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Crime Theory, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of how to prevent an increase in violent crime.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories behind why some people commit violent crimes against others. It discusses classical theory which is based on the early work of Cecare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. It then goes on to describe rational choice theory, deterrence theory and the rationalist theory. The paper suggests that an understanding of all the theories are necessary in order to attempt to curb an increase in violent crime.
From the Paper
"This is not to suggest that criminals should be coddled, a view parodied in the musical West Side Story when gang members sang out excuses for their bad behavior. If all criminal behavior were rationally driven, manipulation of the factors of certainty, severity and celerity would drastically reduce crime. However, ignoring the other things that influence and even detract from logical processes will lead to a greater understanding of why individuals commit crimes. In that way, the specific approach points to the general approach, because in research we find specific individuals, who, when grouped together in an effective research model, can suggest explanations for their behavior (Aurhahn & Parker, 1998). For example, research shows that alcohol abuse and violence correlate highly. But knowing such facts does not always point to simple solutions, possibly because behavior is too complex to be blamed on one behavior. This was demonstrated ironically and powerfully with this country's experiment with prohibition, which led to a dramatic increase in some crimes."
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African-American Males, 2007.
An analysis of the incidence of affective disorders, incarceration and substance abuse among African-American males.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the correlation between affective disorders, substance abuse and involvement in the criminal justice system among African-American males. The paper discusses the incidence of incarceration, substance abuse and affective disorders individually and then it discusses patterns between the three issues.
Table of Contents:
High Incarceration Rates Among African Males
High Incidence Untreated Affective Disorders Depression/Anxiety
Mandated Sentences Equal Tougher Sentences on AM Males
Perception of Traumatic Events in Urban African Males
Part II - Drug Abuse and Crime Activity
From the Paper
"Most of these studies suggest that left untreated, affective disorders including those among African Americans worsen with time, and that higher rates of recidivism often result particularly when offenders are released and still must face various psychological stressors and disorders including depression or anxiety (Spencer, 1999). Given this information it seems logical that rehabilitation measures be adopted that help address psychological instability among prison populations. As yet however, there are no uniform regulations or laws that dictate or mandate rehabilitation for African Americans or other populations at risk for higher rates of affective disorders in prison. This suggests that these disorders will likely continue in the future."
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Brain Research, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical issues of neuroscience research into the brain activity of criminals.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses brain imaging which may be able to answer questions about the brain, such as about human thoughts, emotions and actions. It also discusses some of the moral and ethical issues that must be considered when using this new technology. The paper focuses on research into the brain activity of criminals spending time in correctional facilities. It discusses whether it is too early to use neuroscience research, such as brain fingerprinting, as a definite substitute for the polygraph, to determine guilt or innocence, without first looking at ethical considerations.
From the Paper
"Farah and Wolpe (35) state that neuroethics encompasses a variety of bioethical issues. Some are these are the same as the ones in the past as in biomedicine, such as the safety of advanced research and treatment methods, the rationing of promising approaches, and predictive testing for future illnesses when no cure is available. Other neuroethical concerns, however, are unique to neuroscience due to the subject matter. The brain is the organ of the mind and consciousness, the location of human of being and thought. Interventions here thus have different ethical considerations than those in other parts of the body. Also, expanding knowledge of mind-brain connections may impact determinations of competence, mental health and illness and death. Further, moral and legal conceptions of responsibility most likely will be susceptible to change as knowledge of the physical mechanisms of behavior becomes more enhanced. The whole concept of privacy and confidentiality of thought processes could be threatened by instruments that can actually show neural connections of innermost thoughts."
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Punishment and Crime, 2007.
An argumentative essay on whether punishment prevents crime.
1,183 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, in less than three decades, wars on crime and drugs in the United States have resulted in a six-fold increase of the prison population, and the construction of the world's largest prison system. The paper explores how the United States, with about half a million more prisoners than China, not only imprisons many more people than any other nation, but has approximately 25 percent of all the prisoners in the world behind its bars. The writer argues that punishment is not a deterrent for criminals and that one would have expected to see a larger drop in the crime-rate if it was.
From the Paper
"Traditionally devoted to the punishment of past crime, the U.S. criminal justice system has begun to focus as well on the prevention of future crime by incarceration and control of dangerous offenders (Robinson). Habitual offender statutes, like 'three strikes' laws, sentence repeat offenders to life imprisonment (Robinson). Moreover, jurisdictional reforms lower the age at which juveniles may be tried as adults, increasing the available terms of imprisonment beyond those of juvenile court, and gang membership and recruitment are also criminalized (Robinson)."
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Search Warrants, 2006.
This paper discusses the search warrant, its nature, the required procedures and issues faced by the criminal justice system today.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the United States, to search private property in their criminal investigations, the police are normally required to have a written search warrant. The author points out the very strict guidelines for search warrants, which were created to protect individual citizens from unwarranted abuses by the police and the justice system. The paper states that the hysterical reaction of the authorities and society to the events of 9/11 has resulted in a significant change regarding the criminal justice system and its rules so that searches, warrants and their concomitant rules have become flexible and arbitrary.
Table of Contents:
Requirements and Procedures
Exceptions
Additional Types of Search Warrants
9/11 Issues and Concerns
From the Paper
"Blood samples are normally required in situations where endangerment is caused by an over-indulgence in substances such as drugs or alcohol. Driving under the influence, for example, is such a situation. Surreptitious surveillance is also an issue that is under the control of courts and would be a violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms if conduced without a warrant. As will be seen, this has become an extremely controversial issue in the United States."
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U.S. vs. China Legal Systems, 2007.
This paper discusses and compares the legal systems of the U.S. and of China.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the U.S. criminal justice system is framed after the ideal of justice for all and equal protection for all through a common civil law, interpreted by its courts. On the other hand, the writer notes that codified laws and statutes established by the legislature have guided China's criminal justice system. The writer discusses that the cultural differences between the U.S. and China are seen to be simplified and bridged by modern information technology, and many observe concrete progress in the replacement of the rule of men with the rule of law. The writer concludes that some still believe that Mao Zedong is the greatest revolutionary, that Abraham Lincoln was a dictator who destroyed the ideals of the colonists and that the American criminal justice system has now become one of the most corrupt in the world.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Method
Findings and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sachs writes that despite America's overall wealth as a nation, its people now live in a society of great and indescribable fear of their legal system, their lawyers and the prison system, the loss of health care in a system with no health plan and losing their jobs. He says that Americans are afraid of questioning the system and become gullible victims to propaganda. The issue on terrorism has so engaged them that their attention has been swayed out of their own society's ills. Sachs believes that they have projected their fear into foreign terrorists and ignored the increasing corruption and repression in their legal system. Lawyers, judges and courts trample upon the freedom Americans thought they had. He warns travelers and those wanting to visit or work in America to reconsider the risks of being in a country with one of the most crooked legal systems in the world."
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Articles on Criminal Violence, 2006.
This paper discusses two articles on the causation of criminal violence based on Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association in crime.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association suggests that individuals learn criminal behaviors by imitating behavior and ideas about criminality from people with whom they routinely associate. The author points out that the R.L. Peralta and J.M. Cruz article, "Conferring Meaning onto Alcohol-Related Violence: An Analysis of Alcohol Use and Gender in a Sample of College Youth", emphasizes that many college males "learn" (1) to demonstrate violent or aggressive tendencies as "macho" behavior and (2) to abuse alcohol as a socially acceptable form of entertainment. The paper relates that the study by B.S. Fisher, F.T. Cullen and M.G. Turner, "The Sexual Victimization Of College Women", suggests that people "learn" to engage in acts of sexual violence by discovering (1) that violence can be used to overpower other people, especially women, and (2) that sexual violence can be a mechanism for alleviating their own chronic problems including stress or guilt associated with a history of sexual violence as a child.
Table of Contents:
Summarization
Theories of Crime and Delinquency Control
Reaction/Social Position
From the Paper
"I shared the information and insights gathered from this study with a friend of mine who works as a paramedic with an emergency medical team. Having witnessed many acts of violence and treated many women for sexual assault, the individual agreed that violence and substance abuse patterns often seem to be "learned" behaviors. He also felt that he could distinguish patterns of behavior among certain populations in particularly, including among those with low socioeconomic backgrounds or education."
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Gangs, 2007.
A look at the history and development of gangs through history.
2,389 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the existence of gangs in the United States can be traced back to the early 1800s and how it was the years following the Civil War, and the subsequent World Wars that gave rise to the number gangs. It looks at how, over the decades, gangs have become not only a major concern for the United States, but for other countries as well. It discusses how gangs are not confined to neighborhood streets, but can be found behind prison walls and how technology has allowed gangs to communicate worldwide. It also shows how today, all three elements, street gangs, prison gangs and global gangs are interconnected.
From the Paper
"The existence of gangs can be traced back to ancient civilizations, however the first identified gang in the United States, was formed in 1820 in the Five Points District of New York City (Allender 2001). The end of the Civil War saw large-scale criminal activity on the part of a few veterans who had trouble returning to a peaceful society (Allender 2001). Following World War II, veterans returning home formed motorcycle clubs, and while most were social groups, a few, such as the Hell's Angels, began to engage in criminal activities (Allender 2001). Ethnic groups, including Asians, Italians, Jews, Jamaicans, and many others, formed gangs due to the prejudice and discrimination that they had to deal with and which alienated them from mainstream society (Allender 2001)."
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Juvenile Delinquency, 2007.
A literature review on juvenile programs and recidivism rates among juveniles.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, how more recent programs and proponents of reform suggest that reforming juvenile programs and offering juveniles more access to rehabilitation programs may help reduce rates of recidivism and crime in large urban centers.
Outline:
Significance of Juvenile Programs and Recidivism
Overview of Juvenile Programs
Overview of Recidivism Rates Among Juveniles
Relationship Between Juvenile Programs and Recidivism
Family Interventions and Recidivism
Parent Child Interactions and Delinquency
Supervision and Delinquency
From the Paper
"Studies suggest that violent juvenile crime is increasingly on the rise (Butterfield, 1996; Howard & Jenson, 1998). This suggests that youth crime is not only escalating but also becoming more violent (Howard & Jenson, 1998). In light of this many juvenile justice systems are now challenging the beliefs that have traditionally guided decision making policies and practices in the hopes to establish a better balance between "rehabilitating" and "punishing" juvenile offenders (Howard & Jenson, 324). In the past the juvenile justice system has focused more on punishing offenders for their actions, with increasing numbers of young adults transferred to adult facilities for punishment and lengthy incarcerations (Tolan & Guerra, 1994)."
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Policies of Sentencing, 2007.
An analysis of the changing nature of criminal sentencing guidelines.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of criminal justice. Specifically it discusses why criminal sentencing guidelines are set up the way that they are. It looks at the history of sentencing and discusses some of the controversial aspects of sentencing policies. It then looks at ways that policies on sentencing could be improved.
From the Paper
"However, there are exceptions to sentencing guidelines in modern criminal sentencing, and that is one aspect of sentencing that brings forth many critics. The most controversial aspect of sentencing are mandatory guidelines for specific crimes, and many people feel these mandatory sentences simply do not work. Often the sentences are too long in these cases, or the history of the criminal and the facts of the crime are not brought into being. In short, there are exceptions to all rules, specially these (Bowman, 2003, p. B05). This is evident in statistics since 1970. During that time, the prison population has more than quadrupled, indicating a harder line, mandatory approach to many criminals in the sentencing process (Reitz, 2000, p. 541). Rehabilitation has become far less desirable, while alternative forms of punishment, such as house arrest and community service have been investigated as punishment for some "white-collar" crimes."
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Juvenile Delinquency, 2007.
This paper argues for a reform of the juvenile justice system.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the government's insensitivity toward juvenile correction facilities today can be traced back to the early part of the eighteenth century, when politicians neglected such institutions in favor of prison facilities and boot camps. The paper explains that this resulted in various problems that continue to plague the present juvenile corrections system. The paper describes the ineffectiveness of cycles consisting of a largely punitive phase of juvenile justice policy, followed by a predominantly rehabilitative phase. The paper contends that practitioners need to understand the historical legacy that continues to influence contemporary policy and practice. The paper stresses that few areas of the justice system are more in need of critical re-examination than juvenile justice.
From the Paper
"The New York House of Refuge in 1825 is considered a starting point for the subsequent cycles of juvenile reform. The House of Refuge, and the development of institutions for juveniles in Massachusetts, embraced the belief that children should be treated separately from adult offenders, however by 1890 these institutions resembled adult prisons than juvenile reform homes, and rehabilitation generally played nothing more than a minor role in custodial care. In 1899, a second policy cycle began along with the creation of the juvenile court. At this time a separate legal process for juvenile offenders together with probation units which emphasized social casework, became integral components of a rehabilitative juvenile justice system between 1899 and 1960."
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Christine Jessop, 2006.
A discussion on the misconduct of the Canadian criminal jusitce system surrounding Chrisitine Jessop's murder.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a detailed description of the circumstances leading to and surrounding the disappearance of Christine Jessop in 1984. It continues to analyze the actions of the police and the investigation committee after having found Jessop's body. It highlights the actions of the Canadian criminal justice system in congruence with the wrongful conviction of Guy Morin. In the conclusion, the author of the paper, discusses the criminal system's misconduct, and its severe effects, which occurred during and after the investigation of the murder.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"In fact, York officers may have had a substantial lead in Christine's disappearance. On October 6, 1984, a witness reported that she and her husband seeing a man holding a small child in a forceful manner in a car on October 3, 1984, near the time of Christine's disappearance. Despite the fact that the witnesses provided a description of the car, they were not interviewed until 12 days after their initial report. Although her report of the suspicious behavior was consistent with an abduction and the suspect she described did not have a car similar to Morin's, nor did he match Morin's physical description. However, police failed to fully investigate the lead. In fact, they did not even request a list of vehicles matching the one described, in detail, by one of the witnesses."
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Theories in Youth Crime, 2007.
This paper analyzes a theory regarding youth crime in the city of Huberville.
3,042 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses a theory about youth crime in Huberville between the years of 1960 and 1990 and why this rate began to decrease after 1990. Furthermore, the writer attempts to explain how this theory of delinquency might have an influence on the legal ideology of juvenile justice in the city. Lastly, the writer discusses social policies which may stabilize or decrease the crime rate of the youth in Huberville. The writer concludes that Huberville's working and immigrant class may benefit from a program such as the one mentioned in the paper, which gives youth at risk someone whom they are close to and do not want to disappoint and who will encourage more conventional behavior.
From the Paper
"This theory of criminal activity however does not explain why the crime rate among the youth as well as the adult of Huberville increased from 1960 to 1990 and then began to decrease when the city was revitalized. Although the city changed from a more stable city environment before 1959 to a more transient environment after that date, many of the same youths who were present before 1959 were still present after 1959. If these individuals had self control before that date it would stand to reason that they still had self control after that date so there must have been something that changed other than the level of self control which the youth possessed that would encourage them to engage in more criminal behavior. One thing that had changed in Huberville shortly before the crime rate increased was that the largest employer in the city closed its doors. This action which plunged Huberville into a recession also led to high unemployment rate of people would did possess the self control to work for a living before the jobs left town."
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Sex Offender Treatment, 2006.
A proposal for a psycho-educational sex offender treatment program based on a literature review.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that traditional sex offender treatment programs may not be suitable for effectively reforming criminal behaviors and reducing recidivism especially for substance abusers, which represent between 25-50% of these offenders. It proposes a program that would be comprised of group sessions of sex offenders and victims and would include educating community members or victims and offenders about sex offenses, sexuality, addiction and opportunities for reform and rehabilitation within the community.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Information - Traditional Sex Offender Programs
Response
Aims and Objectives
Membership Screening
Sessions
Benefits
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper
"Part of the education process will include information clients of the trends typically evidenced within sexually aggressive offenders. As Lemmond & Verhaagen (2002) note, roughly 1/2 of adult sexual offenders report their first offense occurring sometime during adolescence. Sexually aggressive adults typically grow from sexually aggressive adolescent males from various classes and races. There is evidence that many youthful offenders commit rape by age 16, and those that molest may do so from the time they are 14 on."
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Labeling Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the labeling theory, as it relates to criminology.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that in the study of criminology, there are numerous theories that help explain, or attempt to explain, the cause of delinquency and criminal activity. The writer points out that while some focus on the role of society, the legal system, or parental control, others focus more on the individual, and the process by which individuals learn. The writer discusses that labeling theory, in contrast, is a combination of both theoretical concepts, in that the labeling theory attempts to explain how the learning process of individuals is influenced by the actions of society and the legal system. This paper focuses on the labeling theory and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this theory in real world applications of criminology.
From the Paper
"Lemert's theory differentiates between primary and secondary deviance. Primary deviance is thought to be minor rule violations that are spontaneous and sporadic. Secondary deviance, on the other hand, is the behavior that results after social control agents react to the primary deviance. According to labeling theory, this secondary deviance is a direct result of the labels given to the rule breaker following the initial transgression. Because of labels attached to the individual and of the social reaction to the primary deviance, the individual is stigmatized, thereby creating a social identity stemming from deviance. Repeated negative definitions of the individual's identity result in negative self-labeling, and the individual begins to see themselves as a deviant. More recent additions to the labeling theory stress this factor in the formation of the criminal subculture, in that members labeled as deviant begin to join with other, similarly labeled individuals."
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Organized Crimes, 2007.
Examines organized crimes and gangs in the United States.
1,942 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
Organized crime and gang related activity have continued to dominate urban cities and downtown centers for several decades. The two activities are similar in many respects including their ability to attract members to become part of a unique 'family.' This paper provides an overview of organized crime in the United States and shows how it differs from street related crime. It looks at reasons why these groups continue to attract members.
From the Paper
"Gangs much resemble organized crime in that they include a group of closely related people that commit routine crimes against society. Early scholars noted that gangs arose much around the same time that organized crime did in the United States, and that gang members have often contributed to a "disproportionate level of crime in society" (Krohn, et al. 2003). Gang members are often more involved in delinquency than other youth organizations, but also more likely to be comprised of younger members of society than members of organized crime (Krohn, et al. 2003)."
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Youth Crime, 2007.
A synopsis of the future actions of the juvenile court system with respect to youth crime.
3,004 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historical and modern trends occurring in the field of juvenile justice and proposes changes within the juvenile justice system. The paper focuses more on restorative rather than retributive justice as a means of reforming youth criminals and reducing the rates of violent crimes witnessed among young offenders.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Statement
Significance of Study
Historical Perspective Juvenile Crime
Future Directions
Restorative Justice vs. Retributive Justice
Theories Guiding Restorative Justice
Philosophical Foundations for Restorative Justice
Summary and Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"In recent years much attention has been brought to the increasing incidence of violent juvenile criminal activity within the United States. The juvenile justice system was crated in the late 1800s as a system for protecting the rights of youths that engaged in deviant behavior. At that time the focus of the juvenile system included rehabilitating youth offenders to help them transition back into their communities successfully (Tanenhaus, 2004). With time however that focus shifted, and juvenile justice courts began taking on a more retributive approach to youth crime, punishing youth offenders for criminal activity rather than working toward reforming youth offenders. Part of this resulted from lack of adequate funding and information about the best methods for addressing youth criminal activity. This shift in paradigm has resulted in increasing levels of youth crime and more violent criminal activity among youth offenders."
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Correctional Education, 2006.
A discussion regarding the importance of reducing crime in the USA.
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at ways of possibly reducing crime. The paper focuses primarily on correctional education, its implementation and its success and failure rates. The paper also reviews Sheriff Arpaio's Tent City and the strategies used in this type of incarceration.
From the Paper
"A meta-study completed by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections that analyzed hundreds of research reports on reducing recidivism found that the successful measures have certain factors in common (Zajac). Their findings, which are very different from those in Phoenix fall into ten areas: 1) Good programs are those that relate to offending and that can be changed or targeting "criminogenic needs" such as low self-esteem, poor levels of educational attainment, and high substance abuse; 2) Conduct thorough assessments of risk (probability of repeat) and need to develop specific treatment programs and use money in most effective manner possible. Also, higher risk individuals will be more likely to repeat offenses if not treated; more resources should be spent on them. Providing high-intensity treatment to low-risk offenders may increase their risk level. "
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African-American Youth and Crime, 2007.
This paper examines African-American youth, affective disorders and the criminal justice system.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that African-Americans are arrested for crimes out of all proportion to their numbers. The writer notes that many claim prejudice, but others simply point to the facts. The writer relates that a higher percentage of African-Americans are arrested and imprisoned, because they are responsible for the bulk of criminal acts. The writer then questions whether these juvenile criminals are solely responsible for their actions. Further, the writer discusses whether the environment in which these children are raised gives rise to the affective disorders, the drug use and the culture of violence, that plagues many of these youngsters from their earliest years. The writer concludes that figures show conclusively that a variety of social ills have made African- Americans far more prone to engage in criminal activity - and in particular violent criminal activity - than any other ethnic group. The writer notes that as long as this situation continues, African-Americans will be a legitimate focus for the war on crime.
From the Paper
"Economic depression, population decline, crime, out-of-wedlock births, and single parenthood have created a downward spiral that no amount of government has been able to stop. The new minority culture of drugs and crime is not only entrenched, it is growing continually worse. Drug use itself leads to the making of many other irresponsible decisions. By lowering the inhibitions, it causes the user to act more on impulse than might otherwise have been the case. Unsafe sex not only spreads potentially deadly diseases like AIDS, but also produces many unwanted children. Just as bad in many ways, is the fact that many of these children, while cared for, end up being raised by single parents. Juvenile delinquency, in particular, is a frequent consequence of this arrangement. And still more troublingly, juvenile delinquency is not just a personal or familial problem; it is a social problem as well. Children raised in broken homes are for more susceptible to becoming criminals than those raised in two parent households. The child's life is incomplete. He does not receive the attention or the guidance that he deserves. Psychologically, he believes that has been rejected by his society, by what he views as society in early childhood - his family. The missing parent leaves a void that must be filled."
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