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Canada's Gendered Welfare State, 2007.
An examination of the Canadian social welfare policy.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a series of articles which all criticize the current push towards a neo-liberal interpretation of social welfare policy - both in Canada and in a number of other western nations. The paper suggests that the articles' central theme remains the same - that women are unjustly victimized by the prevailing social welfare network. The paper examines the argument made that women are falling behind in some regards vis-a-vis social welfare after some moderate advances in previous decades and concludes that the articles' authors are not necessarily wrong in their views, but occasionally over-state their cases - in large measure because their work is informed by ideological commitments as well as by scholarly concerns.
From the Paper
"In her work, Ann Porter seeks to advance a "feminist economy" that illustrates how women are - and have been - oppressed by the capitalist system and by the patriarchal order. Specifically, Porter devotes a great deal of her time to looking at the historically strained relationship between the state and women and draws approvingly from socialist (or Marxist) feminists who critique how the traditional capitalist order supported a traditional "dual" arrangement whereby the man served as breadwinner and the woman served as a dependent subordinate in charge of the household. However, the advent of women entering the paid workforce in great numbers changed this arrangement and therefore blunted the inherently exploitative features of the patriarchal capitalist order as it pertained to women."
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Urban Poverty in Toronto, 2008.
A policy briefing about urban poverty in Toronto.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief on the issue of urban poverty in, Toronto, Canada's largest city. Specifically, the paper argues that poverty must be addressed quickly - both through an improved remedial education system and via an improved social welfare safety net that distributes monies more efficiently. The paper explores the matter within an international context and suggests that urban poverty is a problem Toronto can overcome, even if other cities have faltered in combating it.
Table of Contents:
Issue
Analysis
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Thirdly, the city of Toronto has no justification for not turning its many brown fields into sites whereupon affordable apartment complexes for low-income individuals can be built. This would be an effective use of available land, would allow the city to make a profit, and would reduce the strain upon the city's over-burdened social welfare and shelter programs. Of all of the recommendations outlined above, giving the less-fortunate the tools they need to fend for themselves is the most productive measure the city can enact if only one option is available."
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Canadian International Trade, 2008.
The paper explores Canadian attitudes towards international trade and discusses questions, which arise from their current trade situation.
3,475 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper notes that Canada is renowned for its enthusiastic attitude towards international trade and its involvement in organizations, such as the WTO, NAFTA and other regional trading blocs. The paper then explains that this attitude has been tempered recently, however, due to concerns over the validity of such free trade agreements. The author points out that, even though existing free trade agreements are insufficient because of issues of environmental corruption, favor towards U.S. domestic policies and an openness to legislative misinterpretation, in the growing environment of globalization, it is apparent that, for Canada, international trade is here to stay. The paper states that it is undeniable that the U.S. is a powerful ally for Canada and that a positive relationship must be maintained despite political, social and economic problems.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Canadian Enthusiasm for International Trade
Free Trade Agreements Seem Confusing - What are they All About?
Legislation Concerns: Doesn't NAFTA Benefit the U.S. more than Canada?
Should Canada-U.S. Trade Relations even be Encouraged?
What about Environmental Issues?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, NAFTA was initially embraced by the Canadians for a number of reasons. It gave a more comprehensive definition of investment than the Canada-U.S. FTA. Unlike this former agreement, it also applied to sub-national governments and municipalities on top of national governments. It was also much clearer on issues such as establishing a mechanism for the settlement of investment disputes, outlining procedures and time frames for claims, the process of appointing tribunal members and the issuing and enforcing of awards."
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Canadian Pensions, 2008.
A review of the re-examinations of the pension system in Canada and the changes that have resulted from them.
1,088 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the three major re-examinations of the pension system that have occurred in Canada since the 1980s. It looks at the current system and analyzes whether any significant changes have resulted from the re-examinations. This paper argues that there has been little real change to the pension system over the last three decades.
From the Paper
"However, the difficulty in reaching definitive conclusions about issues that embrace complex matters pertaining to both finances and politics is illustrated by the fact that different theorists have completely different views as to the fundamental issue of whether there has in fact been much change in pension policies in Canada since the 1980s. On the one hand, Beland and Myles are convinced that changes have been modest, stating that "relatively little has changed to the basic pension design constructed in the 1950s and 1960s" (253). Hence, Beland and Myles are concerned with explaining why change has been so modest. Similarly, Myles and Pierson refer to pension changes in Canada quite dismissively as "modest changes" (331)."
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Determinants of Health, 2008.
An analysis of the importance of the determinants of health in action to promote population health.
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the community health care process in Canada. It describes examples of Native people and their health issues, such as substance abuse and the homeless and extremely poor people and their poor health, to describe and illustrate the determinants of health. The paper discusses how an approach based on the determinants of health can be used to promote population health.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Determinants of Health
Determinants of Health in Action
Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The determinants of health are all interrelated. They reveal that the most disadvantaged and marginalized populations are the most vulnerable to disease and to chronic health conditions. The groups that are most susceptible to health problems are those who live in conditions of poverty with other associated conditions such as overcrowding, malnutrition and inadequate hygiene. All the determinants of health must be taken into account, but they are not uniform in their application. They provide a guide for the nursing process."
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Equity in Canada, 2008.
An examination of the controversial R. v. Gladue decision of 1999 and what it portends for Canadian justice.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a prominent Canadian Supreme Court case and explores what social issues it raises. In particular, it focuses on the "R. v. Gladue" verdict of 1999. It analyzes the specter that the case raised, that the Court is prepared to put group affiliation ahead of other mitigating or aggravating criteria when assessing the length of time a wrong-doer should spend behind bars. The paper suggests that Canada is moving towards a legal approach that expressly discriminates against some groups while privileging others.
From the Paper
"Taking into account these articles, it is clear that the Supreme Court's enthusiastic support for 718(2) signals judicial recognition of the idea that treating natives differently than non-natives is somehow acceptable - and if one group can be permitted this indulgence, then why not others? The social implications are that, in the hands of unscrupulous or incompetent jurists, a sort of racial (or gendered) apartheid before the law may take place whereby "historically disadvantaged" groups may find themselves the happy beneficiaries of a legal system that grants them concessions not available to others. While this sort of approach may seem just to some, it essentially means that the courts are no longer color-blind but are, instead, unelected and unaccountable lobbyists for some groups rather than for other groups. The articles therefore shed light on the implicit dangers of traveling down this path and they are persuasive for no other reason than that justice which refuses to treat those who come before the courts equally is scarcely justice at all."
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Results-Based Management, 2008.
An analysis of the use of the logical framework format (LFA) within results-based management in the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
1,053 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper describes results-based management in the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). It specifically refers to the logical framework format (LFA) for a method for summarizing a project by use of a planning matrix and discusses how this is used by the CIDA. It provides summaries of case studies provided by CIDA in order to illustrate its points.
Table of Contents:
Development Project
From the Paper
"Stakeholders include government officials, educators, investors, potential students, community leaders, and so on. The primary tension will emerge from religious leaders from both the Sunni and the Shi'ite communities. Neither can be ignored but the two sides are currently unlikely to work together to the degree necessary. A primary focus has to be on getting a consensus from these two sides in particular while taking care to stave off extremists who want only failure for their own ends. Assessment in this case focuses on whether the program advances at all at this stage and on the students taught and the various technologies covered in the future."
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Literature and Community, 2008.
An analysis of the interactions between literature and community within the context of Sophocles' "Oedipus the King," as well as within the context of modern Canadian literature and culture.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how a community generates literature that reflects its own attitudes and values and how literature simultaneously moulds community, and reflects it. It consider these interacting influences within the context of Sophocles' "Oedipus the King," as well as within the context of modern Canadian literature and culture. The paper also discusses this in the context of the writer's own experience of cultural community.
From the Paper
"One of these distinctly Canadian discourses may be said to be the discourse of sport, and particularly of hockey. As one theorist put it, "The rituals of sport engage more people in a shared experience than any other institution or cultural activity today." (Varda Burstyn, The Rites of Men, quoted in Coakley and Donnelly, 1) Watching hockey together has become a symbolic action that unites Canadians. Interestingly, sport as a component of ideology and community building is highlighted in John B. Lee's poetry collection, The Hockey Player Sonnets: Overtime Edition. Lee succeeds in making clear a significant aspect of Canadian hockey-related mythology, albeit one that is primarily white and male."
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"Death of a Salesman" and Canadian Capitalism, 2008.
An analysis of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" in relation to studies of Canadian capitalism.
1,705 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Arthur Miller's play of 1949, "Death of a Salesman", offers a strong commentary on capitalism's expectation that all persons can and will participate strongly in a capitalist environment. Related ideas are those of capitalism best serving 'human nature' in an assumption that all human beings are decisive; strongly motivated by acquiring success or belongings, and that conforming to a capitalist system will bring rewards. It discusses how, however, as Miller's "Death of a Salesman" indicates, some personalities are not at all suited to this range of activities and also, how capitalism will always leave behind some persons who for whatever reason cannot compete ably, or cannot summon all of their resources for the very competitive approach that is required. The paper discusses the myth of capitalism, as seen in the play, and looks at how it relates to what is happening in Canada.
Outline:
Introduction
Capitalism as a System and Culture
Capitalism's Dream
More on Markets and Opportunities
From the Paper
"In relation to Canadian capitalism, Phillips identified three ways in which the present system has not pleased or served Canadians in, first, the market's failure to provide a level of social services or other social infrastructure for the best or 'equal' welfare of the people, second, its production of social gaps so large that the cohesion of the society is threatened and may very well collapse in immense differences between the income levels and living experiences of the poor and the 'middle' classes, and third, no mechanism in the market system to guarantee or even just promote full employment and economic growth. (Political Economy 20) In short, Canadian capitalism has become rather like its American counterpart that so worships market forces while indiscriminately ostracizing or just leaving behind one sector and then another. "
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Policing Equity, 2008.
This paper argues that police departments especially in Toronto, Canada, have an abysmal track-record in terms of equity in the workplace.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although there were landmark appointments of women, visible minorities and homosexuals to positions of power within law-enforcement structures especially in the 1970s, today such appointments in Canada are relatively rare. The author points out that, when police forces fail to hire personnel that represent the community in terms of gender, race and sexuality, they also fail to serve properly the community. The paper stresses that equity will not exist until discriminated community members are allowed to gain power by rising through the ranks and attaining the experience needed to run a major police force.
From the Paper
"Toronto, meanwhile, while considered so progressive that some people playfully refer to it as the new Amsterdam, finds its force far behind on equity issues in terms of employment. While the city is reaching out to more diverse communities in terms of recruitment, it is clear that its power structure is bound and determined to continue in the old ways. In fact, the closest thing the force has had to a top cop from equity communities were former police board chairs Olivia Chow (who is of Chinese descent) and Pam MacConnell (an out-lesbian), both of whom were forced out of their positions after daring to be critical of police."
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Roman Catholic Education and Values, 2008.
This paper discussing teaching in Roman Catholic Schools in Ontario.
982 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that if one has experience of both secular and parochial schools and universities, one comes to appreciate the extra dimension that parochial schools do offer to children. Also, the Roman Catholic vision of the family of whatever description, as the basic unit of society, is tremendously helpful to young people as a way in which to examine their own lives and those of people they encounter, and what might prove helpful to the communities they will know over their life course. The writer maintains that serving in a Roman Catholic school board, in this light, offers the opportunity to encourage thoughtfulness on social issues that are now most important to the greater family that is the society, as in exploring the roots of addiction, homelessness, and extreme materialism and individualism. Further, the writer points out that students are undoubtedly given a rounder education that does not exclude secular views but insists that moral questions are explored and debated.
From the Paper
"As a second strong source of interest in a Roman Catholic teaching career is awareness of central Canada as a diverse and immigrant-receiving region. As may not be realized by many Roman Catholics, for many new arrivals there is the expectation of the school as helping considerably to acculturate their children, if members of the Roman Catholic Communion. For arrivals from other religious addresses there is also an expectation of some access to parochial education that may be sadly lacking in the schools there children eventually join. It is not unusual to find new Canadians of diverse origins, many of them non-Christians, preferring to expose their children to what may be offered by a local parish, community centre or other Roman Catholic facility. For arriving Roman Catholics, there can be relief to know they live near the Catholic school as a kind of lifeline for their children given the strong risks of raising children in urban areas on low financial resources. For such families whether from Sri Lanka, India, Congo or Eritrea, Guatemala or Peru, there can be confidence in Roman Catholic teachers and schools as those who will care about the development of their children in years when some immigrant parents cannot perform ideally due to circumstances."
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Canadian Capitalism, 2008.
A look at the implications of capitalism in a raw material producing economy according to Harold Innis.
1,167 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Harold Innis referred to the Canadian economy as shaping cultural traits in a mutual relationship. It explains that, by tracing how the early settlement and development of Canada revolved around a limited number of raw materials, Innis saw implications for the future of a country that was much arranged around the fur trade, lumber, and a few other commodities. The paper argues how these patterns seem true with regard to a Canadian economy that still revolves around raw materials as opposed to industrial or technological development.
Outline:
Introduction
More on Economy and Mentality
The Anti-Industrial Revolution and Results
Reflections
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Globalization and its myth of capitalist uniformity is defied by various Canadians who indicate a non-American, different history that instilled a spirit of conservatism, low-risk development, varying business acumen and varying interest in the production of new wealth. One sees the impacts of history and culture on business attitudes and behaviours of the present to show that history is important towards assessing contemporary phenomena. In addition to matters of history have been those owing to spatial geography and climate in a country that can seem much geared to ordinary survival as opposed to forward thinking change. "
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Health Promotion Initiative, 2008.
This paper discusses a health promotion initiative by the writer.
1,846 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the implementation of a health promotion project for at-risk youth in Toronto, which addressed several issues. The writer notes that the youth in the project were homeless, marginalized and had matters related to substance abuse, addiction, alcoholism, mental illness, such as severe depression, and risky sexual behaviors such as prostitution. The writer mentions that other issues relating to physical illness included hepatitis B and C, HIV, AIDS and STDS. HIV was linked to IV drug use, incarceration, and unprotected sex. Further, the writer points out that additional issues included withdrawal behavior, low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence. The writer notes that the majority of the youth exhibited varying levels of anger, frustration, as well as feelings of hopelessness and detachment from their environment. The writer concludes that among the limitations of the initiative was the problem that the young people encountered many structural barriers such as questions about health insurance and consent for care.
From the Paper
"The youth who might not have been reached would be young people at Covenant House and the Turning Point Shelter who do not bother with the drop-in facility. Other youth that especially need to be reached may still not have cut their ties with the street. They are simply sleeping at the shelters. The best way to reach them is to ensure that the youth who do attend the Evergreen Center will transmit information about it to other youth. In addition, Ontario Works is the gatekeeper of information for the youth."
"I knew that the initiative was important to the community aggregates because of their response once they had an opportunity to share their frustrations and concerns. They demonstrated an interest in coming to the center, and many of them developed a loyalty to the center. I conducted a survey of the youth at one point, and also collected stories and data. The youth indicated that hey learned a great deal of information which addressed their health concerns. They also demonstrated interest in making improvements to this community."
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Canadian Military Intervention in Afghanistan, 2007.
This paper analyzes the negative impact of Canadian military intervention for democracy in Afghanistan.
1,056 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the idea of a nation's independent sovereignty is the basis of proving the irrational and negative aspects of Canadian military intervention in Afghanistan's democratic elections. Furthermore, the writer points out that the link between warlord policing units and the Canadian military against the civilian population often contributes to governmental destabilization, which is contrary to the people's will. In essence, the writer maintains that the imposing interventionist policy of the Canadian military will have a negative impact on any form of developmental democracy in Afghanistan.
From the Paper
"The general definition of a democracy is the rule of the people to chose their own representational leaders in government. The will of the people in Afghanistan should be the guiding rule of law if this form of government is going to be implemented. However, after the military invasion of Afghanistan by the United States in 2001, Canada has decidedly taken the view that the country must become "democratized" in accordance with U.S. policy in the region. This policy is founded on the principle that the country must be under Canadian military control, along with other NATO countries, but has failed to bring any type of stability or order in the country to allow legal elections to occur. Military occupation by the Canadian military has often been a source of antagonism to law and order, as they often do not correctly separate "insurgents" or members of the Taliban from the innocent non-combatant civilians in the region. Alongside the military occupation of Afghanistan, the Canadian and American military have installed a warlord-backed police force to deal with any type of civilian rebellion in the region."
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Toronto Travel, 2007.
This paper discusses Toronto as a travel location and "Travel and Leisure's" top ten list of cities to see.
2,064 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the last decade Toronto has had significant tourism issues that have been felt through events such as the terrorist bombings in New York, the SARS epidemic and the failure of small businesses across the region. The writer points out that for Toronto, a city with a vast population that is increasing in size each year, the reliance on tourism has always been significant. Yet, because of these factors the city has failed to meet the travel standards of many throughout the globe and travelers have consequently taken their ventures elsewhere. The writer then discusses that Toronto, failing to make the top ten list of "Travel and Leisure" magazine's cities to see is detrimental, because it means that yet another year will pass that will witness the city in economic decline. The writer concludes that it is evident that Toronto needs to formulate a plan using this concept that will allow the city to build its reputation in the travel industry once again and solve the continuing issues that are adversely affecting Toronto.
Outline:
Introduction
The Importance of Top Ten Lists
Results of the Failure to be Acknowledged
The Foundation of Tourism Problems in Toronto
Sustainable Tourism
Tourism in Toronto
Issues Surrounding Tourism in Toronto
Opinions about the Issues
The Need for Community Action
Governmental Concerns
Possible Solutions
Global Tourism
The Significance of Tourism across the Globe
Impact of Tourism
Affects on the Local Economy and the Local People
Attempts to Solve the Issue
What Toronto has Attempted to Date
The Results of This Attempt
Answers for the Future
Working Together
Organizational Change
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the last decade Toronto has had significant tourism issues that have been felt through events such as the terrorist bombings in New York, the SARS epidemic and the failure of small businesses across the region. For Toronto, a city with a vast population that is increasing in size each year, the reliance on tourism has always been significant. Yet, because of these factors the city has failed to meet the travel standards of many throughout the globe and travelers have consequently taken their ventures elsewhere. Toronto, failing to make the top ten list of Travel and Leisure Magazine's cities to see is detrimental, therefore, because it means that yet another year will pass that will witness the city in economic decline."
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Language Arts Education, 2007.
This paper discusses the development of a philosophy of language arts education for grades 7-12.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper owes to different formal and individual explorations of language arts approaches and methods including work towards a language arts portfolio, an exercise helping to recognize the vast range of materials available to Canadian teachers, at large, in relation to their adopted philosophies of teaching. The writer maintains that a guiding study that has promoted much thought on the overall goals of language arts instruction has been Think Literacy Success, a Government of Ontario report on approaches to promoting literacy at the Grades 7 to 12 levels which emphasizes gaps in abilities and opportunities, student groups especially at risk, and the overall role of language arts in seeing that students are prepared to communicate well in society. The writer notes that it seems important to think through the environment in which one will teach with central Canada offering unique challenges of diversity less pronounced in regions beyond the main cities. In the same spirit, The writer discusses that teachers serving isolated impoverished or otherwise limited communities of less heterogeneity need to find approaches to an overall ideal of instilling interest and skill.
Outline:
Introduction
Portfolio Tasks
Reflection on Professional Development
Mechanics of Portfolio and Teaching Development
Bottom Up Model of Reading
Professional Development Goals
Future Activities
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Various course and seminar offerings now exist that are geared to language arts teachers. In addition, there is an ever-growing literature of research on the subjects of literacy, factors impeding literacy and language development, curriculum design and teaching pedagogy. However, one needs to aim to for practical experience which should be diverse. For example, attending classes for second language learners in a Board of Education setting is different from tutoring adult learners in basic literacy having been involved in the criminal justice system. When watching very experienced language arts teachers at work one sees the results of perhaps many years given to students of different kinds, in perhaps several school systems, and more than one country. Teachers can appreciate to varying degrees what colleagues educated elsewhere can impart, especially those having served abroad and perhaps in educational systems requiring English-medium instruction for students of diverse first languages. Education does seem a profession in which the teacher is forever meeting individuals from whom learning is possible. The same can be said of students, and what is suddenly discovered in some in terms of a hidden ability, another language spoken, or the ability to illustrate written work."
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Social Assistance, 2007.
Analyzes 3 articles on social assistance: "Slouching toward the Bottom? Provincial Social Assistance Provision in Canada", "Alberta: One-Party
"Dominance and Neo-Liberalism", & "Aroused like One from Sleep: From NewPoor Law to Contractual Workfare".
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes how neo-liberal policy has its roots in nineteenth century conceptions about the unemployed - and how this mind-set has crept back into the provincial policy-making of modern-day Canada. While discussing the three articles, the writer suggests that the climate of entitlement which characterized the period from 1945 to at least the middle 1970s in much of the western world has given way to a neo-liberal ethic that actually hearkens back to an earlier time wherein obligations on the part of those who found themselves under-employed were considered at least as important as the rights those individuals had to secure shelter and some form of income. The writer concludes that social policy is cyclical, and that the articles appear to capture that trend.
From the Paper
"Before bringing this paper to a close, a few final points are in order. Clearly, there can be little question that all of the articles touch upon the new-found popularity of neo-liberal policies in an age of globalization and in an age of governmental retreat brought about by the new fluidity of capital, people, information and resources - a fluidity which has dramatically curtailed the power of government to execute labor policy as it once did. Beyond that, it may be said that these articles craft a compelling picture of the ideological and political reasons why governmental actors did not strive harder, when it became clear that the easy affluence and low unemployment of the immediate post-War period was no longer guaranteed, to protect the entitlements and generous provisions to which many Canadians had become accustomed after 1945. Ultimately, economic pressures provided a welcome excuse for neo-conservative statesmen to pursue reformist measures that would have been unthinkable a generation earlier."
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Discrimination in Labor, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of discrimination against women in the Canadian labor market.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that some people today might think that women are no longer discriminated against in the workplace. After all, the writer points out that there is a Bill of Rights that prohibits discrimination against women in all arenas, including the workplace. However, this essay argues that there is still discrimination against women in the workplace. The writer explains that this is true with regard to the types of jobs women are able to get, as well as the wages they are able to earn, working conditions and wrongful dismissal compensation, among other aspects. The writer concludes that this is true despite a plethora of legislature and court rulings that have attempted to correct the situation.
From the Paper
"Moreover, with regard to the crucial matters of finding a good job and earning decent wages, the evidence clearly shows that women are still disadvantaged relative to men. The fact that there is still a substantial wage gap is demonstrated by the findings of a comprehensive Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) which was conducted in 1999. The WES clearly and indisputably showed that women were still earning much less than men. Overall, women were paid 80c for every $1 paid to men. Women's average hourly rate was $17.14, while for men it was $21.54. This survey was careful to make the kind of statistical errors that had previously skewed results. For example, it based the survey on hourly wages, and so was able to avoid false differences that were really caused by the fact that some women work fewer hours per years."
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Social Assistance and the Determinants of Health, 2007.
An analysis of the determinants of health among those receiving social assistance in Ontario.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Ontarians who are receiving social assistance. It looks at the resources that people need to deal with their environment, as well as to fulfill personal aspirations, and discusses the wide variety of health differences which have their source in advantaged or disadvantaged environments. The paper also discusses the significant gap between the rich and poor in Ontario.
From the Paper
"Based on the materialist explanation for the income and health relationship, individuals have different material advantages or disadvantages that will accumulate over the life span (Raphael, 2004). People born into poverty cannot have the advantages of a good education leading to a desirable income. The neo-materialist explanation for the health and income relationship is that living conditions produce an impact that influences people's health. Furthermore, there are certain societal factors which determine the quality of the social determinants of health. The government decides how the society's resources will be distributed; how the decision is made will create an impact on the quality of social determinants of health (Raphael, 2004). People who receive social assistance have no choice but to live in conditions that are harmful to health."
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