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Spinal vs. General Anesthesia, 2004.
This paper discusses the effects of spinal vs. general anesthesia on the projected outcome for patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the majority of research indicates that anesthetic choice has little impact on the outcome of surgery for patients undergoing TURP and related procedures. The author points out that physicians should instead take into consideration the likelihood for increased overall morbidity and mortality rates in patients due to the nature of the surgery and increased likelihood that patients are coming into a procedure with increased complications prior to surgery. The paper states that general and spinal anesthesia both carry risks, and both carry adverse side effects; which side effects a patient is best equipped to handle should be the determining factor for the majority of patients undergoing TURP.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Implications to Practice
From the Paper
"There is research indicating that adverse effects may result from anesthetic choice during prostatectomy, or at least evidence indicating that in general this procedure is more risky and likely to result in a greater likelihood for poor outcome. The Department of Urology at Freeman Hospital in Newcastle, UK conducted a study that examined complications and morbidity resulting from prostatectomy in 1400 men. The patients were examined for a period of 8 months, with patients undergoing TURP examined from 12 separate institutions. Data was collected related to ?factors potentially affecting mortality and morbidity? which included the American Society of Anesthesiologists co-
morbidity scores. Complications post-surgery included 8% of patients developing sepsis, with a large percentage of patients having a ?significantly increased rate of deaths and complications? and emergent situations requiring re-admission to the hospital . The study concluded that due to the increased likelihood of complications, which were seen across population groups of varying ages, it is essential that care providers further examine potential increased causes for morbidity rates after prostatectomy. The increased likelihood of complications was not directly tied to anesthetic technique, but this possibility was also not ruled out."
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Pain in the Elderly and Dementia Patients, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to evaluate methodologies to assess pain in the elderly and in dementia patients.
4,130 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that care for the elderly and patients suffering from dementia has become a growing problem in the nursing and health care professions because of the patient?s inability to adequately communicate his or her physical and mental condition. The author believes that the facility to assess correctly levels of pain and discomfort will lead to more comprehensive pain management protocols and techniques. The paper states that a multi-dimensional research methodology will be followed, including the assessment of the ADD and PIS formats.
Table of Contents
Research Problem, Literary Review, Research Question
Introduction
Research Problem
Literature Review
Pain Assessment and Management
Ethics
Research Question
Research Method, Design/Proposed Method, Sample, Data
Proposed Outcome of the Study, Time Scale, Resources
From the Paper
"While there are many studies on the objective assessment and pharmacological treatment of pain in elderly patients in general, the emphasis in this proposed study is on Dementia. This implies that a more experiential modus operandi for assessment will have to be articulated to deal with the fact that communication is the main stumbling block to assessing patients? levels of pain and discomfort. Importantly for the criteria of this proposed study, the author of the above paper states that ?physical and affective pain in people with late-stage dementia are poorly assessed and inadequately treated."
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Social Groups, 2004.
A discussion of various social groups and their relationship with funeral homes.
1,728 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper will provide an overview of social groups, different group roles, and social functions. Further, the paper examines the variety of social roles present with the organization of a funeral home. Finally, the funeral home is analyzed in the context of a bureaucracy.
Contents
Introduction
Social Groups
Funeral Home
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many of the negative ramifications of operating within a bureaucratic structure can be overcome. The creation of an informal organizational process within the bureaucracy, while seemingly an odd fit, can help the organization to run smoothly by increasing communication and innovation within the organization. Further, programs like flextime, employee ownership, and employee participation can help to humanize bureaucracies."
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Elective Surgical Intervention in Older Adults, 2004.
This paper discusses that elective surgical intervention in the population over age 50, once considered to be a risk, is coming under new consideration.
1,165 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, today, chronological age alone is not a limitation for undergoing any type of anesthesia due to a greater emphasis on the study of gerontology, as well as a population that is increasingly health-conscious; there is also a greater emphasis on the prevention of long-term disability and disease earlier in life. The author points out that older individuals have complex metabolic and physiological changes, which require special consideration in pre-, peri- and post-operative management. The paper stresses that it is important to remember that not only do these patients require close physical monitoring, but also psychological issues, fear, and pain must be addressed to improve long-term survival rates and improve outcomes for patients.
From the Paper
"Interestingly enough, more and more studies are being started that primarily investigate anesthetic practices in the elderly population. An interesting study performed at the Mayo Clinic actually followed the postoperative course of a group of patients over 100 years old who underwent both elective and emergency surgeries. The post-operative mortality rate was compared to that of similar patients with similar socioeconomic and physical conditions of the same age. It was found that these patients were more and more demonstrating that they were living productive and independent lives before they developed the disease or injury, which required the surgical intervention. It was felt that the risk of the age was not as significant as the impact of the indication for the surgery."
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New Problems Facing the Elderly, 2004.
Explores the problem of alcohol abuse and drug abuse among the elderly.
1,668 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the incidence of alcoholism and prescription drug abuse among the elderly. It examines why it occurs and how it is exacerbated. In addition, the paper explores things that are being done to try and treat the problem, both individually and as a society.
From the Paper
"Alcoholism and prescription medication abuse are increasing among the elderly. As isolation, health problems, and depression continue to affect this population the problem of alcohol and pill abuse will continue. Programs to educate the elderly and provide social stimulation for them are being used to combat the issues. Future studies will be able to determine their effectiveness and plan continued treatment."
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Nursing Home Abuse, 2004.
This paper discusses elder abuse in nursing homes. Elderly abuse refers to any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that 30 percent of nursing home facilities are cited for instances of abuse, and the majority of all instances are never even reported. The author points out that, to prevent this abuse in nursing homes, communities must enhance facility security, improve background checks of staff, establish systems to monitor rates, places, and times of death, and expand death investigations and autopsies. The paper states that many states have long-term care ombudsmen, who have the primary responsibility of advocating for residents' rights and quality care, educating consumers and providers, resolving residents' complaints, and providing information to the public about abuse, but much more must be done.
From the Paper
"Laws are also changing to support the patients and their families. In Florida, for example, the Supreme Court drew a clear distinction between medical and nursing home care by ruling that plaintiffs in cases alleging nursing home abuse and neglect can sue for wrongful death and negligence without meeting the state's requirements for filing a medical malpractice claim. The court noted that nursing homes employ a variety of workers and that the failures the plaintiff alleged "may have been caused by the nursing staff, by the nursing home in not having adequate staff, by the negligence of aides or other workers, or by a combination of the above.""
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Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminum, 2004.
Research paper studying the correlation between Alzheimer's disease and too much exposure to aluminum.
9,479 words (approx. 37.9 pages), 49 sources, MLA, $ 194.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine from existing literature if there is a causal connection between aluminum (AL) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The paper begins with a description of the symptoms of AD and an explanation of the physiological deterioration that AD causes. This is followed by a discussion of the reasons that hereditary causes have been ruled out, a review of the literature on AD, and the potential causal relationship to AL.
From the Paper
"One of the most distressing elements of the crippling Alzheimer?s disease AD is that patients have no way of determining if they are at risk for the disease, nor treating the disease once it begins to set into the brain. Patients are slowly robbed of the ability to remember small details of life, and then ultimately fail to be able to process even the simplest thoughts. Thus researchers are looking for elements which are connected to the onset of AD, and one of the most promising connections found to date is the connection between AD and the presence of aluminum (AL) in the body. Researchers do know currently know if AL is a causative agent, or appears in the tissues as a byproduct which is attracted from other parts of the body as a result of the neurological breakdowns."
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Ageing and Hydrotherapy, 2004.
A study of a program designed to ease the ageing process using a special hydrotherapy course.
4,358 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 38 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This research paper specifically addresses the positive effects of water therapy-based exercise in the population of the elderly patients in Worthing Hospital. The National Department of Health has identified the need for elderly to engage in, and work toward, a physically healthy lifestyle through its National Service Frameworks. The water therapy program (WTP) consists of 6 visits for the elderly patient, during which physiotherapists work with their participation in a series of water-based exercises. This program is designed for elderly people who are experiencing muscular-skeletal difficulties, and it allows the participants to have a direct effect on their condition. In this manner, the participants are empowered to take control of their health and well-being as they are supervised and assisted thorough a wide variety of low impact, cardiovascular, aerobic exercises.
Contents:
Introduction
Purpose of the Research
Literature Review
Sociological Factors
Physical Factors
Emotional Factors
Sense of Control
Self-Esteem
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, the aging process hereafter referred to as ageism, can often affect the choices people are presented with, and their ability to affect the overall psycho social dynamics of health and wellbeing. If people believe that some of the "inevitable deterioration" due to the result of the aging process is a barrier which they cannot overcome, they are likely to succumb to a diminished quality of life, and the degenerative aspects of aging. On the other hand, when the elderly person is enabled to understand the onset of degenerative conditions as preventable, they are likely to be more active in their own self-care, and seek out options regarding the improvement of their overall health and well being. Consequently, confronting ageism by enhancing positive beliefs about aging, and providing empowering activities for the aging person to engage in order to improve their quality of life is a vital component of comprehensive health services, and the responsibility of the health services community. The following factors are those which have been identified in literature regarding the aspects of a comprehensive definition of ?quality of life.?"
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Succession Planning, 2004.
This study shows how governmental agencies face problems when employees retire and take with them the knowledge and know-how of their jobs.
33,803 words (approx. 135.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This document concerns itself with the knowledge of governmental agencies and how those that retire from them often leave behind knowledge gaps that are not picked up by other individuals. This is a growing problem and one that must be addressed. A review of the literature indicates that there are ways to ensure that knowledge is transferred appropriately. Studying that literature and analyzing its contents shows that there are issues that must be addressed and ways of looking at them that have not previously been utilized, which will make the transfer of information much easier. A study conducted on various individuals in governmental agencies will also indicate the importance of succession planning.
Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of Study
Review of the Related Literature
Methodology
Approach
Data Gathering Method
Database of Study
Validity of Study
Originality and Limitations of Data
Summary
Data Analysis
Summary, Recommendations, and Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"This transfer of information has become vitally important in recent years because the aging population of this country will be approaching retirement age very soon. Due to this, many individuals who have held a particular job for many years or have worked their way up through many vital government jobs will find that they are about to leave and have no one to pass this information on to. This is something that must be corrected before these individuals retire so that those entering into the jobs that these individuals are leaving will have the knowledge that they need to do their jobs correctly."
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Financing Long-Term Care, 2002.
Examines ways in which the United States is dealing with the cost of caring for an increasingly aging population.
2,738 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
Developing an adequate system for long-term care in the United States poses a serious problem. Chronic disability in the elderly comes from many sources: Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, heart disease, and stroke, to name but a few. The paper shows that concerns about anticipated demographic changes escalate the financing problem. Today?s Medicare and Medicaid solutions are not adequately equipped to face the future challenges of America's long-term care system. The paper shows that, as the Baby-boomer generation comes of age, the social and financial impacts on the United States' struggling economy could be devastating. The paper includes tables.
From the Paper
"We as a nation should step back and see the big picture regarding the current and future long-term care needs of our nation. At approximately eighteen percent of our Gross Domestic Product, the amount of capital that is delegated to health care is enormous. A very legitimate solution or way to go to resolve the escalating problem is to go to a single payer national health insurance program. It would basically resolve virtually all of the major problems facing our health care system today. The single payer insurance is commonly defined as ?a single government fund within each state, which pays hospitals, physicians and other health care providers.? This system would completely replace the current multi-payer system of private insurance companies and health plans and would provide full insurance coverage for the other millions of uninsured Americans."
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Elderly and Medicare, 2004.
An analysis of the increased life expectancy of senior citizens and the cost of drugs to maintain them.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Medicare, a program of national health insurance setup in 1965 for persons who are over the age of sixty-five or seriously disabled. It looks at how many medical procedures of the 1960s have been replaced by drug therapies and how Medicare has never been updated to include outpatient prescription drug coverage, leaving senior citizens, many of whom live on fixed incomes, especially affected by this lack of coverage. It discusses how. with the baby boomer generation ageing fast, and advancements in medical science, the new challenge is now to ensure that those who were responsible for the above will be cared for in the new century.
From the Paper
"In 1998, the US spent a total of one hundred billion dollars on prescription drugs. According to a report published in June 2001 by the Washington Business Group Healthcare (WBGH) and the Financial Management Association (HFMA), the cost of prescription drugs shot up by 14.6% in 2000, after an 18% rise in 1999. (Arya, 2001) From 1992 to 1998, the number of prescriptions rose by 40%. The government is caught in a difficult position. On the one hand it needs to curb the spiraling costs, on the other it has to protect the interests of its pharmaceutical industry. Expanding the use of generic drugs would be one way of reducing costs, but this is unlikely to happen because of the billions of dollars spend by pharmaceuticals on research in an intensely competitive field."
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Demography of Baltimore, 2004.
A study of the demographic and racial make-up of the population of Baltimore.
3,952 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the demographic changes in Baltimore from 1980 to 2000, using both qualitative and quantitative methods for data analysis. Information was gathered on sex, age, family median income, race, poverty, level of education, families with SSI income, welfare recipients, and vacant housing.
Contents:
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Race
Gender
Age
Housing
Household Income
Poverty Status
Educational Attainment
Substance Abuse
Racial Segregation
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper
"For the purposes of the study, race was compared by census tract on the basis of census data for the years 1980, 1990 and 2000. As displayed within Table 1, while comparing whites for 1980, 1990, and 2000, there was an ongoing decrease in the number of whites in the overall population. Within all other races, the population by race continued to increase slightly, with blacks showing the most ongoing growth. Within the other group, in 1990, there was a decrease in numbers; however, the other population almost doubled between 1980 and 2000 in spite of the 1990 decline."
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Intergenerational Conflict, 2004.
A discussion of and solution to the problem of rising medical costs for the elderly.
743 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, for many years, there has been discussion about the best ways to deal with rising costs of medical care for the elderly. It looks at how we should attempt to cure the current and future medical costs dilemma by improving our attention to living in less medically damaging ways, many of which are already known to us, such as smoking, and more of which will become known as science deals with and investigates the costly problem of aging.
From the Paper
"First, the human suffering would intensify, and it would be the parents and grandparents of the current young, working generations who would suffer. This alone would cause intergenerational stress of extreme proportions. Even when an ?elder? is being cared for, in some relatively acceptable fashion, it causes generational stress. Washington Times writer Adrienne T. Washington reports on visiting a relative in a nursing home, and being appalled when a strange ?elder? Washington was helping broke down crying because she had not been treated kindly in such a long time. In addition, most people think the government will take care of it if they need a nursing home?s care, but they would be wrong."
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The Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2004.
A discussion of the problem and solution of the rising cost of medications for the uninsured and the elderly.
1,624 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the cost of prescription drugs is rising in the United States at a rate that outstrips the ability of people without health insurance to pay for them. It looks at how medications absorb up to 30% of the income of many senior citizens, and over 40 million Americans have no health insurance at all. It proposes that those without prescription insurance coverage be combined into one identifiable group eligible for the price discounts negotiated by HMOs and other coverage providers, thus giving all Americans access to volume discount prices for medications.
From the Paper
"Struggling with the cost of medications is not a new problem, and has been a topic of public debate since the 1950?s when Senator Estes Kefauver led hearings regarding the pricing policies of the big pharmaceutical companies (Buell, 1999). He accused them of raising their prices unfairly. The industry replied that federal control on prices would devalue stocks and discourage research on new medications, just the claims made today. While there is no doubt that research done pharmaceutical companies has resulted in many new and valuable medications, research is not their only expense. Large amounts of money are spent on advertising, and in the United States, the high cost of medications puts them out of reach of millions who need them (Buell, 1999)."
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Health Care Crisis, 2004.
A look at the health care crisis facing Americans due to the deteriorating economy.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Americans are facing a crisis in health care, characterized by rising costs for providing health care, along with an increase in the number of people who are either uninsured or under-insured, which only adds to the cost for society. It looks at how different proposals have been made to reform the system, but few have been implemented as yet. It also shows how the aging of the population is another reason why a crisis is seen, for more and more older Americans also means more people in need of extended health care, many of them also uninsured.
From the Paper
"Many of the elderly depend on payments from government sources for their health care, and there is concern that this part of the system is also in decay. Medicare is a federal health insurance program for people 65 and older and for certain disabled people. Medicare was enacted in 1965 as part of Title 18 of the Social Security Act. Medicare is operated by the Health Care Financing Administration, a federal agency, and local Social Security Administration offices across the country take applications for Medicare and provide basic eligibility information to applicants. However, it is known that most Social Security offices in truth know little about Medicare coverage because all they really do is take applications for it."
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Substance Abuse Among the Elderly, 2002.
An exploration of the causes of substance abuse and how it is normally treated among the nation?s senior population.
1,157 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the incidence of substance abuse among the elderly will continue to grow as the medical community continues to improve the length and quality of life. It looks at how, as the elderly age and begin to lose friends and develop their own health issues, it is important that they have plenty of resources available to them for the purpose of support. Doctors need to be careful about the number and type of prescriptions they are prescribing, and family members who suspect their elderly loved one is developing a substance abuse problem should seek help from professionals.
From the Paper
"The senior wants to be numbed to the fact that they are losing their friends, getting closer to death and their quality of life may be reduced because of these factors. Those who drink to eliminate loneliness isolate themselves even further which causes the cycle to continue. Those who live in chronic pain can become addicted to the pain medications they are given and even when the pain subsides they have a craving to feel the numbness or the euphoria that the pills provide."
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Technology and the Elderly, 2002.
This paper examines the ways that technology has benefited the lives of the elderly.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the earliest evidences of technology benefiting the elderly was the advent of reading glasses. The author relates that improving vision at night is an important safety advancement; therefore, Cadillac has created a night vision program that provides additional information to what the eyes can see. The paper stresses that another possible technology for the future would be robots that can perform basic housework tasks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Past
Present
Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another excellent technological invention from the past was the invention of the wheelchair. The wheelchair allows mobility. In the same way the aging process reduces the ability to see, it often reduces the ability to be mobile. Whether it is arthritis, a broken bone, or other physical problems, causing the inability to get around, a wheelchair can assist. Using a wheelchair allowed those who would otherwise have been bed bound to continue their lives. Past wheelchairs were large and bulky so the elderly who used them still had restrictions about where they could go."
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Managed Care, 2002.
A look at the issues concerning fee-for-service vs. managed health care in relation to the elderly population.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in recent years, managed health care has flourished, particularly in relation to the elderly population. It shows how how, after the change in Medicare services from fee-based to managed care, senior citizens have seen a number of changes to their health care, both in terms of their options as patients and in the services received. It looks at how these changes impact the patients, their families, and the medical staff responsible for their current state of health. It also analyses how, with the extended use of advanced practice nurses, tighter ethical control, and more participation of health care providers, there is hope that the managed care system can still function as designed and how, if steps are taken to ensure quality and quantity of providers, the managed care system can lead to lower costs and better care for our elderly population.
From the Paper
"By definition, managed care is as a combination of insurance and a health care delivery system. The goal of managed care is to organize all health care services received by a patient in order to maximize the benefits of those services, and to minimize their costs. By using a predetermined network of health care providers, the managed care system can avoid over inflated costs. In addition, by requiring prior approval from a primary care doctor for certain services, managed care also avoids unnecessary health related tests and other costs. Managed care plans use their own network of health care providers and a system of prior approval from a primary care doctor in order to achieve this goal."
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Isolation in the Elderly, 2002.
An examination of the physical and psychological factors that lead to elderly depression and isolation.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper covers some of the factors that cause isolation and loneliness in the aging population. It provides a few examples of how these problems can be reduced or eliminated through the acquisition of needed medical instruments, such as hearing aids, pharmaceuticals like anti-depressants, and support from social workers and health care workers. It also emphasizes the importance of lifetime education for the elderly to learn new skills and teach others from their own past experiences in order to build self-esteem and considerably lessen their feelings of alienation and isolation.
From the Paper
"Mental disorders affect 15 to 25 percent of the senior population. Such psychological factors can also lead to feelings of isolation. Medications, genetic predisposition, chronic medical conditions, pain or the fear of chronic discomfort, stress and chemical abuse can all cause depression. This, in turn, leads to isolation and despondency. With such a wide spectrum of etiological causes of depression, caretakers must be alert to changes in mood in the individuals under their care and report it to health professionals. Medical specialists cannot assume that such a condition comes naturally with age and will go away on its own, but be attentive and provide treatment that is necessary."
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