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Making A Difference, 2008.
An outline of methods that may be employed to encourage community service amongst the youth.
1,008 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the thoughts and actions of the writer whose aim it is to and encourage community service amongst his peers. The many techniques that one may employ to do this are described with examples to exhibit how the writer intends to achieve his goals. The paper continues with methods in which youth can participate and benefit by assisting the underprivileged and "making a difference."
Outline:
Introduction
Reframing my assumptions
Benchmarking
Brainstorming
Anticipating potential earthquakes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Each of us has assumptions we make about the world, different cultures, societies, and our workplace, to name a few. There are certain things we are aware of that we have a personal or stake in, however, we may miss other important opportunities by being overly self-reflective. "Reframing, then, is a process of thorough, active, practical analysis and implementation of leadership theory" (Telford 15). It is the process of taking those assumptions and finding differences and opportunities that will actually make a significant difference. Taking those assumptions and reframing them is reflective, however, it is aimed outward and not solely toward the self. The 15% principle is part of this reframing method and represents the goal of making a major difference by at least 15%. It is a source of incremental, yet transformational change that can lead to new and exciting action opportunities."
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IKEA Case Analysis, 2008.
This paper analyses IKEA's ongoing struggle to prevent its suppliers from using child labor and discusses recommendations for positive change.
1,683 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of IKEA's struggle with suppliers to prevent child labor. The first child labor accusations directed at IKEA came in 1994, however, although IKEA has designed a code of conduct, internal controls, and third-party audits as a way to abolish child labor in its supply chain, this paper states that IKEA's suppliers are still employing child workers. Specifically, the paper discusses Venkat Industries' recent failed audit in which it violated occupational safety measures, mandated overtime, and was using child labor. Furthermore, the paper asserts that Kaisa Mattson, the head of compliance in south Asia, is faced with the decision as to whether or not to terminate Venkat Industries. Either decision carries new issues for IKEA involving its profitability, reputation, and whether it should continue its efforts to manage child labor, which this paper also goes on to discuss.
Outline:
Economic Factors
Non Economic Factors
Alternatives
Recommendations
From the Paper
"IKEA also faces the dilemma that its code of conduct clearly states that child labor will not be tolerated. Other suppliers have been terminated for substantiated cases of child labor in the past, and being more lenient with Venkat shows that the IWAY Code of Conduct doesn't apply for every company. Terminating the working relationship with Venkat Industries gives a strong message to IKEA's other suppliers: if it will terminate a major supplier on grounds of child labor, no companies are safe.
"IKEA has an internal standard it must uphold to sustain its reputation with employees and suppliers. Job 9 and the IWAY have been clearly described to employees and suppliers. These are objectives the company with which needs to remain consistent. Still, the education of employees and the public is also needed to ensure they understand IKEA's strong hand in eliminating child labor. The IWAY has led IKEA towards its current involvement in the fight against child labor, which therefore puts IKEA in a position to terminate Venkat Industries."
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Sites Promoting an End to Child Sex Exploitation, 2008.
A review and comparison of three websites promoting an end to child pornography, prostitution and child-sex tourism.
1,018 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at websites that further the dissemination of information regarding child exploitation. The paper examines three such websites, from End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT) and from the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division, and ChildSafe Cambodia.
From the Paper
"In contrast to ECPAT-USA's and ChildSafe Cambodia's websites, the CEOS section of the U.S. Department of Justice site provides news and updates primarily related to U.S. government activities in the war against Child Pornography, Prostitution, and Trafficking. Speeches from government representatives are available, along with information related to the passage of new laws, including Congressional testimony, aimed at supporting these activities (United States Department of Justice, Criminal Division). These first two websites, ECPAT-USA and CEOS, focus primarily on the United States, as opposed to the last focus of this paper, ChildSafe Cambodia."
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Preschool Child Development, 2008.
An examination of the various theories of childhood development.
1,471 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses and describes the observation of a preschooler, explaining that the purpose of the observation was to focus on one child and the developmental issues that revolved around that student. The paper then goes on to appy the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky on the child development processes to the preschooler observed.
From the Paper
"Diana was a healthy, vibrant child that appeared to be quite intelligent and socially active with her peers. She was capable of receiving abundant amounts of information and using that information to attempt new concepts in her play and class work. However, Diana also asked the teacher to consistently repeat some ideas and she was concerned with her own needs on a consistent basis. Nevertheless, as Diana continued to function in the classroom, she was influenced by the actions of her peers, which often changed her focus from herself to activities that her peers were involved with."
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Substance Abuse, 2008.
This paper discusses drug trends on college and university campuses.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that it is a fact that college students and their alcohol and drug use are almost inevitably linked, at least in the minds of the general public. Prospective students rate educational institutions not only for their value in terms of academics, but also in terms of their reputation as being "party" schools. The writer maintains that as a result, alcohol and drug use are an ever present force in college students' lives. The writer discusses that even though the presence of drugs on campuses might be a constant, the manner in which they are present is inconsistent. The trends that are seen in student drug use can lead to policy changes, both on and off campus. This paper is used to examine some of these trends, as well as the policy changes that might have resulted from them.
From the Paper
"This trend seems to be consistent on a national basis among college athletes. A report on Infofacts states that a study run in 2001 indicated that 81% of student athletes used alcohol in the preceding year. This figure had dropped from the 89% that had been reported in 1989. The percentage of student athletes abusing alcohol was almost twice that of students in the general population. Interestingly, this trend seems to be contradicted in Williams which indicates that student athletes report less frequent drug and alcohol use over their non-athlete peers. It is possible that these results are due more to the National Collegiate Athletic Association's drug testing policies, however, rather than from any voluntary trend of use. It is also possible that this trend is a result of under reporting the use of drugs and alcohol."
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Gangs and Drugs, 2008.
An analysis of the methods applied to combat the problems of gang and drug abuse.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper suggests, with descriptive examples, various solutions to the drug problem with specific reference to the methods of "suppression" and "intervention." The paper clearly explains the terminology and its method of application and concludes that suppression appears to be the more successful approach. The paper also details the reasons for the apparent success of suppression methods.
Outline:
Introduction
Intervention
Suppression
Suppression versus intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Suppression been successful tool in preventing gangs and drug crimes on the street, but it has been used behind prison walls with much fanfare. The suppression strategies used in prison include the separation and isolation of gang members and leaders and prison lockdowns (Kawachu, Marquart, & Trulson, 2006). In 110 Texas prisons from 1990 to 1999, out of 39,237 incidents of inmate on inmate violence, only 1,136 were gang related, averaging "less than three gang-related incidents per prison unit, per year.
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Breastfeeding, 2008.
This paper studies the article "Breastfeeding Among Low-
Income Women with and Without Peer Support" by Jean Penrose Arlotti.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Jean Penrose Arlotti's article, "Breastfeeding among Low-Income Women with and without Peer Support", which discusses the effects of peer support on breastfeeding among low-income women during the first three months after giving birth. The writer notes that the problem identified in the article was the busy lifestyle of women that interfered with breastfeeding and the lack of prenatal education and support regarding breastfeeding given to low-income women. The writer concludes that the study is clear and concise and could be replicated sufficiently with the proper sample group and support participants.
Outline:
Purpose of Study and Identify Problem
Examine Literature Review
The Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses
Sample Setting
Measurement Instrument Used in the Study
Procedures for Data Collection
Statistical Analyses Used
Researcher's Interpretation of Findings
Study Limitations Identified by the Researcher
Researcher Generalization of Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
The Study is Sufficiently Clear to Replicate
From the Paper
"The independent variables that were operational within the study included whether the participants belonged to a group with a peer counselor or a group without a peer counselor; whether the women belonged to a breastfeeding class; whether the women knew others who breastfed; and whether each woman was given support for breastfeeding. The conceptual independent variable was the mother's career plans after birth. The operational dependent variables in the study dealt with the actual amount of time the women in the study breastfed their babies, while the conceptual dependant variables included peer support, family support, and the effects of breastfeeding education. The research variable, both conceptually and operationally was the time frame that the study was conducted within. The demographic variables used in the study were age of the breastfeeding woman; her education level; marital status; race or ethnicity; her career plans after the child's birth; and whether she planned to breast or bottle-feed her child, or both."
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Youth Crime, 2008.
This paper examines Orem's self-care theory in relation to teenagers who instigate crimes.
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Miami, Florida's trend of attacks on the disabled, elderly and homeless by teenagers. The paper looks at Orem's nursing model and demonstrates how community health nursing interventions might be used for this vulnerable population. The paper explains that community nurses will need to advocate for change and collaborate with agencies such as the Miami-Dade County Youth Crime Task Force (YCTF). The paper shows how through use of the model, youth can enlarge their options for decision-making, can begin to be empowered and to enjoy improved quality of life.
From the Paper
"Miami, Florida is the site of a most disturbing trend of attacks on the disabled, elderly, and especially the homeless. What makes these crimes so socially significant is that they very often are committed by preadolescent children who are influenced by teenagers. In a recent highly publicized case, a Vietnam veteran who was both disabled and homeless was severely beaten with bricks by a teenager and two ten-year-old boys. In another case, a homeless man was beaten to death by two teenagers; the crime was captured on a bank security tape."
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Breastfeeding Duration, 2008.
This article provides a critique of the article "Breastfeeding duration in an Australian population" by Blyth, et al, which discusses the impact of modifiable risk factors on breastfeeding duration.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses an article "Breastfeeding Duration in an Australian Population: The Influence of Modifiable Antenatal Factors." by Blyth, R., M. Mid, D. Creedy, C. Dennis, W. Moyle, J. Pratt, S. De Vries & Healy, G. The writer maintains that the modifiable factors discussed in the article have implications for nursing interventions, and all of the researchers who conducted this study are nurses. The writer notes that even though almost all mothers initiate breastfeeding, the current trend around the world is that one-half of those mothers discontinue the practice by one month postpartum and very few are breastfeeding at a later time. This critique assesses the value of the modifiable factors isolated by the researchers, along with the validity of the findings. The writer concludes that modifiable factors do not actually predict breastfeeding duration but they are a reliable source of nursing information about breastfeeding behavior.
From the Paper
"The authors include a literature review that focuses on the decline of breastfeeding and on factors identified in other research which affect the duration of the practice. Among the non-modifiable factors is being economically deprived, or being a member of an ethnic or racial group with inadequate language skills. The modifiable factors include the presence of social support, being provided with essential information, the intention to breastfeed, and confidence with breastfeeding. One of the most formidable obstacles to effective breastfeeding and its duration is lack of needed information by the mother. Most research suggests that when information is provided, breastfeeding will be initiated and its duration will be extended. The authors point out that there is no real consensus about the effectiveness of health teaching, however. The researchers also note the significance given by previous studies to social support. Support from family members can result in three times the likelihood of breastfeeding and a support network also is influential."
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Psychopharmacologic Drug SSRI, 2008.
Examines the negative effects of the psychopharmacologic drug SSRI (e.g. venflaxine) on adolescents.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that antidepressants are a group of psychoactive medications that alleviate the signs and symptoms of mood disorders with a pre-dominantly depressive mood. The paper then explains that an understanding of the major mechanisms of action of these drugs can be best accomplished through understanding the pathogenesis of mood disorders. The paper then relates that, by understanding the mechanism of SSRI (e.g. venflaxine), it is possible theoretically to infer the neurobiological component of the pathogenesis of increased suicidality in depressed adolescents.
From the Paper
"The psychopharmacologic effectiveness of anti-depressants center around one of three mechanisms of action: increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels through blocking of presynaptic 5-HT and norepinephrine receptors (i.e. interruption of negative feedback for neurotransmitter regulation), blocking of serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake by the presynaptic neuron or inhibition of MAO to interrupt deactivation of these neurotransmitters (Bhalla & Aronson). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) will be discussed in further detail."
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Children and Television Advertising, 2008.
This paper discusses the influence that television advertising has on children in particular with regards to sex and violence.
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the media's original purpose was to inform and entertain, but as technology grew, so did society's dependence on the media. The writer maintains that there was a time that media was a teacher and in many ways it still is, but the message currently being taught is not what we want our children to learn. The writer then goes on to examine some of the messages that advertising sends out to children about their bodies, their sexuality and alcohol and smoking. The writer also notes that the media affects children by making them more interested in sex, sexuality and addictive behaviors. The writer concludes that the messages that advertisements send are persuasive and influence the lives of children in a more negative than positive manner.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Kids TV and Ads
Negative and Positive Associations
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During prime time, advertisements children watch most frequently are full of sexual activity. Most of the sexual content in advertisements is from characters discussing their own or others' current or future sexual activity. The idea of sexual risk or responsibility, however, is almost never talked about or shown. In fact through sexual exploitive advertising the attention of children is sought after rigorously. Children who watch advertisements ultimately become the audience for shows they shouldn't be watching and products they shouldn't be using. The Joe Camel advertisements of the 60's and 70's on television affected the lives of teens negatively even after the cigarette companies were mandated through government legislation to pull their advertisements. Teenagers were already addicted--legislation came too late. "
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Accurate Portrayals in the Film Industry, 2008.
This paper illustrates the realistic portrayal of teens in the film "Rebel without a Cause," directed by Nicholas Ray.
1,268 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper asserts that the portrayal of various groups in the entertainment industry can sometimes be realistic. The paper then analyzes, as an example, how teens are depicted in the film "Rebel without a Cause" and highlights how these young people exhibit all the angst and pain one finds in wayward, drifting youth. The paper is of the opinion that the film accurately conveys many timeless themes and challenges inherent in growing up and offers unusual clarity to the subtle dynamics that can rend families apart.
From the Paper
"To start with, the portrayal of teens in Rebel without a Cause is realistic. The film itself focuses chiefly upon the character of young Jim Stark (James Dean) and his difficult passage to adulthood. In the opening scenes of the film, as the three adolescent protagonists - Jim Stark, Judy (played by Natalie Wood) and Plato (Sal Mineo) - come into contact with one another at the local police station, the audience is made aware of the painfully dysfunctional nature of their respective home lives. To wit, Jim's father is a weak man clearly hen-pecked by a wife who seems to care more about "appearances" than she does about her children - or maybe even her spouse. For her part, Judy seems saddled with a father who views her as a tramp and has become cold and aloof now that his daughter is about to become an adult. "
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Sadistic Personality Disorder, 2008.
This paper explores the research regarding sadistic personality disorder.
1,639 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the characteristics of sadistic personality disorder and examines the theories of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget on child development. The paper relates that because of the lack of extensive research in this area and the extensive factors that are indicated as part of sadistic personality disorder, it appears evident that both a biological and environmental influence will impact the disorder's development in children. The paper maintains that more extensive research must be conducted in order to understand how the child and adolescent population is impacted by psychological functioning.
From the Paper
"Myers, Burket and Husted (2006) state that there has been little research related to sadistic personality disorder in adolescents or children to date (sec. 2). Myers, Burket and Husted (2006) further state that although there has been a growing concentration on sadistic personality disorder due to it being associated with violent criminal activities, the DSM included it in the third version of the manual and alleviated it from version four (sec. 2). Additionally, Myers, Burket and Husted (2006) contend that many psychologists and psychiatrists do not believe that a diagnosis of sadistic personality disorder is valid because of the close association that the symptoms have with other personality disorders, such as anti-social personality disorder (sec. 2)."
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Pedophilic Behavior in Males Age 12-18 Years, 2008.
The article discusses pedophilic behavior in males and presents an analysis of the causes and effects.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This article describes and analyzes pedophilic behavior in males aged 12 -18 years old. More specifically, the paper attempts to determine the significance of pedophilic behavior exhibited in adolescent boys (ages 12-18 years) in the diagnosis of pedophilia later on in life by understanding the different neurobiological and psychosocial contributors to the development of the disease in the context of both theory and empirical evidence.
From the Paper
"In recent years, however, advances in the understanding of the neurobiological basis for pedophilia have shed some light on the development of pedophilia. Pedophiles may often possess a comorbid mental or physical condition that may be contributory to his pedophilic behavior (Levine, 2000). A plausible contributor to the manifestation of pedophilic behavior is the presence of a developmental disorder or an organic brain pathology that particularly affects higher cortical functioning. Examples of these conditions include mental retardation, substance abuse, mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse- control disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (Levine, 2000)"
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Parenting Guidelines for the Hispanic Community, 2008.
A discussion of parenting guidelines for the Hispanic community in America.
5,590 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses parenting guidelines for the Hispanic community in the United States. The paper explains that the success of any set of parenting guidelines for a particular ethnic group hinges on the author's ability to take on an ethnic-sensitive approach that incorporates the group's specific traditions, culture, religion, and experiences with the new and daunting culture. This paper then attempts to prove that a setting down of concrete parenting techniques (communication, conflict resolution, and the like) must take into account the specific experiences of the Hispanic community in the United States. The paper explains that, in order to prove the validity of this assertion, it is necessary to point to and elaborate on the conflicts that characterize this community. The paper also points out that these conflicts include the traumas of immigration and racism, the unique structure and role of the Hispanic family, and the Hispanic family's role in the acculturation process. The paper then reviews the relevant literature on the topic. In conclusion the paper shows that the ultimate goal of this research is to enlighten both immigrants and American born individuals to the real and perceived experiences those from other countries go through, as they attempt to raise their families in a sometimes stressful and uncomfortable climate. A revised outline for the paper is included with this document.
Outline:
Introduction: Summary of Purpose and Thesis
Racism and the Trauma of Immigration
Acculturation
The Structure and Function of the Hispanic Family
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The United States, with its fondness for the oft-quoted "bootstrap mentality," often discourages immigrants from dwelling on troubled pasts or inherited traumas. It is hardly shocking to read that immigrant groups (particularly those from non-European countries) encounter racism upon arrival in the United States, but Hispanics, with the large number of the immigrants from Spanish-speaking countries, experience discrimination of considerable magnitude. In their Latinos and Education, Darder, Torres, and Gutierrez argue that Hispanic students, before they even enter their first American classrooms, internalize the racism that seems to blossom in highly industrial countries."
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Television, Violence and Children, 2008.
This paper determines the most effective method of presenting a paper on television's harmful effects on children.
718 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how writing about violence and its effect upon children should include different appeals with evidence, warrants, common ground and remaining questions. The paper suggests utilizing appeals based on logic or reason as well as appeals that are emotional in order to successfully convey that children are affected by watching violence and the primary people responsible are the parents.
Outline:
Evidence
Warrants
Common Ground
Questions
From the Paper
"One appeal to the audience is logos based on reason that requires evidence showing that children who watch too much violence are harmed and can become violent or aggressive either as a child or as an adult. Elizabeth Smoots in her article shows that children watch almost six hours of television a day and they watch more than 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders before they reach the age of 18 (3). Another article has the title, "What did your children watch on TV last night? 1 in 4 parents can't answer this question" and this title shows the need for parents to control the types and amount of television children watch."
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Monitoring the Programs Children Watch on Television, 2008.
A look at the effects that watching violence on television can have on children.
1,401 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how children are affected by watching violence on television and suggests that a study be carried out to define whether the responsibility rests with the media, Federal Communication Commission (FCC), or the parents. The paper includes results from various research studies as well as different arguments put forward claiming the educational value of television.
From the Paper
"Research points the fact that observing violence on television can be related to them becoming aggressive or violent as a child and/or as an adult. The American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry has made a statement that they firmly believe that children who watch violence can become violent (Arvidson 494). Some people though believe that the violence children see on television is not enough to make children realize that they are watching fantasy and not reality. The violence they see in these shows do not show the heart break of the families nor does it show the fact that people who are murdered are dead. Mike Oppenheim argues that the violence on television is not enough because it is more fantasy than the horrors that happen in real life and it fails to teach children that violence is wrong (14). While this may be true in many ways, the fact is that children watching the violence often cannot determine the difference from fantasy and reality. "Characters get shot with double-barreled shotguns and they get back up. It sets in a humorous context with a laugh track, and communicates to preschoolers that violence is funny and it's OK to do" (Hurst 8). Children are shown violence in television shows, movies and even cartoons. The fact is that almost ten percent of violence can be related to television violence (Hurst 8). Whether it is television shows, cartoons, movies, or video games, children are influenced by what they see. The question is whether the media, FCC, or parents that should be blamed."
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Behavioral Autonomy as an Adolescent Issue Prior to Dating, 2008.
A description and explanation of behavioral autonomy in adolescents.
781 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of behavioral autonomy which is developed through the adolescent's relationships with family members and peers. It describes the process that the adolescent needs to go through to separate himself from parental care and concludes that the overall outcome of achieving behavioral autonomy should be healthy psychosocial adjustment, which involves healthy separation instead of detachment.
From the Paper
"Behavioral autonomy refers to the ability to make independent decisions and to act in accordance with those decisions. Autonomy is developed through the adolescent's relationships with family members and with peers (Russell & Bakken, 2002). Behavioral autonomy is a developmental task to be achieved during adolescence but which endures for the life span. Although the development of autonomy is disruptive, research indicates that the majority of families maintain close ties during the period. The results of research into adolescent behavior reveal that, although behavioral autonomy adheres to certain patterns, it can be highly unpredictable and contradictory in the positive and negative outcomes for the young adolescent male. The overall outcome of achieving behavioral autonomy should be healthy psychosocial adjustment, which involves healthy separation instead of detachment."
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Can We Know Anything Independently of Experience?, 2008.
A discussion detailing the processes in which a person acquires knowledge.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper questions the manner in which we obtain knowledge and refers to intuition, experience and the senses as sources of knowledge. The paper proposes that the things that we are aware of are not entirely dependent on the senses but rather from experience that starts with the senses. Continuing on this theme, the paper states that children have the ability to acquire knowledge but that this has to be done through a learning process, the first of which is through the senses. The paper concludes that knowledge is obtained through custom or repetition, intuition and imagination.
From the Paper
"The most important issues we will ever encounter concern the ultimate questions such as those pertaining to God and life after death. Of these matters we can have no sensory information and experience is utterly useless. When sensory impressions are present, the only purpose they serve is as a springboard for reasoning. However, a priori reasoning is possible, as is observed in mathematics. Certain types of knowledge are outside the sphere of all experience and also are beyond the realm of the senses (Kant 184). A priori knowledge is certain and progresses in a logical manner; such is the case with mathematical propositions which are never based in experience and instead are based in necessity. Propositions in the natural sciences also are a priori and necessary as well as synthetic. Kant (188) uses as one example of such propositions "that in all communication of motion, action and reaction must always be equal". The principles of a priori knowledge only have one source which is the faculty of reason. The only means through which we can know anything a priori is pure reason."
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