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Abortion Rights, 2007.
This paper discusses the right to an abortion and argues pro-choice.
1,549 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper takes the position that abortions should remain a legal option for a woman; her right to control what happens to her own body should not be in the hands of politicians in Washington, or anti-abortion activists anywhere. The writer maintains that a woman's right to privacy is, according to Roe v. Wade, protected by the Constitution. Further, the writer claims that, even though the present executive branch of the U.S. Government is "pro-life" in philosophy and has placed two new Justices who are potentially able to tip the scales to overturn Roe v. Wade, the law should continue to uphold a woman's right to privacy, and allow abortions in clean, medically appropriate healthcare facilities.
Outline:
Introduction
Abortion and Women
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There was a law in 1972 that was struck down by the Court in Eisenstadt v. Baird; the Court ruled that distribution by doctors of the birth control pill to unmarried adults was legal. In 1976, three years after Roe v. Wade, the Court ruled that a married woman did not have to have her husband's permission to get an abortion, if she wanted one."
"The Bush Administration has been pro-life throughout its 6 years in the executive branch of U.S. Government so far; and the NOW Web site points out some of the decisions Bush has made to push forward his administration's agenda."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper explores the controversial issue of stem cell research.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that stem cell research is one of the most exciting fields of biology today and yet as it generates new discoveries, it also raises many questions. The writer points out that stem cell research has the potential of developing treatment for some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects. Further, the writer notes that while some oppose any type of stem cell research, others oppose only the use of embryonic stem cells but support stem cells derived from adults (such as from bone marrow), from umbilical cords, and from animals. The writer concludes that experts emphasize the need for adequate federal and international uniformity concerning the regulation of embryonic stem cell research to avoid potential abuse.
From the Paper
"Although there are a number of sources for stem cells, each varies in terms of their versatility and usefulness. They can be derived from embryos, fetal tissue, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissue. Fetal stem cells are derived from aborted or stillborn fetal tissue. Embryonic stem cells can come from excess embryos created in fertility clinics for in vitro fertilization, from embryos created specifically for the purpose of research, or from embryos created via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using SCNT, the nucleus is removed from a donated egg, replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, and then induced to divide into an embryo; this process could reduce rejection problems associated with transplantation of stem cells because the replacement nucleus comes from the individual to who the stem cells are given. Generally, embryonic and fetal stem cells are pluripotent and offer the greatest potential, whereas stem cells that come from umbilical cord blood or adult tissues are mainly multipotent or unipotent."
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Drug Testing, 2007.
This paper explores the moral issue of drug testing without the consent of pregnant women.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, both from a moral and ethical perspective, the question of drug testing is complex. The paper explains that hospitals must ensure that every patient receives the best treatment possible, including those who have not yet been born. However, in medical cases where a pregnant woman is involved, the mother also enjoys a right to privacy, guaranteed by the Constitution and this is where the moral dilemma presents itself. The paper looks at the original Supreme Court ruling, Ferguson v. City of Charleston, where a city hospital turned over drug test results from a pregnant patient to the police for prosecution when they found evidence of drug use. The paper concludes that drug testing of pregnant women should continue but the results of their tests should remain confidential. The paper asserts that otherwise there will be implications for many other government interventions into Americans' private lives.
From the Paper
"Morally and ethically, this question of drug testing is difficult at best. The original Supreme Court ruling covered the case Ferguson v. City of Charleston, where a city hospital turned over drug test results from a pregnant patient to the police for prosecution when they found evidence of drug use. The patients had no knowledge their results were turned over to police. As a result, 30 women were arrested and ten sued the city. One legal writer notes, "Petitioners were ten women arrested after seeking obstetrical care in a public hospital, some after giving birth. The women were arrested because they had tested positive for cocaine and were therefore suspected of having distributed illegal drags to a minor, namely, their fetuses" (Colb)."
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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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Walter Benjamin, 2006.
A review of 'The Art of Work in Age of Mechanical Reproduction' by Walter Benjamin.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the article 'The Art of Work in Age of Mechanical Reproduction' by Walter Benjamin. According to the paper, the article has justified the usage of mechanical equipments for the means of production of art works. The essay then goes on to discuss the duplication of art pieces. According to the essay, the promotion and propagation of art pieces through duplication has been a critical issue, and an issue of contention.
Outline:
Introduction
Debate
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Benjamin argues that experience of cultural imagery has been under dramatic influence of lithography and photography. The notion of originality relates necessarily to the idea of authenticity and to the work's authority, but with the technological revolution the issues of authenticity and originality has become irrelevant. Mass reproduction creates copies that possess an independence from the original; they can transcend the spatial and visual limitations of the original's physical tangibility and susceptibility to temporal and material's transformation with age and deterioration. As the art work's substantive duration ceases to matter, the art object loses its authority or its aura, the "unique phenomenon of a distance, however close it may be" (Benjamin Walter)."
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Civil Disobedience, 2006.
This paper argues in favor of civil disobedience.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the duty to obey the law has been so firmly ingrained in the societal conscious that anything against this automatically elicits a negative response; however, it is quite clear that duty to obey the law might not always be connected with one's moral duties in all areas. The author points out that philosopher W.D. Ross feels that the duty to obey the law is grounded in the concept of exchange of goods: If a citizen receives certain benefits, he or she should obey the law as a sign of gratitude. The paper concludes that disobedience of law is never desirable but there are times when this is the morally correct action since the claim that the law represents "the moral judgment of the majority and its sense of justice" is not always right. The paper includes some long quotations.
From the Paper
"The concept of fair play is undoubtedly interesting but lacks power to influence or convince us of its validity. If the only reason I should follow the law is so others can benefit, can we also argue that I am allowed to disobey the law if I know others would benefit. The exchange of benefits is the key in this argument. So if the means to achieve this end turns out to be different, do they have a solid argument against my actions? As mentioned in the case of signal violation- if I decided not to break the signal even if it results in the death of the sick woman, how is that benefiting the woman?"
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Computer Ethics in the Health Field, 2006.
A discussion regarding private health information and modern technology.
2,713 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews excerpts of a letter sent to Mike Leavitt, US Secretary of Health and Human Services, on behalf of organizations participating in the Consumer Coalition for Health Privacy. The letter concerns a lost, or perhaps stolen, laptop computer. The paper discusses compromised health information as a result of storing this information in an information technology medium. The paper goes on to discuss how problems are arising in the health industry as a result of information technology that may cause a breach in ethical protocols and undermine the confidence of patients in the health profession.
From the Paper
"In the same manner trust is structured in the form of policies, information assets - especially medical information - must be guided by policies that determine storage, archiving and access. Medical records in paper based forms are becoming extinct and being replace by digitally stored data. Further, some medical files and records are stored on cards with smart chips carried by patients on their persons that in the event of emergencies, health professionals attending to the ailing patient can easily load the smart card in a reading device and have instant access to the patient's medical history. The digitally stored medical information nowadays are also available online - a doctor in Cincinnati can access (provided authority is given that doctor) a patient's medical record in a database in Seattle or a hospital in Kansas can schedule a San Francisco patient for medical procedures once they get access from the patient's San Francisco medical records."
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Palliative Care, 2006.
A discussion regarding palliative care.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at palliative care, the union of medical, spiritual, and cultural considerations into a holistic, compassionate approach geared toward reducing the severity of symptoms. According to the paper, palliative care focuses on comfort and pain management rather than on curative measures and emphasizes care for terminal patients and their families. The paper reviews the video 'On Our Own Term: Moyer on Dying', part of a series called "A Different Kind of Care".
Outline:
On Our Own Terms
Hospice and Palliative Care
Spirituality, an Aspect of Palliative Care
Reflection
From the Paper
"In most cases, death brings the terminally-ill patient toward spirituality; indeed, this is the essence of existence for the majority of people. Whether or not we have strayed from our religious backgrounds, most people when close to death seek to understand the big questions of life. As a nursing student from a Catholic university, I have studied a curriculum that encompasses many aspects of life, including spirituality. However, most student nurses at the developmental age of college students focus on careers and relationships which can distance them from spirituality, probably the most important issue for a terminally-ill patient. How can we, as nursing students, discuss spirituality with patients at the end of life when some of us are either too young for spiritual awareness or too old and cynical? More importantly, how can we use spirituality in our nursing practice if our training has concentrated on oxygenation, safety, nutrition, and other health issues?"
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'Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee', 2006.
A review of the book 'Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee', translated by Robert Van Gulik.
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the book 'Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee', translated from Chinese to English by Robert Van Gulik. The paper discusses Judge Dee's unquenchable thirst for finding the truth, when solving legal cases. The paper further discusses how the Judge Dee novels are grounded in large societal ethical hermeneutic of Confucian and Taoist morals, where finding the truth is a sacred duty of Judge Dee's office and great dishonor would fall upon the head of any judge who accidentally condemns an innocent man.
From the Paper
"There are some features of Dee's detection are similar to modern police work, and do not cause a non-Confucian reader to raise an eyebrow. Dee deploys psychological insight and observation to come to the root of a mystery, noting that, good Confucian he is, he has studied carefully the ancient handbooks of detection, which values the importance of knowing the character, daily life and habits of the victim and that personality supplies the clues to solve the crime. Know a person's ethics, and know the man or woman. Know the person's place in society, and know how they 'should' behave. Having an upright character is also an essential component to being a good, that is, an ethical Confucian, and defects in character must be scrutinized and used as clues, as they leave a person open to the danger of becoming a victim."
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Medical Care, Race and Class, 2006.
A discussion regarding the differences in the medical care given to the different races and classes.
1,196 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of medical care between ethnicities. Specifically, the paper compares and contrasts the differences in medical care between blacks and whites, and of different classes. The paper reports that studies indicate that there are distinct differences in how members of different races and classes are treated throughout the healthcare industry.
From the Paper
"This article concurs with other studies that indicate black patients receive less cardiac care than white patients with equal symptoms. Their study further indicates that this substandard treatment exists in all or most black patients, and not simply in patients with poor behavior or attitudes. It is well documented that black Americans have a larger overall distrust of the medical profession, and there is some speculation this attitude may influence a small percentage of healthcare professionals. However, most studies indicate that more black patients are less satisfied with their care. There is a direct link between patient satisfaction and how patients comply with and utilize health services. This study attempts to explain racial differences in satisfaction and treatment, for the first time. The authors describe the methods used, the concept of the study, and include tables with their findings, which include minorities say they are more comfortable with their own minority physicians."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2007.
An analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which targets white-collar business fraud.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which states that all business corporations need to better supervise and control their employees, documents and information and sets severe measures for those who destroy documents or hide them from the public or the government's institutions. The paper looks at the criticism and dissatisfaction of businesses with this legislation but also examines the positive effects of the bill on white-collar crime and corporate behavior. The paper evaluates the economic impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Information
The SOX case of Richards vs Lexmark International Inc.
Literature on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Conclusions
From the Paper
"During the past few decades, the number of white-collar business fraud cases seemed to increase dramatically. Due to an immense interest and press investigations, these crimes were brought to the publics' attention, causing them to lose their confidence in the fairness of business actions. In July 2002, Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael G. Oxley presented the American Senate with the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002."
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Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), 2006.
Discusses the writer's personal experience of being hit by someone who was driving while intoxicated (DWI).
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reflects the author's personal experience of being hit by a drunk driver. According to the paper, no mercy needs to be shown to drunk drivers; the maximum allowable blood alcohol content (BAC) should only be 0.05%, and there should be a zero tolerance program for young men and teenage boy drivers caught driving while intoxicated.
From the Paper
"My truck wasn't drivable but the door worked. I got out and could hear the glass pop off my clothes and make weird sounds like Rick Krispies popping in a cereal bowl, and when I got to the Mercedes I could see these two guys, drenched in gin, beer, and glass. They were laughing. From ten feet away you could smell the alcohol. When I asked them if they were alright, they gave some quick answer and tried to get the car to move. It wouldn't. I asked them for their insurance and they rattled off some expletives and told me to go to hell and asked if I knew who their father was. However he was, he was going to be very angry when he saw that brown Mercedes, it was totaled."
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HIPAA and PACS, 2006.
A review of the relationship between HIPAA and PACS regarding the delivery of healthcare.
2,999 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the personal access communication system (PACS) and discusses how they relate to each other.
The paper presents a detailed examination of the HIPAA act and the PACS program to determine whether they collide or coincide with each other.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Hypothesis
Discussion Through Literature
Collide or Coincide
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first indicator that PACS dovetails with HIPAA is the need for passwords and various codes to get into the system and maneuver around its components. When PACS is first installed there is a training period in which those who will be working with the medical imaging department will be trained in how to use passwords and codes to open and enter the system. In addition, many hospitals and other medical facilities have opted to change and rotate passwords on a frequent basis thereby reducing even further the chance that the information contained within the storage area of the system will be accessible by a hacker. "
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Thomas Paine, 2007.
An analysis of the philosophies of Thomas Paine and what made them so successful in his time and today.
4,898 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the political, religious and social philosophies of Thomas Paine and describes the impact that they had on the world then and continue to have today. It discusses the role that he played in both the American and French revolutions, while simultaneously attempting to garner the budding revolutionary movements within England. The papers also looks at why his ideas were so successful.
From the Paper
"Paine's essays and speeches still hold their compelling power today. Much of the reason for this is that he was not a philosopher who attempted to build his theories of justice, morality, knowledge, and society from the ground-up; instead, he held several appealing principles, from which he was capable of deconstructing the morally reprehensible institutions around the world. These principles included equality, freedom, belief in God, charity towards others, and the gift of reason. Altogether, these were very attractive concepts in his time, and remain so to this day. For the most part, they are ideas so intuitively pure and beautiful, that they do not require rigorous philosophical investigation to believe that they should probably be sought after. So although David Hume may have been successful in debasing the belief that we can ever truly know what morality or justice are, Paine was able to indicate exactly what they should be. He was a great man not only for this, but for convincing millions of people that these values exist as something worthy to build society upon. Though they could potentially be logically invalid, it would be a mistake to fight for anything other than what Thomas Paine fought for."
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Workplace Privacy, 2007.
An analysis of the legal and ethical ramifications of employee testing and surveillance.
1,688 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses workplace privacy. It looks at the new and increasingly controversial ways in which employers can impinge upon an employee's privacy, such as drug testing, genetic testing and electronic surveillance. It then discusses, in detail, the legal and ethical ramifications of employers using these tools and how they can impact on the workplace.
From the Paper
"From the utilitarian standpoint, it is certainly imaginable that genetic testing, drug testing, and electronic surveillance might contribute to the overall good by increasing the output of various businesses. However, it is also imaginable that the negative aspects associated with these measures might detract from the total happiness of society: increased surveillance and the inability to use certain drugs might decrease employee contentedness; meanwhile, genetic testing might leave major subsets of society out of the economy and impoverished. Deontologically, people might take a stand for personal physical privacy as an innate moral good; yet, precisely what each deontologist might define privacy to be may vary. Consequently, some deontologists might think that workplace surveillance and drug tests are morally acceptable, while genetic tests are not. Others might organize their beliefs differently--all measures may be seen as morally unacceptable, for instance. Essentially, attesting to be either a utilitarian or a deontologist gives little indication of which way an individual might lean with respect to physical privacy in the workplace."
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Comatose Awareness, 2007.
This paper explores the state of comatose awareness.
3,115 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that cases like those of Terri Shiavo and Robert Kenneth Durksen put the moral quandaries regarding comatose victims to the forefront of the public's mind. The writer notes that only by fully understanding the condition, and answering questions such as whether or not there is awareness in comatose patients, can the public make informed decisions, when sensitive situations occur. This paper provides an overview of the comatose condition, followed by a review of literature regarding awareness in comatose patients. The writer then presents conclusions drawn from this information, in hopes of shedding further light on such a delicate topic.
Outline:
Introduction
Comatose Overview
Literature Review Regarding Comas and Coma Awareness
Analysis of Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The medical term comatose is derived from the Greek word koma, meaning a deep sleep. A comatose patient is in a deep state of unconsciousness that is characterized by the loss of reactivity to external stimuli and absence of spontaneous nervous activity, and cannot be awakened. Coma victims have usually experienced injury or disease of the cerebrum."
"The origin of the injury affects the different patterns of coma. Losses of consciousness for short durations may be caused by concussions, whereas the lack of oxygen, or anoxia, may lead to a coma that lasts for several weeks or is fatal. Sudden loss of consciousness in some patients may be caused by a stroke, which is a rupture or blockage of the vessels that supply blood to the brain."
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Death with Dignity Act (DWDA), 2006.
This paper is a literature review of physician-assisted suicide and a policy analysis of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act (DWDA)
7,800 words (approx. 31.2 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 169.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that some of the issues regarding physician-assisted suicide are the evolution of rights, ethics and "the slippery slope" argument. The author points out that the issue of physician-assisted suicide has rapidly moved from being a secret, marginal matter to a real topic of discussion for most people in the United States. The paper contends that the issue of physician-assisted suicide is related to the availability of end-of-life palliative care.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Dr. Jack Kevorkian
The Federal Government and States Treat Physician-Assisted Suicide in the Courts
Doctors Speak Their Mind on Physician-Assisted Suicide
Scope of the Problem
A Question of Healthcare
Do The Terminally Ill Really Want Physician-Assisted Suicide?
Breakdown of Policy
Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly
How the Act Was Brought Into Being
Subsequent Progression to Present Day
From the Paper
"In 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that affected assisted suicide and made it illegal. They overturned rulings in the 2nd and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeal striking down state statutes banning physician-assisted suicide. Those statutes, which prohibited doctors from prescribing lethal medication to competent, terminally ill adults, were found to violate the 14th Amendment. In striking the appellate decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court basically declared that no constitutional "right to die" existed, but individual states might enact legislation permitting or prohibiting physician-assisted suicide."
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Business Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of ethical principles within the business world.
1,206 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the business person must be clear about his ethical principle or philosophy on money matters and this should be the foundation of his business. The writer states that wants can be considered needs and a person can learn and grow up to pursue wants and desires and never get satisfied. The writer then points out that this tendency can dominate a person and spill over to his adult life or business. Further, the writer notes that the pursuit of material acquisition can become the essence of a person's ethical decisions in business. The writer discusses that a person in business may not have to choose between principle and profits by developing the proper perspective or viewpoint regarding money and therefore observe his ethical principle while making fair profits.
From the Paper
"Unprecedented major changes in society have been modifying the way people view the good life and among the forces shaping that view are globalization and the resulting cultural differences, new communication technologies rapidly transmitting information worldwide, the increasing gap between the rich and the poor, and the decreasing autonomy of national governments. More and more people expect business corporations to take the responsibility of addressing current social issues. Findings of studies revealed that there is a place for principles and profits and corporations have become more aware of their social responsibility. More and more businesses see that the key elements to competitiveness are employee productivity and innovation, when employees become most enthusiastic, productive and creative in evolving new ways of doing things. This requires an entirely new vision expressed in a mission statement, which details the values and principles to guide the organization."
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Donner Party, 2006.
A review of the Donner Party and how the Donner name became one of the most unfairly maligned family names in American history.
2,394 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Donner Party, one of the great survival stories in the expansive history of the American taming of the West. According to the paper, the Donner Party resorted to cannibalism as a means of survival. The paper discusses how research has shown that these stories of cannibalism, which have caused a painful black mark on the Donner family name, may be completely false as they pertain to the Donners themselves.
Outline:
Donner: The Name of Tragedy
A Media Firestorm Erupts
Cannibalism Accepted as Fact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For a century and a half, the American public has essentially labeled the Donner Party, and, by extension the Donner family, as cannibals. The sensationalized media reports that first emerged after the rescue of the Donner Party became widely accepted with time, although they were based mostly on unreliable first-person reports and gossip (Donner cannibalism, 2006). In fact, Eliza Poor Donner Houghton, a member of the party, recalls how Donner Party members would read supposed first-person accounts in newspapers and become shocked with how remarkably accurate information was interspersed with wild fabrications and innuendo (Houghton, 1911). "
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