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Children, TV and Video Games, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of television and video games on children.
3,172 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that controls are placed on certain products and on advertising when targeted to children. The rules covering these regulations have changed over the yeas, based on perceptions of potential harm to children and the Internet age has raised new issues related to video and computer games, the content of which is often violent. The writer points out that television is a special case because it comes into the home and because controls can be imposed more easily as broadcasters must adhere to the requirement to serve the public in exchange for a license. Today, though, most people get television through cable, with many channels that are specifically for cable, and the same regulations and controls do not apply. The writer explains that this reduces the ability of government to pass and enforce rules on content for children. The writer notes that video and computer games are also widespread, though some regulations have been passed to reduce the ability of children to get such games if they are deemed to be not for children, largely through a ratings system with varying degrees of adherence to imposed norms. The writer maintains that concerned parents still want more rational and more effective controls on such content and a solution to the problem.
From the Paper
"Advertising on programs for children has been under fire for many years. Some object to images of violence, as with the sale of war toys or cowboy gear, and others object to unrealistic images of women, exemplified by products like the Barbie doll. Controversy has also centered on the very concept of developing the next generation of consumers, with some seeing television advertising to children as a way of creating a need where none existed and selling products that are not needed while accustoming children to the idea of being consumers. At some level, this can be a more abstract fear, not as clearly tied to a specific product or type of image, but it can be quite persuasive when one consider the number of ads directed at children, the way toys and other products are sold to children, and the way other products are geared to children, such as sugary cereals and soft drinks. Advertising to all markets increases at certain times of the year, notably in the fall into December, with advertising developed for Christmas and the buying season then and after as bargains attract buyers into the new year. An analysis of the commercials directed at a young audience for films, DVDs, and video games shows some of the selling methods and the appeal made to young people as well as the pervasive nature of such advertising messages, increasing as they do during the months before Christmas in order to increase sales of these products."
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Unhappy Marriage -Alternatives To Divorce, 2008.
A discussion on the the subject of saving a marriage as an alternative to divorce.
1,022 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that unhappy marriages do not always justify divorce. The elaborates on this assertion, stating that divorce is not always necessary for every unhappy marriage and that happy marriages that are healthy but unhappy for superficial reasons are often capable of salvation as long as both partners are equally motivated to make the necessary changes. The paper then points out, however, that, conversely, divorce is more advisable where either partner is not willing to make the changes necessary to improve the marriage, and especially, where partners chose each other in the first place for dysfunctional reasons, or progressed to marriage immaturely. The paper then discusses the differences between salvageable and unsalvageable marriages.
Outline
Salvageable vs. Unsolvable Marriages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In general principle, some marriages are potentially salvageable because even though they may have evolved into unhappiness, they did so by virtue of relatively superficial reasons. Conversely, other marriages are completely impossible to improve, because the factors accounting for their evolution into unhappiness are not superficial, but rather, due to fundamental incompatibilities between the partners (Kasl 1998). Sometimes, in fact, marriages whose unhappiness was originally caused by relatively superficial reasons generate so much conflict and perpetual resentment that it is simply impossible ever to rekindle the mutual feelings of romantic love and genuine affection that are prerequisites to happiness in marriage."
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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), 2008.
A discussion of reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses reactive attachment disorder (RAD). The paper explains that RAD arises from failure of developing a loving, lasting relationship with an attachment figure. The paper then looks at the two types of RAD - the inhibited and the dis-inhibited types. the paper also points out that adolescents who failed to bond with an attachment figure may also present with problems that reflect an inhibited type of RAD. The paper discusses the several controversies surrounding RAD and concludes that there is a need for the welfare sector to recognize the risks of being institutionalized.
From the Paper
"Children who are institutionalized or are adopted often fall deprived of having formed a bonding relationship with their mothers. It has been said that the longer a child is institutionalized, the graver is the child's hunger for affection or withdrawal from others. However, problems of RAD are not exclusive among adopted children. A child who failed to form a concrete bond with his mother may develop RAD. The effects of reactive attachment disorder are often reflected throughout the various stages of one's life. A study involving toddlers less than 48 months old and were maltreated and subsequently placed in foster care showed symptoms of RAD. It revealed that these toddlers present with symptoms of RAD severely. The study also correlated the existence of maternal risks such as psychological problems, age, ethnicity, and history of substance abuse. It was seen that children of these mothers often showed RAD of the inhibited type (Zeanah et al., 2004). It should also be emphasized that these children often experience the effects of interrupted bonds long after they have formed attachments in the more favorable care giving environments of their adoptive homes."
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Child Sexual Abuse, 2008.
A look at how childhood sexual abuse can affect an adult's working ability.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This work discusses the subject of child sexual abuse (CSA) and serves as a review of literature, specifically one particular piece that deals with child sexual abuse. The literature is a contemporary research article involving the reporting of CSA and work ability and functioning as an adult. The work will briefly introduce the concepts of CSA and its controversies and commonalities and will then move on to review S. J. Lee and R.M. Tolman's 2006 article "Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Work Outcomes".
From the Paper
"The development of tougher laws and responsibilities regarding the incidence of child sexual abuse has often been associated with an evolution in the ideas of the potential and real long term effects of child sexual abuse on victim survivors. (Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle & Coxeter, 2005, p. 517) For many years there has been a research movement that attempted to demonstrate long lasting negative effects of CSA among adult survivors of CSA, to both underscore and under gird the need for tougher laws, greater enforcement and increased responsibility for reporting among professionals. In general the law has begun to demonstrate a zero tolerance policy regarding CSA and has increased and leveled out the sentencing of convicted offenders, through minimum mandatory sentencing. (Cassell, 2004, p. 1017) Changes in public opinion regarding CSA have had a significant impact on incidence reporting which in all accords has increased, creating a sense that incidence has increased substantially in the last 30 or so years. The claim that CSA has increased in incidence is therefore an unknown element of modern life, as we do not know if it has increased, decreased or leveled out at a norm, as reporting has spiked incidence to relatively epidemic like levels. (Bolen, 2003, p. 174) What we do know is that reports are increasing in number and that CSA occurs and it occurs frequently."
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School Bullying, 2008.
An analysis of the physiological and psychological damage of bullying in school.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine the effects that bullying and teasing in school have on elementary, middle school and high school students and the resulting damage to their physiological or psychological growth.
Outline:
Introduction
Bullying and PTSD
Lifetime Harm
Stressors Chemically Burned Into Long-Term Memory
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work of Nader and Koch entitled: "Does Bullying Result in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Relates that bullying in schools "is a widespread problem that has received greater attention in recent years." (2006; p.1) Nader and Koch relate that bullying "occurs repeatedly over time and involves and ongoing pattern of harassment, intimidation and abuse." (2006; p.1) Furthermore, bullying may be physical or relational and generally occurs at school and "between peers within the same school year." (Nader and Koch, 2006; p.1) Nader and Koch relates that there have been studies to report negative psychological and physical effects of school bullying which include "...reduced self-esteem, poor physical health, decreased school attendance and performance and increased depression and anxiety." (2006; p.1) "
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Breaking the Barriers, 2008.
A study carried out to present to the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia to canvass help for a children's help center.
17,602 words (approx. 70.4 pages), 37 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a study compiled as an application to the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia for support in a help center that works with children with mental disabilities. The forte of the Al Aoun Centre, which has been operational for more than twenty years, is the assistance it provides to children in need of speech and hearing therapy who are mentally disabled.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the Study
Organization and Management
Operating Strategies Strategies
From the Paper
"The Saudi Arabian healthcare system is a national health care system. This means that health care services are government provisioned and this is accomplished through a number of governmental agencies. There is an increasing need for private sector health care provision of health care services in Saudi Arabia. The government agency in charge of administering health care is the Ministry of Health, which provides primary health care services through providers. Services provided include preventative services, rehabilitative and curatives services. In a recent report published in the Record it is reported that the School of Medicine's Health Administration Program along with BJC HealthCare's International Healthcare Services "has launched an unique executive master's program for Saudi Arabian physicians and health-care ministry executives at the request of the Saudi Ministry of Health." (Miller, 2006) The report states that the program "was created specifically for 18 participants from the Riyadh-based King Fasad Medical City, a four-hospital system that is one of the largest medical complexes in Saudi Arabia." (Miller, 2006) According to Daniel K. Mueller, Ph.D, assistant vice-chancellor for international affairs: 'Health-care systems in the world are all changing, and the ministry sees the need to train executives in the basic principles of management, finance and organization to improve health care for the population of the King Fasad Medical City serves." (Miller, 2006) One of the lessons that this programs teaches "is the importance of enhancing healthcare by improving the processes hospitals use." (Miller, 2006)"
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Surrogated Motherhood, 2008.
This paper looks at whether surrogate motherhood should be either banned or regulated by law.
4,042 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.
Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."
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Embryo Donation, 2008.
A look at the subject of embryo donation.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of embryo donation, which is related to a number of moral, legal, psychological and social implications. The paper relates that, in spite of these implications, embryo donation is, nevertheless, the only solution to incapability of producing cells in a few patients. This paper then sums up the symptoms for embryo donation as well as the process and contemplation in preparing both the donors and the recipients.
From the Paper
"Embryo donation is examined to be a sort of third party reproduction. In vitro fertilisation frequently results in a number of frozen, unused embryos after the woman for whom they were originally created has successfully supported one or more pregnancies to term. In embryo donation, these additional embryos are provided to other couples or women with the aim of causing a successful pregnancy. The child produced after following this entire process is supposed to be the child of the woman who takes it and gives birth, and not the child of the donor, the same as happens with egg donation or sperm donation."
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Psychotropic Drugs, 2008.
A discussion of the considerations to contemplate regarding the use of psychotropic drugs.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the incidence of psychotropic drug use and confirms the rise in usage over the past three decades. The paper
focuses on one such drug, prozac, in examining the history of drug development, treatment, and successful or unsuccessful use in treating certain psychiatric conditions. The paper states that, because competition between drug manufacturers is at an all-time high, it is important to focus on the side effects of psychotropic drugs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Introduction of Prozac as a Psychotropic
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus he states that it "would be worrying if Prozac altered my personality, even if it gave me a better personality, simply because it isn't my personality"; and he asks, "What could seem less authentic, at least on the surface, than changing your personality with an antidepressant?"[1] Elliott's thesis suggests that it would be inauthentic, and therefore morally problematic, for Marina to use Prozac for the purpose of changing her personality; indeed, if the drug had its intended effect, the resulting personality would not really be hers."
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Maltreatment of Children, 2008.
This paper looks at how the definition of child, along with the concepts of child maltreatment, have evolved over time within society.
3,680 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conception of what constitutes maltreatment of children. Specifically, this paper establishes the view that the whole concept of what constitutes a designation of being a "child" has changed over time, like many other societal definitions. According to the author, the designation of a child as a vulnerable member of society that requires special protection by parents and others is in fact a relatively new concept, and this is especially true of the social designation of adolescence. This paper takes a look at child maltreatment as a concept that has evolved over time, especially with regards to the definitions in a legal sense and the afforded interventions that are offered to society as a whole when these new definitions are breeched. Furthermore, this paper asserts that just like any other recently designated social problem, the phenomena of child maltreatment, though it has existed for all of human history, has taken a significant amount of time to be defined in the manner it is today.
From the Paper
"Sadly, due to the nature of the limited communication skills of children and the desire of many abusers to deny events occurrences social workers are often engaged in resolving behavioral and social problems that occur as a result months or even years of maltreatment or single events that are so traumatic for the child that they relive them continually in thought and seek alternative behaviors to alleviate or even signal the need for intervention. Childhood trauma is a perceptual situation, and all trauma either intentional or unintentional, say as a result of witnessing unrelated acts of violence can effect all children in a different way, from not much at all to fundamentally and long lasting posttraumatic stress which can involve nightmares, behavioral problems, educational problems or even serious social concerns."
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The Breadth and Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Abuse, 2008.
A discussion on the issue of substance abuse in adolescents, including some factors that contribute to this behavior and suggested treatments.
13,942 words (approx. 55.8 pages), 72 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper is made up of two chapters that provide a general overview of adolescent substance abuse, followed by a discussion of some of the more salient societal implications involved. An analysis of some of the more common types of substances currently abused by American adolescents is followed by a discussion of the various factors that have been shown to contribute to adolescent substance abuse behaviors as well as some behaviors that have been shown to mediate such risk. The second chapter provides a description and overview of what steps clinicians should follow in formulating treatment plans for adolescent substance abusers and the four primary types of interventions used in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse in use in the United States today. The paper also includes tables and diagrams for reference.
Outline:
Introduction
General Overview
Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents
Tobacco Abuse by Adolescents
Alcohol Abuse by Adolescents
Inhalants as Abused Substances
Marijuana Use among Adolescents
Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Societal Implications
Treatment Programs for Adolescent Substance Abuse, Including Effectiveness or Lack Thereof
Introduction
Family-Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
12-Step Programs
Motivational Interviewing
Chapter Summary
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"The breadth of the problem under consideration is vast and its economic consequences enormous because substance abuse describes the destructive or harmful use of alcohol and other drugs in any situation. Therefore, substance abuse includes not only drinking or drug use by individuals who, because of their social, emotional, or genetic heritage, use alcohol and other drugs compulsively or without control, but also any drinking or drug use that potentially endangers the drinker or others (Ammerman, Ott & Tarter, 1999). These facets will be described in greater detail in the section on "Societal Implications," following the section entitled, Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents, and the section entitled Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse."
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Theories of Child Maltreatment, 2008.
An analysis and comparison of the ecology theory and social learning theory as they apply to child maltreatment.
2,638 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the ecology theory and social learning theory as they apply to child maltreatment. The paper develops a concept of how each theory applies to the origins and maintenance of child maltreatment. It then goes on to discuss each theory in critical analysis and in application to child maltreatment. The paper also provides a comparison and contrast of the two theories and discusses the evidence that detracts from each theory.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Origins and Maintenance of Child Maltreatment
Theory Critical Analysis
Theory Application to Child Maltreatment
Comparison and Contrast
Summary of Empirical Evidence
From the Paper
"Most empirical evidence supporting both social learning theory and ecology theory as they apply to child maltreatment are relatively contemporary to the development of the base theories themselves. It is safe to say that some research provided sustainable theory correlation while other research challenged the basic tenants and broad concepts of the theory. (Bornstein, 1995) For the most part it has been concluded by empirical research in the present and recent past that there are far more factors involved in the presence or absence of child maltreatment that was previously believed and that biology and environment (social and physical) play an important role. It would not be surprising to me if the concepts associated with ecology theory were applied anew to social concerns relating to child maltreatment as such a trend is likely to elicit new understandings and possibilities for research and prevention. The basic tenant of the empirical evidence of the present is that there is no magic, single answer to why some maltreat their children and even against all odds some do not. The pressures of society, play a significant role in child maltreatment as do many other core and nominal factors, such as previous maltreatment and or ignorance to appropriate care."
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Youth Unemployment in Canada, 2008.
This paper explores the problem of youth unemployment in Canada.
4,114 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the literature on the state of youth unemployment in Canada today and in recent years. The paper analyzes the extent of the problem and considers how large a concern the present level of youth unemployment should pose for government policy. The paper explains why the youth unemployment problem in Canada would not appear to be of particular concern at the present time.
Outline:
History of the Youth Unemployment Problem
The Extent of the Problem at the Present Time
Factors Contributing to Youth Unemployment
Transition from Youth
Canada's Position Relative to Other OECD Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Youth unemployment has been recognised as a problem in Canada for a number of years. In this context, youth is typically defined as those in the labour force aged between 15 and 24 years inclusive. It is critical to clarify the youth unemployment situation facing Canada at this point in time if appropriate government actions to tackle the problem are to be determined. If the extent of the problem is under-estimated it is possible that nothing will be done. If the extent of the problem is over-estimated it is possible that too much will be done and heavy-handed policies that cause other problems will replace more sensible ones. This may then lead to problems which in themselves further exacerbate the existing employment problems."
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Play Therapy and Trauma, 2008.
An analysis of the use of play therapy as a tool for developing trust between the therapist and the child trauma survivor.
3,443 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how childhood trauma is one of the most likely reasons why an individual child and his or her parents, might seek therapy. It discusses whether there is empirical evidence to suggest that play therapy can be an effective tool for the development of trust between children who have experienced trauma and the therapist.
Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Significance of Trauma
Definition of Play Therapy
Search Strategies
Review of Literature and Evidence Evaluation
Methodology
Findings of Research
Limitations
Discussion
Implications
From the Paper
"For children trauma can be anything that disturbs the ability of the child to trust his or her environment, the people both known and unknown in life and the standard set of expectations for events and occurrences now and in the future. Children who have experienced trauma, be it personal or witnessed must develop a whole new set of coping mechanisms to both reestablish trust for their surroundings and for people they come in contact with. As, trust development is a whole goal of self preservation and learning in childhood, and for those at risk a hard won victory of mind over matter, trust often becomes the central issue for recovery. "
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The Cultivation Theory, 2008.
This paper explores whether the cultivation theory can be used in a socially beneficial way.
6,322 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the cultivation theory that if a person plays too many games with acts of violence in them, he will be more prone to committing violent acts. The paper relates that much of the publicity surrounding this theory focuses on the negative aspects of the media. The paper then explores how the cultivation theory can be used to produce positive effects and examines how role models can be portrayed in a positive manner to bring about societal change for the better.
Outline:
Part I: Understanding Cultivation Theory
Part II: Massive Multi-Player Online Games and Cultivation Theory
From the Paper
"Television plays an integral role in US society, perhaps more so than in other countries. To understand the significant role that television plays, one must first take a step back in time, to the days before almost every household in America owned a television. Before television, people told each other stories. Grandparents told stories to children and neighbors told stories about the happenings of the world to each other. Information was passed by word of mouth. Long before television, there was the written word, such as newspapers, and later radio. However, not everyone had access to them. Not everyone could read, particularly in rural areas. Those who had access to newspapers and radio passed on the stories to others through word of mouth."
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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the juvenile death penalty stemmed from laws in certain states that allowed juveniles to be tried as adults for certain crimes. In March of 2005, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty for those who were tried as adults for crimes committed when they were under 18 was cruel and unusual punishment. The development of the juvenile death penalty and the decision to declare it unconstitutional has been a topic of controversy that reached global proportions. The writer examines the development, ramifications and circumstances that led to the abolishment of the juvenile death penalty in the United States. The writer supports the thesis that the Supreme Court decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles is in alignment with Constitutional law and supports this decision.
Outline:
Legal History and Context of the Juvenile Death Penalty
Recent legal History
The Demographic Myth
Political Ramifications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These executions did not happen in the early history of the United States, but occurred in modern times.
"Execution of males for the commission of crimes involving intolerable suffering of another are considered socially acceptable. However, the death penalty for certain other demographic groups has been considered questionable. In older times, the execution of women, juveniles, and others were not considered any different from those of a male. However, times have changed and society now questions the practice of executing the mentally retarded, women, and juveniles. The rules of changed and so must the laws of the land. The laws of the land are meant to serve society, rather than society serving the system."
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Adolescent Substance Abuse, 2008.
A research paper discussing the breadth and prevalence of adolescent substance abuse.
9,571 words (approx. 38.3 pages), 48 sources, MLA, $ 196.95
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Abstract
In this research, the writer provides a general overview of adolescent substance abuse, followed by a discussion of some of the more salient societal implications involved. A description of the statistics concerning adolescent substance abuse and its incidence among various groups is followed by a discussion of social identity theory, group affiliation and their respective influence on adolescent substance abuse patterns. An analysis of some of the more common types of substances currently abused by American adolescents is then followed by a discussion of the various factors that have been shown to contribute to adolescent substance abuse behaviors as well as some behaviors that have been shown to mediate such risk.
Outline:
Introduction
General Overview
Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents
Marijuana Use among Adolescents
Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Societal Implications
Treatment Programs for Adolescent Substance Abuse, Including Effectiveness or Lack Thereof
Introduction
Family-Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
12-Step Programs
Motivational Interviewing
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Parents and other adult caregivers therefore stand out as the primary factors that can either contribute to the incidence of adolescent substance abuse or help encourage young people to avoid such behaviors. Parents can also influence adolescent substance abuse indirectly through their impact on peer group selection. Therefore, the relational patterns that exist within the family and peer group systems appear to represent an important consideration in the development of efficacious treatment protocols for adolescent substance abuse.
"Unfortunately, many young people come from homes where adult substance abuse is a matter of course, and it would appear reasonable to assert that such adults have little incentive or the resources they need to provide their children with the guidance they need during this formative period in their lives. Moreover, there was a distinct downward spiral quality to these behaviors that make early interventions absolutely critical because the more young people engage in such behaviors, the harder it is to effect change, not to mention the increased risk these young people run of becoming yet another grim statistic related to adolescent substance abuse in the United States today."
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Improving Students' Literacy Skills, 2008.
An analysis of four literacy methods and strategies in order to determine which is the most effective.
5,075 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the effectiveness of different teaching methods for middle school and high school students. It takes a look at the traditional textbook-based, passive method of instruction. It then introduces four new methods: the experimental method, the concept mapping method, the ABC method of questioning, and the question answer relationship (QAR) method. The paper's primary experimental hypothesis is that a traditional, textbook-based, passive method of instruction is less effective then all four literacy methods tested. Its secondary hypothesis is that all four literacy methods are less successful without an element of hands-on direct involvement with practical learning materials integrated into the lesson. The paper concludes that future avenues of research should include studies designed to identify which of the four literacy methods represent the optimal combination of hands-on active participation lesson materials with instructional elements.
Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Hypothesis
Experimental Method
Class Discussions and Discussion Maps
Concept Mapping
ABC Method of Questioning
QAR Method
The Use of Visuals
Identifying Limitations of Literacy Strategies
Analyzing the Application of the Active Instructional Approach
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Discussions are useful for teachers in evaluating students' ideas and building excitement for science. Discussions offer windows into students' thinking, provide students who struggle in reading and writing with a chance to participate more actively in class, and create situations where students can express their ideas differently than in traditional school tasks. Discussions allow students to use their own vocabulary to express their understanding and their peers' ideas to drive their intellectual and academic work of understanding scientific phenomena. Many times learning science is focused on learning content-specific terms and not on understanding and explaining phenomena. Discussions engage students in thinking about their personal experiences and schema and reconciling these ideas with new learning. This process is challenging, but peer collaboration is highly effective. Finally, sense-making discussions are fundamentally scientific because they open a forum that allows all students' ideas to be heard, and for these ideas to be evaluated, connected to their personal experiences of phenomena, and compared with scientific explanations of such phenomena. For example, during a discussion about the heart, the students came to the conclusion that the heart is important because it pumps blood. This led to a question about how the heart pumps blood. During this discussion, I took notes so that later experiments and projects could respond to the questions that my students were asking. The students worked together to generate ideas and understanding and collaboratively generated a question that could deepen their understanding."
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Marketing to Children, 2008.
This paper explores the significant effects of marketing to children.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the evolution of marketing to children and its growth over the past decades. The paper examines its pros and cons but claims that the benefits are far outweighed by the damage this marketing has. The paper explains how children are easily influenced by marketing, with their impressionable minds hardly a match for the technology, personnel, and dollars that are dedicated to sell them goods. The paper concludes that children are paying the price in the form of illness, pain and even death.
From the Paper
"On any given day in America, children play on colorful sliding boards, swings and other amusements, clutching colorful round balloons given to them by a friendly face- that of a clown in a brightly colored costume that they have seen many times before on their own television sets in the comfort of their own homes. Meanwhile, their parents readily open their wallets to purchase hamburgers, soft drinks and more for the children to quickly gobble up before running back to join their friends at play. While this may seem like some sort of a scene from a movie or what one can find at their local circus, it is actually the setting at any on of thousands of fast food restaurants across the United States."
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