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Juvenile Sentencing, 2007.
This paper looks at the debate surrounding the practice of sentencing juveniles to adult facilities.
1,956 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that due to the increase of school shootings and other serious crimes committed by adolescents that have grabbed national media attention, many believe that juveniles should be sentenced to adult correctional systems. Yet, the paper relates that today, many politicians are poised to abandon this approach. The paper discusses those who have a positive view towards the juvenile justice system who claim that what is needed is adequate funding and support to make the system work properly.
From the Paper
"Shay Bilchik, president and CEO of the Child Welfare League of America, writes in the April 2003 issue of Correction Today, that the United States has taken a dramatic step toward prosecuting far too many juveniles in the adult correctional system (Bilchik). Laws in the United States recognize that juveniles are too young to consume alcohol, vote, engage in legal contracts and enter into marriage because they are not fully developed mentally and emotionally (Bilchik). The juvenile justice system, created by legislators, is based on the belief that adolescents have much to learn, and that early interventions will alter their paths toward delinquent behavior (Bilchik). Yet today, many politicians are poised to abandon this approach."
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Legalization of Drugs, 2007.
This paper examines the pros and cons of legalizing illicit drugs.
2,473 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the topic of drug legalization that is a heatedly contested debate. The paper discusses how those in favor of the liegalization of illicit drugs feel that drug laws have not significantly reduced the demand for drugs, but have only served to make the drug problem worse. They show how the illegal status of drugs has encouraged corruption among law enforcement and politicians. The paper also brings the arguments of those opposed to legalizing drugs who argue that it would cause increased drug use and crimes and would be a drain on the American economy.
Outline:
Introduction
Pros of Illicit Drug Legalization
Cons of Illicit Drug Legalization
From the Paper
"Proponents of drug legalization most often begin their debate with the statement that America's drug laws, as they currently stand, are ineffective. Programs such as "Just Say No" and "Zero Tolerance" have been unsuccessful (Linn, Yager & Leake). America, although fighting tenaciously, is losing the War on Drugs, and in fact, current drug policies have actually made the problem worse. A drug free America is simply unrealistic (Eldredge & McCollum). For this reason, they surmise that changes need to be made, and the legalization of the drugs being fought against currently, is one such advocated change, accentuated with the premise that in a truly free society, the government should not be able to regulate what drugs a person can or cannot take (Levinson; Messerli)."
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Women in Prison, 2007.
An examination of the prison system for women.
972 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of women in prison. The writer explores the history of the prison system, highlighting the historical aspects of women within the system. The author concludes that prisons with a female population are working toward a rehabilitative atmosphere more than a punitive atmosphere and only time will tell how successful such institutions will become.
From the Paper
"For the most part society had less respect for female inmates and criminals than it did its male inmates and criminals according to records that were kept at various prisons around the country. The first Illinois female prisoner in the state system was in 1835,. Her name was Sally Jefferson and she was sentenced for arson. She was pardoned within six weeks however her stay alerted officials of a coming trend, women in prison."
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The Son of Sam, 2007.
This paper discusses the murderer David Berkowitz, know as the Son of Sam, and the crimes that made him famous.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that David Berkowitz, who, during the 1970s in New York, murdered six innocent people and severely injured many other victims, experienced a troubled childhood and early adult life. The author points out that, at his recent parole hearing in 2002, he sent a letter to the Governor stating that he did not wish to have parole granted because he did not deserve to spend a single day free after the pain and suffering he had caused many families during what he says now was the work of the devil. The paper relates that the Son of Sam Law was enacted to prevent any future violent offenders from profiting after they commit such heinous crimes.
From the Paper
"Even as a small child Berkowitz was not a social person. He preferred to stay to himself and, as he grew older, he was physically much larger than other children his age, which he later reported made him significantly uncomfortable. He became a bully and spent much of his childhood picking on other children and taking their money from them. He was called hyperactive, which was the term used for ADHD in those days, and he was prone to have violent outbursts with little or no warning."
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Restorative Justice, 2006.
A review and discussion regarding restorative justice.
1,346 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the concept of restorative justice. According to the paper, restorative justice is an approach towards providing justice that concentrates on removing harm caused by an action, holding the offender responsible for the personal action, and providing the victims with an opportunity to identify the crime and criminal.
Outline:
Introduction
Restorative System and Mainstream Judicial Laws
Restorative System: Fundamentals
Restorative System: Serving Society Better
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are certain clauses in the Restorative law that recognizes the need to adopt different and partially tougher course of action if the offender is not found cooperative. However the law demands that the course of action should be experimented, and evaluated on the grounds that if they are reasonable, restorative, and respectful. The offenders should comply by the standards of safety, values, ethics, responsibility, accountability and civility. The offenders should be exposed to the same nature of crime experienced by the victims, and should be provided with the chance of learning empathy. Such an offender should be provided with opportunities to be productive member of society. The participation of the offender into social and community affairs should be well received and acknowledged. The offender should be equipped with the values and fundamentals required to be productive member of the society."
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Alternative Interrogation Methods, 2007.
This paper discusses matters relating to alternative interrogation methods and techniques.
923 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that with the strikes on America on September 11th, America changed. The writer points out that no longer were the borders of one of the strongest countries in the world effective barriers against terrorism. The writer discusses that, as in any war, interrogation becomes a primary means of information gathering. For this reason the writer maintains that the issue of the use of alternative interrogation techniques has risen to the forefront of the American debate. The writer then looks at whether coercive techniques can be considered as torture. The writer concludes that if one person standing on a box, who is never in any real danger of being harmed, or one person who is forced to go without sleep, gave information that would prevent a second September 11th from occurring, than the use of these interrogation techniques would be worth it.
From the Paper
"It is difficult to determine what involvement President Bush's administration had prior to passing of legislation such as the Military Commissions Act. President Bush has insisted that the interrogators themselves requested the tough alternative interrogation techniques. Yet, others insist that documents show that instead these coercive techniques were forced on the interrogators. One thing is certain, the Abu Gharib scandal has caused the general public to question just what techniques are being used during interrogation, and at what point does alternative morph into torture?"
"Abu Gharib prison is, perhaps, one of the most notorious recent military scandals brought to the American public's attention. With debate over America's presence in Iraq in full force, the accounts of abuse and torture coming from the prison in 2003 were perfect fuel for the fire. An internal investigation conducted in 2004, and later exposure in the American media, found American military personnel abusing prisoners, severely damaging the credibility of America's presence in Iraq, both at home and abroad. Although the Bush administration noted that these acts were isolated acts of individuals, others noted that these actions were condoned by the military as forms of alternative interrogation."
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Drunk Driving, 2007.
This paper argues that drunk driving must be addressed from a sociological and legal standpoint.
2,217 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the issues of drunk driving as well as the impact law enforcement has had on its reduction. The paper argues that drunk driving is more of a social issue than a legal issue and that education must be combined with law enforcement to make a difference. The paper contends that the legal system has the ability to mandate treatment and perhaps save the drunk driver as well as those he would have encountered on the road.
Outline:
Introduction
Field Sobriety Tests
Problems
Solutions
International
Conclusion
From the Paper
"John's law is one of many examples when societal responsibility meets legislation and works together to reduce the incidence of driving while impaired. If America is ever going to reduce the fatalities and injuries caused by drunk driving it will have to realize that it is a social as well as a legal issue and combine educational programs with punitive actions to stop drivers from drinking and driving(Mejeur, 2003)."
"New Jersey as well as eight other states have enacted laws that allow them to hold drunk drivers until their blood alcohol levels are below the state's legal limit. While this helps prevent an immediate accident from occurring the root of the problem is still there and should be handled from a societal standpoint."
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Refusal to Hire Ex-Offenders, 2006.
A discussion regarding the issue of businesses refusing to hire ex-offenders.
1,673 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issue of refusing to hire based on criminal background checks. The paper examines various related issues, such as what types of positions usually cannot be held by someone with a criminal background and state and federal laws regarding hiring or refusal to hire based on criminal background checks. The paper focuses primarily on Maryland.
Outline:
Introduction
What About The Ex-Offenders Rights?
Maryland
For Instance
Federal Law
Overall
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other states have attempted to strike a balance between the employer concerns and the ex offenders rights to live a free and productive life once they have paid their debt to society. In some states, including New York employers are required by law to consider various elements such as age, time passed and the circumstances of the offense in deciding whether or not to hire an ex offender."
"In a recent research report the conclusion was that Maryland employers consistently deny employment across the board to anyone with any criminal background including arrests that did not garner convictions. The report recommends that Maryland legislators adopt laws that will prohibit such broad brushed discrimination."
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Exclusionary Rule, 2007.
Description of exclusionary laws in the US Constitution which forbid certain types of evidence to be presented in court.
3,329 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the role of the exclusionary rule in the US legal system. The writer first defines exclusionary rules as a set of guidelines which dictate that evidence and or admissions of guilt obtained illegally will be excluded from being heard in criminal trials. Next, historical controversies involving this set of rules are discussed. Also examined is the manner in which law enforcement is affected by the exclusionary rule. The author also considers the need to seek a balance between collecting evidence yet protecting the individual's Constitutional rights. Finally, the author proposes changes for the exclusionary rule, which may include compensation when rights are violated.
Outline
Introduction
Controversy and History of the Exclusionary Rule
Law Enforcement Effects
Protecting Good Faith Exemptions
Is it Time for Change?
References
From the Paper
"The exclusionary law or laws, more appropriately, then go on to provide a set of rules that dictate that evidence and or admissions of guilt obtained illegally will be excluded from being heard in criminal trials. What this quite often amounts to is that criminals who are guilty can go free, if the evidence needed to convict them is tainted in some manner, having been acquired illegally, with certain exceptions, though many argue the exceptions and rules are unclear and are in constant need of redress by the courts. (Chun 2000:799) (Holland 2000:1107)"
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Criminal Psychopathology, 2007.
Describes the methods and uses of criminal psychopathology in locating perpetrators of crimes.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the elements and uses of criminal psychopathology in developing profiles to locate perpetrators of crimes. The author presents appropriate terminology and definitions throughout the paper. Two different types of criminals and their personality traits are examined. The paper further evaluates different methods of developing criminal profiles. The author concludes by calling for more research in this area, with special reference to the role of mental health professionals.
From the Paper
"The first approach in criminal profiling, diagnostic evaluation, adapts a psychotherapeutic theory on crime by the individual investigators (Muller 2000). This approach relies mainly on clinical judgment and the investigators' individual assumptions and assessment. The second approach, crime scene analysis, or CSA, was developed by the Behavioral Science Unit of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation or FBI. And the third, called investigative psychology, was evolved by British environmental psychologist, David Canter. The CSA is mostly applicable to serial murderers. Recently, the FBI broadly categorized offenders into disorganized and organized (Muller)."
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Ted Bundy: A Lost Resource, 2007.
A discussion on how Ted Bundy's life story could have provided a fascinating and valuable resource for criminal and psychological studies today if he had been allowed to live.
1,979 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Ted Bundy, the man who violently stole the lives of more than forty women, does not easily fit into any compartment of criminal theory. An outwardly intelligent, responsible and gregarious person, Bundy's killing spree went unchecked over a period of years, because his personality and lifestyle did not fit with any previously established profile of a serial killer. It contends that Bundy, had he lived out his life in prison, may have provided the world with extraordinary insights into one of the most perplexing criminal minds in American history.
From the Paper
"In Dr. Charles Whitfield's 2004 book, The Truth About Mental Illness, he demonstrates a very strong link between mental illness and childhood trauma. Complex childhood post-traumatic stress syndrome is an area that is being explored in depth during this decade. However, during Bundy's incarceration, although childhood trauma was considered as a factor, it was not well understood. Born in Burlington, Vermont in 1946, Bundy was the illegitimate child of a woman whose family was so ashamed of his mother's unmarried status when she gave birth, that his grandparents claimed him as their own child. They led Ted and others to believe that his mother was his older sister. When he was thirteen, a cousin proved to Ted that his "older sister" was actually his mother. "
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Substance Abuse, 2006.
A discussion regarding the correlation between drug addiction and the tendency to commit crime.
3,477 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the high percentage of drug abuse amongst prison inmates. According to the paper, the United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP) developed a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program in 1989, in an attempt to alter both the criminal and substance abuse behaviors of inmates. This paper attempts to determine which treatment programs are most effective in treating inmates with substance abuse problems.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose
Problem
Review of Literature
Juvenile Correction Facilities
Discussion of Relevant Issues
Analysis
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the Paper
"Indeed program retention is critical as it has been found to be a critical part of ensuring that treatment is effective. The authors explain that there is a positive correlation between long term outcomes and retention rates four both adults and adolescents. In their analysis Hser et al (2001) assessed the correlation between after treatment outcomes and program retention for adolescents in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Project. This assessment was conducted across a range of program types that were inclusive of short-term inpatient, residential, and outpatient drug-free (Hser et al 2001). The study found that longer stays in treatment (90 days or more) could be correlated with lower levels of substance abuse in addition to lower rates of arrest in the year following treatment. "
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Vicarious Liability, 2007.
This paper examines the concept of vicarious liability and its applications in law enforcement.
843 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that vicarious liability is a legal concept which refers to one party being held liable for the injury or damage sustained by another party, in spite of the fact that they had no active involvement in the incident. The paper clarifies that the intent behind vicarious liability is to hold the proper party accountable when harm is committed. The paper relates the history behind this concept and looks at a variety of situations in which a party, including contractors, parents and employers, may be charged with vicarious liability .
From the Paper
"Before there was law enforcement, local communities operated self-help systems to keep the peace and enforce contracts. Before the thirteenth century a common law arose that there existed an involuntary collective responsibility by the whole community for the actions committed by each member of the community. Later this was formalized into law as the Community Responsibility System. It was enforced because community reputation would be lost and retaliation by the injured party would be leveled against the community if compensation was not paid. Costly wars were fought over the acts of one person committing a crime against someone in another community, and this had to be avoided."
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Female Psychopathy - Offenders in Perspective, 2006.
An in-depth look at the female psychopath.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the female psychopath. The paper reports that according to studies, there are perhaps more than two million psychopaths in North American. This paper maintains that a lot more research is needed in order to better understand the profile of the female psychopath.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Summary (Literature Review)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Without giving a specific breakdown of how many of the girls showed traits that matched the expected traits of psychopathic girls, the authors admit that this was only a beginning in a long series of research studies needed in the matter of determining the presence of psychopathy in girls' personalities. They stated that there were "notable differences" between the similarity and consistency when comparing Hale's model in adult males and the female responses. Five of the items in the sample which were found to be good "discriminators" in this sample ("conning/manipulative behavior"; "unstable interpersonal relationships"; "irresponsibility"; "juvenile delinquency" and "impersonal sexual behavior") did not match up with Hare's discriminators in adult females."
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Restorative Justice and Rape Victims, 2007.
An analysis of how restorative justice is used by rape victims to heal after the crime.
1,351 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of restorative justice with regards to rape victims. It gives a definition of restorative justice according to different groups and describes how this form of justice is meant to assist the victim. The paper discusses restorative justice in relation to past cases of rapes and how the victims and families dealt with the crime.
From the Paper
"Because Lucy's bones were part of the evidence, the family could not receive them until the case was ended, but Marian did see her sister's bones; "I gasped at the sight of her skull - it was so beautiful, like burnished gold..." Meanwhile in order to bring closure, Marian was advised by her Buddhist counselor about restorative justice, and she became involved in mediation for other rape victims. Marian told a group of incarcerated rapists that her sister had been gagged before being killed, and so she, Marian, wished to hear their truths. "One of the prisoners who had committed multiple rape said, '...Until you spoke I was just play at victim empathy,' and it clearly helped him to understand what he'd done." And moreover, Marian is planning to write a letter to one of the two persons (now in prison) responsible for the mass murders (and Lucy's murder). "Those who know her [the convicted co-murderer] have advised me that it is not yet time to suggest..." a meeting between the two. "Meanwhile, I am content to continue sending her compassion," Marian concluded."
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The Causes of Criminal Behavior, 2007.
An analysis of the factors influencing criminal behavior.
1,236 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how experts have blamed biological, psychological and social factors for the making of a criminal. The paper looks at the biological theory that certain individuals are predisposed to the commission of criminal acts as a result of their genetic make-up. The paper points out, however, that environmental conditions must still be present that induce criminal tendencies to manifest themselves. The paper also examines how individuals may be affected by psychological factors and social influences. The paper concludes that while biology may play a role, it is clear that criminals are made, not born.
From the Paper
"The perennial problem of crime has led to many theories on the origin of criminal behavior. Over the years, experts have blamed a range of factors: biological, psychological and social. Supporters of the biological explanation look for genetic attributes that can be associated with criminality. They seek either "criminal types" or specific genes that create a propensity for such personality attributes as violent behavior, amorality, mendacity, and so forth. Those who favor a psychological approach examine the ways in which an individual reacts to the life situations that he or she encounters. Perhaps the adult criminal was sexually abused as a child. He or she responded to this treatment by becoming violent and abusive toward others, venting his or her rage through criminal acts directed against persons who call to mind his original tormentors."
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Youth Crime in Canada, 2007.
This paper explores the media's role in the perception of juvenile crime in Canada.
1,541 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a detailed examination of youth crime in Canada and how the media promotes fear in the way it presents the problem to the public. The paper describes how the media's focus on crime has created a moral panic throughout the country, in which people believe that juveniles are a dangerous threat to the safety of adults. The writer explores several academic journals on the topic and concludes that part of the nation's fear of juveniles with regard to crime is caused by the media's decision to over-cover crimes in which juveniles are involved.
Outline:
Introduction
The Trend
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For the past several years it has appeared that youth crime is on the rise throughout Canada. Whether it is an increase in truancy, shoplifting or more violent crimes including school shootings, the nation seems to be faced with a significant rise in the number of juvenile offenders willing to commit illegal acts(Gaetz, 2004). Recently, the Canadian legislators have moved toward increasing the punishments for juvenile offenders in the hopes that it will deter future young people from deciding on a life of crime, however, the media continues to report issues involving teens."
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Interrogating Juveniles without Parents, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical and legal ramifications of interrogating a minor without his/her parents present.
3,149 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ethics and legality of interrogating juveniles without their parents being present, particularly if the juvenile has requested their presence. It discusses tactics used in interrogations in order to improve the chances of receiving a confession. It then discusses whether there are special Miranda rules for juveniles and the consequences of that. The paper ends by discussing any practical considerations that should be taken into account when dealing with juveniles.
Table of Contents:
Just the Facts
Case by Case
II. The Interrogation
Interrogation Points
Criminal Interrogation Ethics
To Tell the Truth
Juvenile Facts
III. The Presumption of Innocence
BARD
Just the Facts
No Question
Practical Considerations
From the Paper
"Geraghty & Drizin (1999) contend that Judges frequently fail to speak up and propose thoughtful solutions for the senseless injustices they see done to children on a daily basis. Some judges who are empathetic to the new juvenile justice draconian approaches fail to speak out as they support the "get tough" policies. Other judges fail do not verbalize counter thoughts as they are concerned they would inevitably become entangled with the political process and violate the Code of Judicial Conduct's prohibition and foster the impression they lack impartiality. This researcher posits that one daily injustice regularly practiced in the legal system is the interrogation of isolated juveniles."
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"Losing Matthew Shepard"--A Review, 2007.
A presentation of the facts surrounding an anti-gay murder from B. Loffreda's book "Losing Matthew Shepard."
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the murder of Matthew Shepard, its background and repercussions, as portrayed in B. Loffreda's book "Losing Matthew Shepard." The reviewer first delves into the myths Loffreda presents surrounding gay populations outside of major urban centers. The paper then outlines the active homophobia in some rural areas, such as Wyoming, where the Shepard murder took place. The reviewer finds Loffreda's analysis to be extensive, since she was able to talk to many people in the town who otherwise avoided speaking to the media. Her investigation took place at the same time as the trial and other events related to the crime, making her ability to get answers from a shell-shocked public all the more remarkable.
From the Paper
"Wyoming is a part of the country that sees itself as separated from the sort of tensions ascribed by the populace to places like New York City. Some may also see New York and Los Angeles as bastions of gay populations while trying to deny that there are any gay people at all in the hinterlands, though clearly there are. Shepard had jus recently joined a group at the university called the Lesbian Gay bisexual Transgender Association (LGBTA), and though this was the only gay organization on campus and in Laramie as a whole, its existence shows that there was a sizeable gay population in the area. Others in the group had been attacked, leading to a view that anti-gay feelings were pervasive and that these might have contributed to the death of Shepard."
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