of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The case stems from Joseph Oncale's work on a Gulf of Mexico oil rig with Sundowner Offshore Services. His lawsuit against the company
and three other men alleged that he was sexually assaulted, battered, touched, and even threatened with rape. Oncale said he reported the incident to the highest ranking official at the job site. Apparently no action was taken. He quit because he felt the harassment would lead to rape."
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"Harmful to Minors", 2006.
A review of Judith Levine's book, "Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex."
1,595 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In her book, "Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex," Judith Levine puts forth a thought provoking argument that by shielding America's children from sex, America is harming its children. In essence, the protector has become the problem. The paper shows that those hardest hit by Levine's targeted analysis are the very people trusted to protect children.
From the Paper
"Levine dissects kiddie porn and cyberporn, considered by many to be two of the greatest threats invading the family home today. She contends that studies in the 1950s proved that child pornography was a crime led and kept alive by a very small fraction of society. (p32) The problem was not the perverts who traded and sold yellowing photographs, it was the zealous adults bringing it into the open and then sensationalizing it to the point of starting a nation wide panic."
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Sexual Harassment in the Workplace, 2006.
An overview of sexual harassment in the workplace and the laws pertaining to it.
759 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
Harassment may be deliberate with a person targeted individually, or it may be unintended. Harassment because of sexual bearings, marital status or semblance may also be illegal, depending on jurisdiction. It is always insolent and improper workplace behavior. This paper defines sexual harassment before examining the laws governing this type of abuse in the workplace. The paper also examines the effects to the workplace and to the economy as a whole, due to sexual harassment.
From the Paper
"Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids discrimination in the workplace because of race, color, sex, religion, and national origin. Other federal laws forbid discrimination by reason of age or disability. Sexual harassment is a form of discrimination covered under these laws (Martha, Hugh et al 1993). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has published guidelines on sexual harassment in employment which provide the legal definition of harassing behavior and which offer the standards ensued by enforcing agencies and the courts in handling charges of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is an abuse of power characterized by manipulation, coercion, or unwanted sexual attention."
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The Gender Gap, 2006.
This well-researched paper details the gap that still exists between men and women in regards to employment and pay.
3,115 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper analyzes the available research regarding the existing gap between the sexes in regards to employment and wages. While evidence proves that the gender gap in employment and wages is narrowing, it still has a long way to go. This paper contains relevant statistics and information relevant to employment and wages. This paper examines the various fields of employment where the gender gap is narrowing, including: Education, medicine, law and computer sciences. The writer also delves into the issue of sexual power in the workforce, specifically the sexual power of men over women, which is addressed in this paper.
From the Paper
"One area where the gender gap is narrowing far more speedily than any other is in the education field. For example, there are more females in law school and Med schools than ever before. There are more females entering the Computer Sciences field than ever before. In fact, science, which had always been thought of as a sort of a male preserve, is now enrolling women in Silicon Valley. In British Columbia the Education Minister has asked teachers, principals and other educators to consider their priorities. "The reason: a comprehensive assessment iof the reading and writing skills of 140,000 British Columbia students that showed girls doing better than boys in every category and at every grade level." Nevertheless, of the brighter high school graduates who do not go on to college "70 to 90 percent are girls."
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Cambodian Women, 2006.
This brief yet concise paper examines the current status of women in post-war Cambodia, which has drastically changed for the worse since the wars of the 1970s and 1980s.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the widening gap between the sexes in post-war Cambodia. Cambodian women have a long history of playing important public roles and in Angkorian times women served as scientists, astronomers and doctors. However, modern Cambodian society has come to place more value on the woman as a homemaker. This paper details how this situation changed drastically with the wars of the 1970s and 1980s. Many women throughout Cambodia found themselves working outside the home, filling jobs that had been previously occupied by men. Women eventually began protesting their sub-standard working conditions and demanded higher wages. This paper examines the basic needs of women that are not being met by the Cambodian government that strongly believes that boys should be educated, while girls stay home, which accounts for the low literacy rates in girls. This paper also details the various international organizations that are geared towards improving the current conditions for women in Cambodia.
From the Paper
"Over the next decade, the general per-capita income was much lower than in the rest of the region. Almost every rural household depended heavily on agriculture, particularly on wet rice cultivation. Rice has been the basis for most of Cambodia's foreign trade, for its national self-sufficiency and for its national revenues. There have been very few attempts to industrialize the country, and the manufacturing now is not yet extensive or large-scale. Most of the service sector is focused on trading activities. Furthermore, one of the legacies of thirteen years of war has been the ongoing depletion of the Cambodian workforce. Today, however, with a tentative peace, the workforce numbers about 4 million strong, and fully 50 percent of that population is made up of women."
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Homosexual Marriages, 2006.
A one-sided look at the 'negative' effects of homosexual marriages.
2,498 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the negatives aspects as he sees it, of same-sex couples getting together in marriage. He examines the implications of same-sex marriages on society and what it will mean, such as, legitimizing same sexual activity, joint tax benefits and many other day to day issues that will help them. The author looks at all of the negative sides of allowing homosexual marriages and urges the reader to help stop them by taking firm legislative action. He mentions many of the laws that have been passed and, are in the pipeline to prevent homosexual marriages. The paper then goes on to discuss what legalized homosexual marriages would do to the public school system and the societal effects that could result from it in public health education within the school system. In conclusion the author again points out that it is not fair for same sex marriages to reap all of the benefits of regular marriages.
From the Paper
"Legalizing same-sex "marriage" and/or domestic partnerships would in essence normalize homosexuality in the public school system. Why? Compulsory education forces all children to attend school. Public schools require children to take health education courses. If same-sex "marriages" or domestic partnerships were to become a reality; children would be taught in these health classes, as well as in marriage/family elective courses, that homosexual relationships are the equivalent of heterosexual relationships. Because teachers are authority figures, children would be more likely to accept homosexual relationships as normal. Of course, once junior and high schools teach that homosexuality is normal and natural, it's only logical that younger students would be subjected to the same propaganda."
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Women in the Armed Forces, 2006.
This paper examines the changing role of women in the military from WWII to the present.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper details the monumental strides achieved by women in the armed forces both in the U.S. and in other countries such as, France, Britain and Canada. While women served in the military during WWII, they were rendered the sort of duties that relieved men to do the actual fighting. This paper examines the statistics supplied by the Pentagon that prove that it wasn't until the Gulf War, that women were actually part of front-line fighting units. The writer of this paper ponders the argument whether women should continue to be allowed to serve in the same positions as men as well as the issue of sexual harassment in the military. This paper delves into the matter of whether or not men and women react differently to confrontations. The writer of this paper also discusses the issue of pregnancy and women on the front-line in combat and attempts to answer the question: Should new mothers be allowed to accept duties that entail a certain amount of danger?
From the Paper
"But it was not until the Gulf War, according to reliable statistics kept by the Pentagon, that women actually were part of front-line fighting units. The argument continues, however, whether this should become a regular Standing order. Women in the service joined, so they say, not just to sit at a desk, but to be alongside fighting men in case of military action. This, the women say, is only fair if they want to be recognized as men's equals. There is a web page on the Internet which closely examines the viewpoints of men and women, many either veterans or currently on active duty. Here one can find the opinions that are far more interesting and logical (on both sides) than anything that can be read in the media."
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Male Fantasy in ?Le Morte D?Arthur?, 2006.
Examines how Thomas Malory expressed male fantasy characteristics through the protagonist, Sir Lancelot in his book.
2,256 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In order to analyze people's fantasies, Sigmund Freud says that we can look at their creative writing, thereby seeing the wishes and desires that they have. By approaching an analysis of the character Sir Lancelot in Sir Thomas Malory's "Le Morte D'Arthur" in this way, this paper provides insight on what was important to men in that society. Lancelot is made the primary hero of the story. The paper shows, therefore, that Lancelot becomes the vehicle through which Malory and male readers can stop being "ashamed" of their fantasies and find a release of tension through the adoration Lancelot receives from women and the excellence of Lancelot's fighting skills.
From the Paper
"Guenivere's desire for Lancelot throughout Malory's story shows us how Lancelot is the figure of a daydream. Guenivere is the wife of the king. This attribute of Guenivere's places her on a pedestal. She is the most important woman in the territory controlled by King Arthur. Having an affair with a married woman such as Guenivere would make the person having the affair seem important. Guenivere's actions toward Lancelot characterize her as someone who is in desperate need of the hero's love. When Lancelot is trying to draw attention away from his interest in Guenivere, Guenivere says, "Sir Lancelot, I see and feel daily that they love beginneth to slacken, for ye have no joy to be in my presence, but ever ye are out of this court (403). It makes a male feel good to have an important woman want his "love" and not want the "love" to "slacken.""
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Equality for Women in the Workplace, 2006.
This paper examines the ongoing issue of gender segregation in the labor force.
1,533 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines what if any progress has been made in past several decades in regards to women's rights and equality in the workplace. The writer of this paper contends that if there is ever going to be equality between the sexes in the workplace, male employment in female-dominated jobs must increase, female employment in male-dominated jobs must increase and both sexes must be paid the same for performing the same job functions. This paper describes the existing discrimination which impedes women's progress. The writer also discusses the feminist movement which has always called into question traditional notions of a woman's proper place and encouraged women to redefine their roles and seek fair pay for their work. This paper also examines various studies which prove women in various occupations are usually disadvantaged in hiring and promotions and that they encounter a "glass ceiling" while their male counterparts encounter the "glass escalator."
From the Paper
"What impedes women's progress, according to numerous studies, is the subtle discrimination that limits women's opportunities. It may be the stereotype of women as mothers that leads an executive to assume that a working mother would not want to advance her career. It might also be the fact that women are seen in sexual terms and their competence is overlooked in the eyes of the decision makers, who are often men. Dominant middle-class ideology dictates that the so-called "true woman" is the woman at home who supposedly does not work. Regardless of this old-fashioned idea, a substantial number of early factory workers were women. In the New England textile mills, for instance, most of the labor force was female by 1850."
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Lesbian Voice in Works by Virginia Woolf, 2006.
Examines lesbianism in "Mrs. Dalloway", "To the Lighthouse", and "Between the Acts" by Virginia Woolf.
1,691 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The traditional literary canon of the early 20th Century makes readily apparent the virtual disconnect between women and popular literature. An authentic female voice was a faint if at all audible contingent within what preceded modernist authors. Even rarer, were the voices of women who spoke against the normative restraints of their culture. The paper shows that the writings of Virginia Woolf offered significant contributions to this emerging literary demographic, both in the areas of women writing about women and, more specifically unique to her modernist experimentalism, the exploration of female-to-female intimacy. Woolf was a pioneer in her incorporation of these themes into her work. She creates characters who embody the struggle that she and other women experienced in early 20th century Britain. The paper shows that, beginning with her young protagonist, Clarissa, in "Mrs. Dalloway", Woolf explores the social constraints that limit agency and suppress these yearnings. The paper shows that with the later works of "To the Lighthouse" and her unfinished and posthumously published novel, "Between the Acts", lesbian desire is squelched by popular convention and its oppressive alienation robs her characters of the chance to possess the objects of their desires and withholds from them a social environment wherein it is plausible to assume a lesbian or woman-centered identity.
From the Paper
"The construction of character around the concept of artistic authorship is repeated in Between the Acts in a way that allows for art to function as a vehicle to express a marginalized or misunderstood subjective vision. This time, it is Miss La Trobe, the director and playwright of a community theatre exercise, who worked to transform their annual play into an opportunity to bring reflection and enlightenment to an otherwise limited congregation of intellectual commoners. Yet, her vision is grossly misinterpreted."
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Self-Writing and Gertrude Stein, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the unique writing style of feminist writer Gertrude Stein in her book "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas."
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the autobiography as one person's decision to chronicle his/her life by writing down the sum of their experiences, which allows readers to gain knowledge about him/her. The writer of this paper focuses on Gertrude Stein's writing in "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas" which has since proven to be years ahead of feminist, literary and psychological theory. Stein was one of the first feminist fiction writers to bring the discussion of self-writing and its language to the forefront. The book chronicles the life of Stein and her long-time companion while focusing on the idea of self-definition. The title alone represents the parody Stein was creating by using the language of autobiography against itself. This paper examines Stein's method for breaking down both the societal constraints that foreclose on us and the walls of a genre that women, especially lesbian, expatriate writers, cannot identify with.
From the Paper
"Essentially, Stein created the impersonal autobiography, a veiled construct allowing readers to enter, but leave with "only a vague idea of its situation." For instance, her descriptions of Alice and Gertrude travelling through the war zones in Europe are devoid of feeling. As she states, the war signaled the beginning of her studies of "the inside as seen from the outside." Readers learn that these two women were involved in history, but only an outline is given, opening the door for interpretation. Thus, the book chronicles her fascination with being "apart" of something, a movement, a nationality, a history, and yet being "a part" from it at the same time. In some instances, her and Alice play out a heterosexual relationship, in which Gertrude is the male and Alice is the female, or vice versa."
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"Women and Men", 2006.
This paper analyzes Scott Russell Sanders' view of the various differences between the genders as described in his essay "Women and Men."
1,184 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on Sanders' argument that being born male does not necessarily predetermine one's destiny to rule and dominate over womankind. Sanders' essay "Women and Men" discusses the differences between the genders, not only in how he sees their differences, but also in how each gender perceives the other. This paper also examines the distinctions between wealth and poverty and their effects on gender while Sanders asserts that the differences between the sexes mostly depend on one's status in society.
From the Paper
"The effect of women in the work place may have also produced another affect. Presently, in this nation, nearly half of all marriages end in divorce. This higher rate of divorce is because unlike in the past, women are not as likely to be solely dependent upon men for their livelihood. Many families now are single parent families due to these high divorce rates with a large proportion of them being female. Women have "suffered from men's bullying" as Sanders has learned from his experiences with the "wretchedness of abandoned wives, single mothers, [and] widows." Sadly, the "wretchedness" of women have not changed much from that of the past. There are growing numbers of battered women and children's clinics."
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Women as Managers, 2006.
An essay arguing that women have innate advantages as managers in the workplace.
1,933 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This essay explains why the historically traditional roles of women have made them well-prepared for managerial positions in the workplace today. The paper points to the numerous responsibilities and roles women were required to perform in their traditional roles and how these roles required not only the ability to multi-task but the ability to communicate well and establish relationships. The paper further contends that these traditional roles have, in time, evolved into an innate ability to manage job responsibilities and employees in the work place and, therefore, have provided women with innate advantages for filling managerial positions.
From the Paper
"Do women have an innate advantage as managers in the workplace? Absolutely. No matter where you look or how you research articles come up with two common themes. The first one being that men are more prominent in the work place, and particularly in management positions though this is slowly changing with women moving out of their so called normal spheres of the home where they have been raising a family and out of the community where they have been fulfilling the many needs of the young, the old and or the disabled. The other is that women are becoming more of a force to be reckoned with in the workplace and that though there isn't a majority of women in management positions yet this scene will be played out in our lives in the future of the business world."
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The Gender Gap, 2006.
This paper examines the detrimental effects of accepting one's assigned gender as well as the importance of breaking through the traditional barriers which result in self-actualization and discovery.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the significant changes to traditional gender roles in the last 30 years. Research proves that women today are pursuing careers more so than ever before. The myth of masculinity is undergoing a transformation as is the image of fatherhood. Many men are downshifting from work away from the home in order to spend more time directly parenting their children. The writer describes the damaging effects of forcing men and women into customary gender-based roles which deprive children of maximizing their career options, status and lifestyles that run opposite to what society sees as acceptable. This paper also explains why applying biologically based assumptions in feminine behavior is not only scientifically unsound but socially damaging.
From the Paper
"Meekly evolving into your gender role, be it policeman or housewife, will merely enforce what men and women have been trying to get away from these past 20 years: gender roles can cause more harm than good. We can not expect future generations to be as comfortable and confident of what they can achieve if it is still expected of women to stay home with the children while the men work hours on end to support the family.
Despite the fact that acceptance is suppressing some would be nurturers, it is believed by some that because men and women are fundamentally different they should accept their different roles throughout society. Opponents would rather have women at home with the children. They would keep the men at work and out of the homes based on traditional gender views."
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Human Sperm Competition, 2006.
Examines male and female subconscious manipulation of the ejaculate.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Sperm competition is a subconscious force at work during copulation which affects the amount of sperm inseminated and influences the chance of pregnancy. The paper shows that females affect sperm levels through flowback and sperm retention. Males affect sperm levels by inseminating different amounts of sperm due to the time interval between copulatory behavior. The paper examines current theory which states that males subconsciously desire to fertilize a female, while females subconsciously do not want to become pregnant.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background: Animal Sperm Competition
Experiment #1: Sand Lizards
Experiment #2: Chaffinches
Human Sperm Competition
Experiment #3: Human Females
Experiment #4: Human Males
Works Cited
From the Paper
"One of the aspects of copulatory behavior studied by Baker and Bellis (1993b) was the manipulation of ejaculation by females during in-pair copulation. To do so, they examined the flowback discharged by females after copulation. Flowback comprises vaginal fluid, female tissue, sperm and up to 3ml of seminal fluid (Baker and Bellis, 1993b). Flowback occurs directly after copulation when the female gets up, or most frequently, during the first urination after copulatory behavior. No previous study had been done in regard to the quantity of sperm expelled from possible impregnation by this means."
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