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Recidivism for DUI Offenders, 2007.
This paper discusses whether recidivism for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders who are electronically monitored is lower than for those that are not electronically monitored.
5,396 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that race is not the only issue that is involved in the sentencing disparity of DUI offenders, however, it is one of the larger ones. This study explores all of the issues that are involved in disparity in sentencing, and does not concern itself solely with race. However, since race appears to be one of the largest factors, its importance in the study and the literature review is evident. The writer concludes that while there are no real solutions, one of the best ideas would be to have more law enforcement agencies use monitoring, even though many refuse to do so. The writer then suggests limiting the number of people on electronic monitoring and choosing which ones to monitor carefully, so that the offenders being monitored are those with the highest chance of rehabilitation.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Literature Review
Research Method
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Literature on this subject, which will be reviewed in Chapter Two, appears to indicate that some disparity may exist, and this is worrying for minority individuals, due to the fact that they are aware that, if they are arrested for DUI crimes, they will be likely to be punished more severely than those that are of the Caucasian race. The review of the literature will provide insight into this issue, and will likely shed light on whether this is an accurate assumption and whether there is anything that can be done to correct sentencing disparities if they do exist in the court system."
"Electronic monitoring of these individuals is often thought to play a role in recidivism rates, and that issue will be explored within the context of sentencing guidelines and other related issues. Unfortunately, there is little literature specifically dealing with sentencing disparity based on DUI crimes. This is unfortunate, but clearly shows the need for more studies. It is unfortunate for the understanding of DUI crimes sentencing disparity when it comes to race and other factors that there is not more literature on the specific subject."
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| Term Paper # 97987 |
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Goals Of Corrections, 2007.
An analysis of the five goals of corrections and their application.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the five goals of corrections which are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and restoration. It discusses the history, philosophy, development and empirical validity of each goal. The paper then concludes with a statement of recommendation as to the preferred corrections theory stating why that is the theory thought superior to the other corrections theories. Finally, it discusses which should serve to guide corrections in the future.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Restoration
Summary
Recommendations For Future Corrections
From the Paper
"Clearly research demonstrates both positive and negative results from use of the strategies of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation; restoration and certainly what is the best correctional strategy for one type of individual might not be the best whatsoever for use with another individual. The individual who is truly criminally insane will not respond to any of the attempts in correction strategies except that of incapacitation in a prison facility. Just as clearly no individual who is logical would consider Charles Manson or Theodore Bundy as eligible profiles for the restorative justice program or even for rehabilitation program or indeed of any other than imprisonment or death by execution There are however, very potentially productive, useful, and worthy individuals who are shuffled into the correction system due to their inability to hire a lawyer or lack of knowledge concerning their rights to having representation appointed to them that with education and knowledge or skills acquisition can be successfully rehabilitation or restored to society and within the community. Recently there has been documented an additional strategy in criminal justice corrections which is described as a 'transformational' process and is a cognitive-behavioral approach in treatment."
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Crime Prevention and Control, 2007.
This paper explores the United States' justice system and proactive policing.
4,758 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that proactive or community policing actively involves citizens in preventing or solving crimes through non-punitive or adversarial procedures. The paper describes the change in the US criminal system when its focus broadened from the traditional punishment of past crimes to prevention of future crimes by imprisonment and control of dangerous offenders. The paper notes the successes of community proactive policing that continues to gather support from the public and the private sectors.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Americans pride themselves of their Manifest Destiny as a superior race and their individual freedom and rights. But crime rates in the midst of the practice of freedom continue to increase. Professor Friedman of the University of Stanford identified cultural taboos, supporting this demand for individual freedom and rights. as ultimately behind the unrestrained rise in crime rates. The existing criminal justice system is adversarial and punitive. Its crime prevention and control mainly deal with suppression. Because of its failure to curtail crime, preventive detention was tried. Nonetheless, crime rates continued to increase till the late 70s. President Johnson offered the notion that the root causes of crime were racism, poverty and social injustice. He provided funds for the State and the local governments in an effort at curbing these root causes. Congress also responded and signed bills to support President Johnson's initiative."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
A discussion on the advantages of capital punishment.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of capital punishment. Specifically, it discuss both sides of the capital punishment debate and argues why capital punishment is an excellent deterrent to crime. It looks at how the benefits of capital punishment far outweigh the drawbacks and how statistics indicate that the American public supports the death penalty for a majority of violent crimes. Thus, capital punishment is effective, saves tax dollars, and helps contain the most violent of America's criminal population.
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been controversial throughout America history. Also referred to as the death penalty, the practice has always been a contentious and emotional issue. In the United States, disagreement over capital punishment began as early as Colonial times after America gained independence from Great Britain. Some people began to wonder if taking a human life was really justified, even by the government (Vila and Morris xxv), and the debate has raged on ever since. In fact, since the Supreme Court reinstituted the practice in 1976, the debate about capital punishment has become even more heated."
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses criminology theories and looks at how they help prevent crime and reduce criminal behaviors.
1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two criminology theories and holds them against the current social phenomena of adolescent substance abuse. The writer explores the relevant theories. The writer notes that as mankind continues to study the criminal element, it continues to develop theories that can be applied to criminal behavior. The writer then explains that two well known criminal theories are labeling and social bonding. In each of these theories there are markers to help explain some of the behavior patterns when it comes to adolescents and substance abuse. The writer points out that it is important to understand how these theories impact the problem, so that future attempts can be made to proactively prevent substance abuse.
Outline:
Introduction
Labeling Theory
Social Bond Theory
Relating Theory to Social Issue
Influence
From the Paper
"In a recent study regarding the labeling theory, adolescent participants were asked if they had received labels from professionals and asked if their families and friends had labeled them, and if so what the labels were. The adolescent's encounters with juvenile courts, social workers and substance abuse programs were also recorded to determine if the label theory supported the participants' background and labeling.
The study concluded that being labeled with a negative label, can create negative behaviors in adolescence.
In addition, the participants did record a higher level of drug use if they had received negative labeling from professionals and personal interactions."
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JonBenet Ramsey, 2007.
A case study analysis of the murder case of JonBenet Ramsey in 1996.
9,569 words (approx. 38.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 196.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a case study analysis of the murder case of JonBenet Ramsey in the United States in 1996. It overviews the particulars of the case and then details and analyzes the evidence that was found in relation to her murder. Finally, the paper discusses the preliminary conclusions of the case and gives recommendations for future action to be taken.
Table of Contents:
An Overview of the Case
The Evidence
Analysis of the Evidence
Preliminary Conclusions
Recommendations for Further Action
From the Paper
"Another footprint was found on the outer part of the same window, plus a scuff mark on the wall just below the window where a person coming in the window might have placed his foot for leverage into the basement. A suitcase was found on the floor under the window with a possible footprint on it. John Ramsey said this suitcase was normally kept in another part of the basement. Inside the suitcase was a pillow sham, comforter and Dr. Seuss book. Assuming that the killer originally planned to kidnap JonBenet for ransom, he may have "packed some things" for her that she would need."
"A palm print that was found on the wine cellar door could not be matched to anyone in the family or among their friends. Likewise, the pubic hair found on the blanket that covered the child's body did not belong to any member of the Ramsey family."
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Organized Crime, 2007.
A comparison of the Genovese Crime Family and the Chinese Big Circle Gang and how they operate within America.
1,203 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of organized crime in America. Specifically, it compares and contrasts an Italian and an Asian organized crime group active in America. The paper focuses on the Genovese Crime Family and the Chinese Big Circle Gang, which are two of the most notorious organized crime groups. It describes their goals, outlooks and organizational structure.
Table of Contents:
The Genovese Crime Family
The Big Circle Gang
From the Paper
"Like their Italian counterparts, the Big Circle deals primarily in drug trafficking, loansharking, and counterfeiting currencies and goods. They also deal in human smuggling and trafficking, and exporting stolen vehicles, which differs from most Italian operations, including the Genovese family. Unlike their Mafia cousins, the Big Circle is made up of very small units called "cells," in each location, and this makes it extremely difficult for law enforcement to find or infiltrate them (Hall, 2005). In contrast, the Genovese and other Mafia families are extremely large. Author Paoli continues, "The sheer size of the American mafia families has long prevented their members from interacting informally with each other, as is instead the case in most Sicilian mafia groups, and has favored internal stratification and segmentation" (Paoli, 2003, p. 7). Thus, most Asian gangs like the Big Circle are harder to control because they are smaller, less conspicuous, and less likely to accept new, unknown members."
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Child Abuse, 2007.
This paper discusses problems and solutions for managing the child abuse reporting system.
2,315 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that problems, such as false reporting and accusations, cultural misunderstandings, racial bias, unnecessary harsh sentences and overall judicial inconsistencies, exist in the child abuse reporting system. The author points out that the large percentage of inappropriate reporting also places an unnecessary burden on the already overwhelmed child protective agencies and threatens to undermine public support for their efforts. The paper suggests that, with time and experience, it will be possible to standardize the approach toward sentencing so individuals will receive accurate judgments of incarceration, probation, education or acquittal based on the true circumstances. This paper includes several long quotations.
Outline:
Introduction Definition of Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Spanking versus Serious Physical Abuse
Study by Baumrind: Most Parents Spank without Ill Impact on Children
Statistical Reporting of Child Abuse Numbers
Numbers of Reporting Increased 20 Times
Large number of "Unfounded" Reports
Inappropriate Reporting Places Unnecessary Burden on Child Protective Agencies
Better Reporting on What to/Not to Report
Disagreement of Over/Under-Reporting of Child Abuse Claims
Investigative/Tool Inconsistencies
Racial/Cultural Misrepresentations
American Psychology Association Recommendations
Learn about the Culture
Examine Discrepancies between Accepted Cultural Practices and the Behavior
Look at the Continuum of Cultural Behaviors, Determining Relationship Socioeconomic Issues such as Poverty and Substance Abuse
Is Alleged Abusive Behavior is Truly Harmful to others?
Person's Level of Acculturation to U.S. Culture
Reporting Bias
Suggested Actions
Narrow the Scope of Child Abuse and Neglect Definitions.
Place the Investigatory Powers with the Police
Re-Criminalize Child Abuse and Neglect.
Repeal Mandatory Reporting Laws Effect in all the States.
Make Child and Family Services Voluntary
From the Paper
"As with any law that is passed, it is necessary to clearly define terms so that certain persons or groups of persons are not being treated differently in terms of that law and the punishment fits the crime. In cases of child abuse, there are numerous cases, especially with severe physical, psychological or sexual violations, where an individual should receive a strict penalty. However, there are also a large number of others cases where the abuse is minimal, questionable (spanking, for example), cultural, or even misinformed. In these latter situations, it may be better to find alternate ways to help these individuals and the victims."
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Policing in the U.K. and Middle East, 2007.
A comparison of policing tactics and difficulties faced by police within the U.K. and Middle East.
1,468 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how the difficulties of policing in the UK differ from the difficulties of policing in the Middle East. The paper provides an overview of policing and discusses how the U.K. faces traditional problems such as addressing acts of terror, burglary and violent crime while problems facing the Middle East include more serious issues of security, terrorism, border control and abuse of visitors and people living there.
Outline:
Policing Defined
Policing in the UK
Policing in the Middle East
Comparison and Analysis of Difficulties Within Each Region
From the Paper
"Governments define policing in multiple ways. Depending on the structure of a government, whether democratic in nature, authoritarian or socialist, policing takes on many different forms. One may define policing in places like the U.K. as any and all actions whose purpose includes maintaining a peaceful enterprise within the land (MPS, 2007). In other regions of the world however, including in the Middle East, historically policing involves many acts of violence and radical activities engaged in to support variant rather than homogenous interpretations of what policing is and isn't."
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Cyber-security Breaches, 2007.
A review of recent case studies of cyber-security breaches in the USA.
4,069 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses various recent cyber-security breaches in the USA. The paper discusses each event, the method used to breach the cyber-security and the response. The paper focuses primarily on the case of Moonlight Maze, one of the most infamous cyber-attacks which occurred in the late 1990s.
From the Paper
"The hackers were apparently working from a location in Russia, though this could not be definitively established due to the nature of the infiltration. All that is known for certain is that the hack into Department of Defense computers had been going on for more than a year and that it is entirely unclear how much information was made off with during that time. This is due in part to the fact that in addition to raiding information directly from the Pentagon, the hackers also used that point of entry to enter other sensitive systems throughout the US government. These included networks at nuclear research labs associated with the Energy Department, NASA, and numerous university research facilities (Drogin, 1999). Investigators reiterate that the attackers obtained no known classified information, but the general uncertainty surrounding Moonlight Maze makes this claim dubious at best."
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Juvenile Rehabilitation, 2007.
This paper demonstrates the success of the rehabilitation model in treating juvenile delinquents.
1,078 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that, despite some evidence pointing towards a greater need to "lock down" juveniles, the rehabilitation strategy is much more effective and is morally correct. The paper explains the rehabilitation model as based upon the concept of "curing" an offender of his or her criminal mindset and behavior. The paper maintains that retributive justice will ultimately result in more crime because it makes juveniles harbor a lifetime of hate towards society whilst a rehabilitative system creates a greater ability to change juvenile offenders into valuable members of society.
From the Paper
"Historically the juvenile court system was created as an alternative to the current adult system for processing delinquents. It was built upon the premise that rehabilitation was a much better fundamental strategy for dealing with juvenile delinquents than the retribution model. However, recent statistics have shown an increase in juvenile violence as well as other forms of crime. In addition, there have been overwhelming statistics which point to the fact that juvenile delinquents are more than likely to commit crimes upon their release from prison. These crime waves have brought more and more juvenile offenders back to adult courts, and a greater public debate has been ongoing about the success of the rehabilitation model."
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Juvenile Delinquency, 2007.
An argument supporting juvenile rehabilitation versus incarceration.
1,079 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the theories presented by the Office of Juvenile Justice and the Boy Scouts of America on juvenile rehabilitation and analyzes the effects of juvenile rehabilitation programs as opposed to lockup. The paper argues for rehabilitation and asserts that rehabilitation is a more viable option for juvenile offenders due to their young influential ages, as well as it being more cost-effective.
Outline:
Introduction
Juvenile Rehabilitation Programs vs Lockup
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, juvenile delinquency has emerged as a significant criminal and sociological issue, raising concern among parents, educators, policy-makers and government officials alike. Juvenile delinquency has become a major crime issue in the United States; the public has been overwhelmed with stories from the media, providing graphic evidence of a crime wave generated by our youth who, according to media reports, prey upon a defenseless public. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention reports that on average, "juveniles were involved in one-quarter of serious violent victimization annually over the last 25 years; juvenile offenders were known to be involved in about 1,100 murders in the U.S. in 2003; over 108,700 juveniles were in detention, correctional, or shelter facilities in 1995; and courts with juvenile jurisdiction disposed of more than 1.6 million delinquency cases in 2000.""
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Neighborhood Watch Group, 2007.
A brief overview of the theories of why people commit crimes and the function of the Neighborhood Watch Group.
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of synthesized theories to the study of criminality and how they work to help prevent crime and to help understand the criminal mind. It looks at how the need to understand criminals has been in the minds and hearts of criminologist and police officers for countless years and how extending this understanding to the minds of others will help neighborhood watch programs tremendously.
From the Paper
"Synthesized theories have been around in the field of criminology for quite some time. This is largely because they work well in helping criminologists discover some of the hidden reasons and causes behind crime. In order have a full understanding of synthesized theories, it is important to explain two things: the concept behind synthesized theories, and their importance to the study of criminology. Knowing these two things will help individuals determine characteristics that might make people into criminals."
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Leonard Peltier, 2007.
This paper discusses Leonard Peltier and looks at how justice miscarried.
3,250 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Leonard Peltier has been in prison at Ft. Leavenworth more than 30 years for a crime that he and many supporters say he did not commit. In order to understand what actually happened that day and why many people consider Peltier a political prisoner, the writer notes that it is necessary to obtain an awareness of the historical context in which the incident took place and the government's attitude toward the American-Indian Movement. In this essay, the writer examines the historical context, looks at the two trials that were held in connection with the shootings and describes subsequent legal actions.
Outline:
Historical Context
The American Indian Movement
From the Paper
"Three films have been made about the incident and the case: Incident at Oglala a documentary produced by Robert Redford (which this paper draws heavily upon), another documentary Warrior, and a fictionalized version Thunderheart. The film Incident at Oglala was based directly on a book written by Peter Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, which describes the historical context and events that led to the shoot-out in 1975. The book was kept off the market for eight years until 1991 by a lawsuit that the FBI funded. Eight decisions later, the Supreme Court ruled that the book was free of libel, so it and the documentary are now available to the public. Although Peltier is known in foreign countries as a hero, and Amnesty International and others are fighting for him as a political prisoner, there is not much public awareness about him in the United States."
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Outlaw Biker Gangs, 2007.
This paper takes a look at the history of outlaw biker gangs.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that the outlaw biker gangs are the opposite of the 'classy' Mafia since they portray the rebellious nature of man and ride out into the sunset in their Harleys with the wind blowing in their faces. The writer notes that of the various outlaw biker gangs, the most famous - and probably notorious ones - are the Hell's Angels and the Outlaws gangs. Both groups were founded in the first half of the 1900s, one during the Depression Era while the other was a spin-off of a World War II unit. The writer looks at Sheila Ahern's 'The Gang's Not All Here' article which gives a brief history of these two outlaw biker gangs.
The writer concludes that that a closer look at statistics throughout the years would prove a major involvement of the various outlaw biker gangs in almost all types of criminal activities.
From the Paper
"Outlaw biker gangs have been known to indulge in various criminal activities from drugs, prostitution, murder-for-hire to blackmail. With the emergence of the Internet and other modern technologies, the various outlaw biker gangs have launched a public relations campaign to show that they are misunderstood segments of the society and the criminal activities attributed to them are works of wayward members that have nothing to do with the general membership of the group. "
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'School of the Americas', 2007.
A discussion regarding the controversial 'School of the Americas'.
3,879 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the School of the Americas, the secret school that trains assassins. According to the paper, the School of the Americas has been instructing Latin American military officers in the art of counter-insurgency warfare since 1946.
From the Paper
"It is a wonder then that the modern expression of outrage over the abuses that are taking place as we speak and as a direct outgrowth of the contradictions of policy that allow the SOA to remain a viable institution, are so wide spread. The official record of the US has largely remained unchallenged, not surprising given that the nation and its official organizations have actively distanced themselves from open violations in the past. Yet, now, as many who protest the SOA feared such official denials have come to the public attention in the form of abuse in modern war death camps. "
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Drugs and Prostitution, 2007.
An analysis of the effects of drug abuse and prostitution on society.
1,769 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the connections and correlations between drug abuse and prostitution. It describes the costs to society of drug abuse and focuses on the effects on children of addicts. The paper then discusses what is being done to attempt to combat the problem of drug abuse and prostitution and how effective these measures are. It concludes by suggesting ways to improve the current situation.
From the Paper
"Controlled decriminalization would allow our society to seek other more productive ways to control and reduce drug abuse. If drug use were decriminalized, the problem of prostitution would decrease dramatically. The $20 billion a year we now spend on controlling drug traffic could be used more effectively to address other social problems. Effective or not, the system we now have has invested itself and is working to maintain itself. But doing more of the same will never produce a different result."
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Transnational Crime, 2007.
This paper discusses globalization and the rise in transnational crime.
823 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that transnational crimes have increased steadily since the advent of the Internet, as many crimes can be done from half way around the world with the click of a mouse. The paper discusses how transnational crimes cause problems in three specific areas and looks at the steps that can be taken to reduce its occurrence.
Outline:
Introduction
Growth of Globalized Crime
Four Legal Traditions
From the Paper
"Globalization for the most part, has provided a positive new dimension to life. People can chat with others around the world, cultural diversity is being shared on a global business level and parts of the world that used to live in fear of each other now know they have little to fear. With the positive aspects of globalization however, come some negative ones including increased transnational crime(The Explosive Growth of Globalized Crime http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0801/ijge/gj01.htm)."
"Transnational crime is committed in literally thousands of ways. Some examples of transnational crime include the shipment into the US of the drug Ecstasy, being manufactured in the Netherlands, computer viruses being sent worldwide from one office in the Philippines and large US banks discovering that they have been used in large Russian money laundering operations."
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