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The Development of Old French, 2001.
This paper examines the development of the Old French language before and after the Oaths of Strasbourg.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
An insight into the history of Old French and how this language was developed and influenced by Latin. It examines the effect of the Oaths of Strasbourg on the growth of Old French as well as different considerations which effected Old French.
From the Paper
"The evolution of Old French language began in 52 Before Christ when Julius Cesar held the power over the continents of the Gaul. According to Columbian Encyclopedia, Gaul was under the Roman Empire in the first and second century. With the strong influence it brought, Latin spoken by the Romans gradually replaced the Gaelic, a Celtic language as the Gaul?s mother tongue, for a long time. Latin became the national language, spoken widely among people and became the root of recently spoken languages through Europe, including English (Le Tacon). "
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'The French Lieutenant's Woman' and Categorization, 2007.
This paper discusses John Fowles' exploration of categorization in 'The French Lieutenant's Woman'.
2,911 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the traits of order and categorization, without which society cannot function, are especially prominent in the Victorian society in which 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' is set. The writer points out that the Victorian era is an outstanding example of when categorization was taken to the extreme, almost completely suppressing the socially and scientifically inexplicable instead of incorporating it into a system as had been done in religion and superstition. The writer discusses that Fowles' experimentation with the most fundamental elements of the Victorian novel (for instance with their endings) clearly indicates that he actually uses his image of Sarah to highlight the limitations he suffers in his own position as author with an equal weight. The writer notes that Fowles shows, through his exploration of the categorization of the individual and the external world, and his evasion of authorial convention, that the problems of excessive categorization are just as much of a problem for the author himself - not just the world around him.
From the Paper
"That which makes The French Lieutenant's Woman most radical and arguably post-modern, however, is that Fowles goes beyond the implicit existentialism of modernist literature and becomes directly self-reflexive. He tackles the idea of unnecessary categorization far more directly by exploring it in his own position as author. Fowles demonstrates this in his unwillingness to be limited by basic premises of narrative of the conventional novel. Interruptions to the narrative, denial of authorial omniscience, moving backwards and forwards in time as easily as in the imagination - these are all attempts by Fowles to avoid being pinned down. The Victorian crusade of categorization, it seems, was still evident in the need for a 'second wave' of feminism in the 1960s - excessive categorization, while already established as a problem by some Victorians, required a 'second' wave for the internalization of this change in attitude."
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Effective Communication, 2008.
A discussion on the importance of effective communication and the reasons why it is an essential component of professional practice.
2,442 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of effective communication. The paper begins by pointing out that communication is the number one problem of management of any social or government organization. The paper also points out that effective communication leads to higher productivity and job satisfaction. The paper then discusses the different barriers to effective communication and how to overcome those barriers. Additionally, the paper discusses effective communication factors. It concludes that effective communication means good business.
Outline:
Introduction
Barriers to Communication
Barriers due to Organization Structure
Barriers Due to Status and Position
Semantic Barriers
Tendency to Evacuate
Heightened Emotions
Lack of ability to Communicate
Inattention
Unclarified Assumptions
Resistance to change
Closed Minds
Overcoming Interpersonal Communication Barriers
Rules for Overcoming Internal Barriers
Rules for Overcoming External Barriers
Conferences
Networks
Effective Communication Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Semantic is the science of meaning. Words seldom mean something to two persons. Symbols or words usually have a variety of meaning and the sender have to choose one meaning from among many. If both of them choose the same meaning, communication will be perfect.
"But this is not so always because of different of difference ion formal education and specific situations of the people. Strictly one cannot covey meaning, only one can do is to convey words. But the same words may suggest quite different meanings to different people, E.g., Profits may means to management efficiency and growth, whereas to employees it may suggest excess funds piled up through inadequate wages."
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The Birth of Sociolinguistics, 2008.
A comparison of the articles "Dell Hymes, Kenneth Burke's 'Identification,' and the Birth of Sociolinguistics" by Jay Jordan and "Do You Speak American?" by John Baugh.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Dell Hymes and Kenneth Burke offer compelling insight into the foundations of sociolinguistics using the key term of "Identification". The paper then analyzes Jay Jordan's scholarly article "Dell Hymes, Kenneth Burke's 'Identification,' and the Birth of Sociolinguistics" and contrasts it to John Baugh's popular press article "Do You Speak American?" The paper shows how, while Jordan's article is based on hard research without taking any one side, Baugh's article on Ebonics is based on the author's opinions and fueled by media exposure and political impact.
Outline:
Background
Issue
Scholarly Article
Popular Press Article
Discussion
From the Paper
""Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context on the way language is used. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics" (Wikipedia). The study of sociolinguistics offers a view on how subtle or pronounced language variation can be a result of social variables such as ethnicity, religion, status, and level of education (Wikipedia). The importance of the study of sociolinguistics can be applied to a variety of applications; from legal precedence in a court of law to defining the true meaning, or as Kenneth Burke defined, the "identification" of the meaning of words in which context, setting, and other social factors are applied (Jordan)."
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Bilingual Education, 2006.
A discussion on the necessity for bilingual education in the interests of the country's inhabitants.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of offering bilingual education in US schools. The paper maintains that, because of the ever increasing numbers of English language learning students present in the American school system, the topic of bilingual education must be addressed. The paper relates that research into bilingual education has proven that it is the best way for ELL students to learn the language while maintaining literacy in their own native tongue. The paper argues that, in order to create a successful system, not only do we need to remove the misconceptions regarding ELL students and develop programs that will work for all students, but most importantly teachers need to be prepared and supported in order for the classroom experience to be successful.
From the Paper
" The first immigrants to this country were primarily northwestern European. With the abundance of land and the tendency for national groups to stay together in order to preserve their traditions language was not much of an issue. With the second wave of immigration to America, largely from southern and eastern Europe, the problems began. The original settlers began to fear for their customs and traditions when the new groups began to move in."
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Changing English Forever, 2006.
An examination of how post-colonial literature has influenced a change in the English language.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses language change and presents the reasons for change. The paper states that literature offers one of the most important ways in which new perceptions are expressed. The paper gives examples of how political power, British culture, post colonial writers and untranslated words had an influence on the change in the English language. The paper comments that using these methods of taking English and changing it into a language that reflects the post colonial experience is one of the ways that the English language is changing.
From the Paper
"Another method of replacing language is when the author uses untranslated words in their work. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin explain that this method is a widely used device that conveys a sense of cultural distinctiveness. It is used both to distinguish between cultural differences but is also important when trying to interpret cultural concepts (63). Jamaica Kincaid uses this method in her story "Girl." She leaves a number of words such as benna and doukona untranslated (564). Deciding to not translate the words for the English speaking reader is a purposeful act, it forces the reader to feel out of the loop and uncomfortable, the way that many postcolonial writers are made to feel when writing in English."
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Analysis of Written and Spoken English, 2008.
A look at the impact of written and verbal English.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a commentary that demonstrates an awareness of the impact of both written and spoken English in real world contexts. It initially identifies and discusses some of the aspects of written English in a specific piece of text, followed by a more general discussion of some of the features that relate to spoken English. The paper appends the article discussed.
Contents:
Introduction
Appendix 1 - Written Text extracted from www.nufc.com
From the Paper
"Thornbury (1997) gives six features (purpose, content, status, style, grammar, lexis and layout) which should be considered in relation to genre and I will cover some of these aspects due to the word limit restriction.
"The purpose is to give a factual account of events from the fans perspective. It is structured so that the 'headline' for the article is the result from the game, which is common in this genre. It is attention grabbing and appeals to everyone with an interest in that particular game. It is organised in such a way that there is a background to the current situation of the team first, followed by a chronological account of the main events throughout the match. In this genre, there is time for reflection and redrafting therefore the text is mainly composed of long, grammatically complex and accurate sentences. This is because the sentences are mostly comprised of at least one main or independent clause that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence and one subordinate or dependent clause."
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The Influence of Language, 2008.
Looks at the non-attachment and the limitations of language as it influences philosophy especially Daoism and Buddhism.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are strong similarities between Asian philosophies, such as Daoism and Buddhism, and their views on language, specifically how it shapes thoughts and world views. The paper then discusses the influence of language on and in the human mind to help provide a better understanding of basic Daoist and Buddhist principles.
From the Paper
"Another example of this is seen in the difference between English and some of the Romance languages with respect to some of the most common words. The prime example is the use of two verbs in these languages to convey different meanings of "to be." In English, she is a teacher, he is short, she is nice, he is sick, and she is sad. In Spanish, though, ella es una professora, el es bajo, ella es simpatico, el esta enferma, and ella esta triste. A differentiation between permanent and temporary states makes these languages more subtle and precise than English."
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Chicano English, 2007.
A discussion on Chicano linguistics and how it is unique and distinct, as it differs from both Standard Spanish and Standard English
2,093 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the origins, history, and evolution of Chicano English, described as a new and unique American dialect. The paper describes how the linguistic heritage of Chicano English, combined with unique phonetic qualities gave birth to a dialect which is directly descended from the immigrant experience. The paper concludes that the tapestry of forms ranging from the Spanish of the Ranchero experience, blended with the Americanization of the industrial revolution, and the modern urban experience all helped to create the amalgamation that is the Chicano dialect.
From the Paper
"A new foreword vision of prosperity was realized within the Mexican culture. Mexican immigrants desired to become integrated into American culture. This aspiration ultimately resulted in Hispanic participation in unions. "Additional evidence of this Americanization process was in the increased involvement in labor unions, especially the steel unions in the late 1930s, by Mexicans who participated not as Mexicans, but as American industrial workers". Obviously this type of integration into mainstream American culture would demand and that these first-generation Spanish speakers acquire Standard English in order to assimilate."
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Reader and 'So I am Glad', 2004.
This paper discusses whether the reader exists independently of the text or if the text creates its reader in A. L. Kennedy's 'So I am Glad'.
3,046 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Jennifer M. Wilson, the narrator of A.L. Kennedy's 'So I am Glad', has decided to become a voice. The writer discusses that 'So I am Glad' is a romance, but not one of a common type. Besides being an impossible spiritual and sensual journey, it reveals itself as a complex postmodernist work of meta-fiction. The writer notes that Kennedy offers to her readers a meditation on the very power of writing and looks at how it brings her narrator Jennifer from indifference to passionate and compassionate love and self-discovery. The writer of this essay discusses that despite Kennedy's refusal to be pinned down to any literary 'philosophy', the richness of the novel appears to be a perfect example of showing the place that the reader takes in literature in general and, in particular, in relation with the text and its author. Thus, the text being an end in itself from a postmodernist eye, the author shows how independent the reader exists towards the literary text. However, since the text is a medium between the author and its reader, one is drawn to ask whether the author creates the reader or whether the reader is, indeed, another performer of the text.
From the Paper
"Jennifer's possessive claim of these very specific moments of inviolability or privacy intensifies the text's self-referentiality, and Jennifer's self-consciousness of being a writer. This almost constant interaction between the intended reader and the text, with the reader entirely created out of the writer's mind, allows us to show the extent to which the reader is present, not only in the writer's mind, but also in the literary text itself. The text, at least in these instances, is what produces the reader. The reader is included within the text and, to some extent, is part of the narrative.
"Since Kennedy's novel So I am Glad is a metafictional work, disclosing to its reader the keys of its own artificial construction, its own textuality, it allows us, through a postmodernist reading of the text, to understand how the writer-text-reader relationship works."
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Samuel Beckett's "Endgame", 2003.
This paper looks at how understanding the social and political context of the time of Samuel Beckett's play "Endgame" enhances the significance of the play's meaning.
2,298 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the play "Endgame" is related to reality and discusses how it is haunted by the prospect of universal death. The paper looks at how "Endgame" is a play on language and shows how, ultimately, the play is a manifestation of the social and political context of the time.
From the Paper
"Samuel Beckett's theatre is widely assumed as a no-man's-land, a place at the end of the world, devoid of any humanity. The impression we are left with at the end of his plays is that of a timeless theatre, showing an essential and absolute humanity, which is hardly prone to historical upheavals, or even to historical variations. This is also true of Endgame, Beckett's third play, first written in French and performed at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in 1957. The play is haunted by the prospect of universal death. Indeed, Beckett imprisons his characters in a room which might be the only place on earth to house human life."
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Language Planning, 2003.
Presents a theoretic view of language planning (LP).
3,538 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that language policy is a big problem in developing countries, especially in the Maghreb world, which was under the French rule: Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The paper defines language planning (LP) as the activity of preparing a normative orthography, grammar and dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non-homogeneous speech community and relates that language planning includes language policy. The paper then discusses corpus, status and acquisition planning using examples mainly from the French Academy and the Hebrew revival movement.
Table of Contents:
A Theoretical View on Language Planning (LP)
Introduction
Definitions and Elements of LP
The Term "Language Planning"
Two Different Definitions of LP
Elements of Language Planning
Types of Language Planning
Corpus Planning
Status Planning
Acquisition Planning
Examples of Language Planning and Language Planning Policies
The "Academie Francaise" as an Example of Corpus Planning
The Promotion of Hebrew in Palestine as an Example of Status Planning
Examples of Language Planning Policies: Policy A, B, C.....
From the Paper
"Richelieu established the AF. In 1624, he became first minister in Louis XIII. Richelieu was so close to artists, writers in particular. In 1629, a group of men interested in language and literature started to meet at a rich man's house just for conversation. Richelieu wanted to transform this club into an official institution serving the country. He formed this group into an official body. He had a political purpose. He wanted them to work on his behalf by supporting his policies, which is the main reason behind his finding of the AF. "
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The Portuguese Language (O Portugues), 2008.
A linguistic description of the Portuguese language, which ranks in sixth in the overall number of speakers of any language.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Portuguese is an Indo-European language, which originated from the Vulgar Latin about two thousand years ago. The author points out that, as Christians conquered the peninsula, a lot of the grammar and words used in Spain and France greatly influenced the modern Portuguese language although the morphology and syntax were only slightly changed. The paper reports that Portuguese is a pluricentric language, which varies from its geographic locations but remains one language. The author describes its phonology, vowels, morphology, syntax, lexicon and pragmatics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Phonology
Vowels in Portuguese
Morphology and Syntax
Lexicon
Pragmatics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Notice that there are actually three ways that one may say, "You make" in Portuguese. Vos fazeis is actually very archaic and is only used in Holy Scriptures or when praying to God. If you dare mention this, people would look at you very weird. It is similar to the use of ye in English which no one uses anymore (I hope not!). Now depending whether one is in Portugal or Brazil, the use of tu and voce varies. In the Portuguese spoken in Portugal, this dialect is considered as an honorable title. The pronoun voce is used when speaking to older people or when showing respect."
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In Defense of "Like", 2006.
This paper defends the current popular usage of the word "like" in the quotative format and as a hedge word.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the use of the word "like" in its two least popular meaning among English lovers and most common form among English speakers: the quotative, as in "and I was like, 'what?'", and the hedge word, as in "I like bombed on that exam". The author points out that, although she feels embarrassed about how her use of the word affects people's perception of her intelligence, she feels very strongly, as others do, that the current uses of the word "like" have very real, even innovative, purposes. The paper relates that the ability of "like" to indirectly quote or relay speech, behavior and thought with one word sets it apart from other words with similar functions. The author states that she sometimes uses the word to be purposely and purposefully imprecise. The paper concludes that informal usages of the English language help communicate sincerity and friendliness and demonstrate a natural process for the standard to eventually become archaic.
From the Paper
"But, despite what Lily Thorns may like to believe, the quotative and hedge-word "like" were not born of wealthy teenaged girls from Southern California in the 1980s. In the 1962 novel "A Clockwork Orange" by English author Anthony Burgess, the hedge-work "like" is also frequently used by the narrator, Alex - a young man of high intelligence, in fact. The usage is not exclusively American. I also notice it was used by my aunt and uncle, both of whom are in their 50s and were born and raised in Manchester (as was Anthony Burgess, for that matter), as a hedge word--although usually at the end of their sentences, much like the hedge-phrase "as it were". "
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The Etymology and Semantic Shift of "Humour", 2007.
An explanation of how the word humour has evolved and changed over time.
1,384 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of the word humour from its early appearance as a Latin noun through the ages with several references to works by Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare.
From the Paper
""Humour," according to Adrian Room's Dictionary of Changes in Meaning, is one of the most renowned words in the English language for its radical semantic shift (143). It is a descendant of the Latin noun umor, "moisture," which is related to the verbs umere "to be wet" and uvescere "to become wet"; and adjective umidus "wet" (Shipley, 441). The addition of the letter h to the beginning of the word is the result of an incorrect folk association to the Latin humus, which means earth or soil (Klein, 750; Harper).
"Its Indo-European root is ugw- and wegw- for "wet, moist, to sprinkle" (Klein, 750; Claiborne). The Old Norse wegw led to the expression "in its wake" from the Germanic *wakw- , "wet spot," referring to a crack in the ice. It has been suggested that its suffixed zero-grade form *ugw-sm is the base of the Latin humere. The suffixed zero-grade form *ugw-no led to the Greek hygros, "wet, liquid" (Watkins). Other words coming from the same root include the Armenian oyc, "fresh," and the Old Norse vokr, "moist, damp" (Klein, 750)."
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Revival of the Kaurna Language, 2007.
This paper focuses on why the Kaurna language was revived and how it was accomplished.
1,781 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Kaurna language is one of the main languages spoken by Indigenous peoples in and around the Adelaide region of Southern Australia. The writer notes that after the colonisation of South Australia in 1836, the population of the Kaurna people declined rapidly as they suffered from the effects of disease and displacement. Subsequently their language and culture experienced serious hardship. The writer looks at the importance of the Kaurna language to its people and by studying the techniques used to awaken the language from its dormancy. The writer points out that the revival of the Kaurna language is still an ongoing process, though much progress has already been made. Kaurna is now taught at all levels of education throughout Southern Australia. The writer concludes that whilst many steps have already been laid out to ensure the survival of Kaurna, it is up to future generations to take them and keep the language alive.
Outline:
Why Revive a 'Dormant' Language?
The Kaurna Language Revival
Resurrecting the Kaurna Phonology
Kaurna for a New Generation
From the Paper
"These texts were essentially a written record of the language of the Kaurna people for the English speaking colonists to read. Whilst there was little public interest in the text at its time of publication, even more so when the use of Kaurna was forbidden by government bodies in subsequent years, this publication has become a major tool in the revival of Kaurna for today's generation."
"The reclamation of the Kaurna language began around 1990 with the writing of six songs in a National Aboriginal Languages Program (NALP)
funded songwriters workshop. This was the first time the language had been used again in a creative manner and these songs were subsequently published into a songbook.
"Several workshops on the Kaurna language were held over the following years along with the introduction of Kaurna to some South Australian schools, helping the language to gain recognition once again."
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Swimming in the Morning, 2005.
This paper examines the poem "Morning Swim" by Maxine Kumin.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer dissects Maxine Kumin's poem "Morning Swim" and notes that this poem has great imagery and rhyme scheme. It is noted that Kumin is a favorite poet of the writer's due to the way that she uses mundane experiences as a vehicle for serious ideas. The writer looks at the heart of the poem and then discusses the poet's word usage and use of rhyme. The writer maintains that Kumin definitely lives up to her reputation with her word usage and rhythm and concludes that it was interesting to delve in and draw out truths in Kumin's work.
From the Paper
"Her poetry reads more as a conversation, its deeper meaning imbedded in the word choices she makes than the image she describes. Her rhyming of the couplets in "Morning Swim" was done skillfully to reduce the singsong impression of the words by using enjambments and slant rhymes. She gives the nature around her, personas of its own. For example, allowing the fish to sing her name or treating the lake as an intimate lover. The meter of the poem also enjoins with the imagery to enhance the readers feeling of swimming. The metaphors, simplicity, and the technical tricks it employs give "Morning Swim" a memorable feeling of deeper meaning. "
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The implications of Metaphors on Organisational Life, 2007.
An overview of the use of metaphors in organisational situations.
3,925 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to critically review, examine and explain how different metaphors impact organisational life, with the help of academic text and examples from personal experience. This author has carried this out by focusing on three commonly used organisational metaphors. The paper has been roughly divided into four sections with the author concluding that while metaphors use evocative images to help us understand situations, if taken too seriously they can eventually lead to managers making poor decisions.
Outline:
Machine Metaphor
Organism Metaphor
Culture Metaphor
Illustration of Metaphors through my Organisational Experience
From the Paper
"Machine metaphor is arguably the most popular metaphor used in organisations and effectively the most influential metaphor to have influenced organisational life. This metaphor portrays an organisation as a machine, which is made up of several different parts, with each part playing a defined role, with the ultimate aim of achieving organisational goals and objectives. This mechanistic aspect is inherent in virtually all organisational functions, starting from planning, organising, and implementing to evaluation and control. In this concept people are considered as mere operators of machines and the focus is on maximum efficiency and productivity.
"Organisations that are designed and operated as if they were machines are usually called "bureaucracies" (Morgan, G, 1998). In mechanistic organisations things tend to be monotonous and predictable, such as arrival time, time for breaks, change over of employees, etc. Very often the work tends to be mechanical and repetitive, especially at the lower levels. Two of the greatest examples of the mechanistic model are Ford and McDonalds. During the industrial revolution, "the assembly line" by Ford proved to be a great success, and in the current times McDonalds has set up a great example by "mechanising the organisation of all its franchise outlets throughout the world, to produce a uniform product". (Morgan, G, 1998)."
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Content-Based Instruction of Foreign Languages, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of content-centered instruction on English-as-a-second-language (ESL) study in Korea.
2,479 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how second language acquisition can be facilitated and made more efficient by content-centered instruction. It particularly focuses on English-as-a-second-language (ESL) study in Korea and how content-based instruction, blending language and culture can make teaching more effective. The paper also discusses the problems associated with not teaching foreign languages in this way.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Holistic Approach
Integration
CBI Benefits
Syllabus Design
Case Studies
Implications for KFL
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clearly, the second language classes, whose importance is being fuelled by globalization, need an instructional system that links language and content to accommodate the cognitive, social and linguistic demands of a responsive and relevant educational system. The content-based instruction concept in ESL study is especially critical in countries like Korea where the written alphabet is phonetically distant from English. By integrating real-life events and situations with language, ESL study becomes a living entity that stirs the interest of students. There is more enthusiasm in the learning process to make learning itself more efficient and productive. Language and content when combined in ESL study unarguably provide more incentive for learning. In sum, second language study will be less interesting, less enjoyable and fulfilling and the acquisition of language proficiency will be slower and more painful if it is limited to language instruction. In the process, education will also fail in its goal to broaden cross-cultural knowledge of students. ESL students will acquire such a well-balanced knowledge if teaching and learning are organized around content or information rather than around forms, functions and situations or skills."
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