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The 'Three Strikes' Law in the United States - a Critique, 2008.
This paper describes and discusses the "Three Strikes" law adopted in the United States.
3,278 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Three Strikes Law introduced in the USA as an effort to 'get tough' on crime. Over the years, it was seen that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as other states continued to follow the example set by California. The author intended that this paper would express the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence but in fact he has revealed less reported and important surrounding matters.
Outline:
Introduction
The Failure of Three Strikes Law
Kinds of Crime - the Crack Revolution
Alleged Alternatives
Laws as Seen by Offenders
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
" Approaches to 'getting tough' on crime in the United States of the 1990s showed commitment to what seems deterrence, as in the Three Strikes effort permitting tough sentences for repeat offenders. Over years, it was see that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as states continued to follow the example of California in 1994, towards varied crime statistics verifying, yet again, the ineffectiveness of deterrence models. What is absent from this kind of research is exploration of what Three Strike laws have been intended to achieve. One grows used to material empathizing with offenders affected by the law who serve inordinately long sentences for perhaps minor crimes. (See Abramsky 2002, Cole 1999) What tends to be missing concerns why this legislation was passed and the groups that favoured it. The message handed down by the Three Strikes law was one of society's non-tolerance for crime whereas the criminological message can fail to understand that criminality is opposed from within affected areas apt to support draconian legislation towards incarceration. What began as a paper expressing the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence soon revealed less reported and important surrounding matters."
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Article Review: "Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work", 2008.
This paper identifies the types of data and variables contained in the research by Eric Lambert and Nancy Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict'.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research
From the Paper
"The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."
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Justice Management in Canada, 2008.
This paper looks at police management within Canada, with a focus on changing police cultures.
2,341 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses recent as well as traditional problems which plague Canadian police departments. The paper looks at how practices have changed so as to create a more supple, responsive and "fair" police services architecture. The paper then examines the challenges police culture will present in the future. The paper shows how progress has certainly been made, but more can still be done.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is fairly evident that police leaders must take pro-active steps to mold (or re-mold) the organizational culture percolating below them insofar as concerns about the secretive and sometimes troubling nature of Canadian police culture have existed for a number of years. For example, in the middle 1970s, studies critical of Canadian police culture began to surface. One of the more notorious of these was a 1974 paper contributed to the Fourth International Symposium of Comparative Criminology, held in Montreal, Quebec. In this study, much mention was made of police sub-cultures which privileged solidarity, possessed a suspicious, paranoid mind-set, a moral conservatism and right-wing political views."
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Zundel, Revisionism and the Media, 2008.
This paper explores the media coverage of the Ernest Zundel revisionist case.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper details the case involving Ernst Zundel's arrests, deportations and finally imprisonment in Germany. The paper examines three mainstream (nominally non-biased) sources and three "alternative" and admittedly biased websites and the differences between how the two sides cover this case. The paper looks at the Daily Times of Maryville, Tennessee, the Times-Colonist of Victoria, B.C. and the Hamilton Spectator by Bill Dunphy. The paper also examines three alternative sites, revisionists.com, www.ihr.com and www.rense.com. The paper discusses how the definition of revisionism is dependent upon the context.
From the Paper
"Ernst Zundel is a German-born writer and political activist, and was a legal resident of Canada for approximately 40 years until his move to the United States in 2000. He was arrested by U.S. immigration authorities in February of 2003 at his home in Tennessee, where he had come to live with his American wife. The basis for the arrest was a technical violation of U.S. immigration regulations, despite the fact that Zundel had no prior criminal record and was in the process of attempting to acquire legal U.S. residency status, in addition to the fact of being married to a U.S. citizen. He was held in custody by U.S. authorities for several weeks before being deported to Canada, at which point he was held in custody by Canadian authorities for two years as a threat to national security (Rimland.)"
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Constitutional Violation in Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discuses the 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution in relationship to law enforcement.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the difference between Constitutional prohibitions and the rights of the citizens. The author points out that all rights belong to the individual, and are delegated to the government by the citizens. The paper relates that the Bill of Rights is not a list of the rights of the citizens but rather prohibitions against the government from taking specific rights away from them. The author states that the 4th Amendment contains restrictions in the use of searches and seizures by law enforcement; the most common violation of this amendment is searching individuals without having a search warrant. The paper tells that a part of the 5th Amendment prohibits self-incrimination as discussed in the case of "Spano v. New York'". The author underscores that the 6th Amendment provides the right to counsel, which is the core argument in the case of "United States v. Wade".
From the Paper
"The victim left the bar, and suspect walked back to his apartment and got his gun. It was then that the suspect went to a local candy store where the victim was known to frequent, that he shot the victim five times. The only witness was a young boy. A week later a grand jury issued a warrant to arrest Spano for the murder of the victim. Two days later Spano surrender himself to the police, and was accompanied by his attorney. The attorney instructed Spano not to answer any of the questions outside his presence. It is after Spano's attorney left when the case takes on the typical television police drama plot."
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Toronto Youth Gangs, Rationales and 'Moral Panic', 2007.
An examination of youth gangs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).
2,044 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the youth gang problem in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper explains that governmental, academic and media sources tend to discuss the gangs only in a social context, ignoring profit motivations centred on the crack cocaine industry. The paper also looks at how youth gang activity in the GTA is more entrenched than a decade ago. The paper stresses how most sources fail to identify the central factor of a crack economy that is most lucrative, notably in academic sources that may present theories and models which fail to consider differences in the crack industry supporting gangs. In conclusion, the paper shows that persons supplying millions in crack to Toronto each year are not victims of troubled identity and membership, bad housing, educational failure or the results of bigotry, but people motivated by profits.
Outline:
Introduction
Extent of Gang Activity
Varied Perceptions
Significant Crime
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Educated opinion indicates a liberal position equating gang membership with poverty, low opportunity or other disadvantage in a now usual rationale given minority members to engage in criminal youth gangs. The public can be unaware of 'white' gang members or gangs without particular ethnic origin or members by no means from deprived backgrounds. The culture of delinquency involves profiting from a deadly dug, as stressed later, though the educated public can seem more concerned by police approaches to youths arrested at younger than 14 or arrests made more often within one community than another. When the Toronto Police Service cracked down on the Crips-back New Born Assassins in the Keele-Eglinton area, in response to violent planned muggings, critics noted that those arrested were mainly 14 to 15 years old, charged with conspiracy to commit an indictable robbery, robbery and disguise with intent to commit an indictable offence; the public can be unclear as to why arrests are made when youths are 'not guilty' of an actual offense."
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Criminal Justice Issues, 2008.
An analysis of criminal justice issues in the United States and an explanation for criminal delinquency.
3,334 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews several criminal justice issues. Specifically, it looks at how crime is measured in the United States, the intersection between criminological theory and the social contract theory, the various key standards of insanity which have persisted in America over time and the evolving role of victims in criminal matters. The paper then concludes by offering up the writer's eclectic theoretical explanation for criminal delinquency and how this can be proved.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice Issues
Issue One
Issue Two
Issue Three
Issue Four
Issue Five
From the Paper
"Punishment and/or treatment programs which should best assist those who have already committed wrongful acts (under my multi-pronged approach) would include remedial education programs, drug treatment programs (where applicable); perhaps programs which teach young people about anger management and relationship skills; and out-reach and mentoring programs with those who have gone down a similar path and turned their lives around. In terms of punishment, I would argue that those who seduce young people into prostitution, who lead them into gangs, and who compel them to engage in felonious conduct are people who should be dealt with most severely."
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in relation to John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the free market global economy has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks at the conflict between the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes and shows how the details of economic global free market systems can identify the problems of 20th century white-collar crime within the discourse of rights and justice-based theory. The paper presents a strategic plan that will address systemic problems that facilitate corporate crime. The paper believes that with a coordinated resolve to fight corporate crime, this is a workable strategy that will improve the situation substantially and prevent a great deal of free market abuse.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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The Steven Truscott Case: Justice, Culture and Social Order, 2008.
An analysis of the Steven Truscott case and its impact on the criminal justice system in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legal issues emerging from the Steven Truscott case of the late 1950s, a case that broke new ground in shaping and shaking popular understandings of the Canadian criminal justice system. Particular attention is focused on social and cultural factors - especially attitudes towards sexuality and media pressure contributing to a rush to convict - as contributing elements to this case. Comparisons are drawn to a similar case in the United States at this time - the Sam Sheppard trial - to illustrate how this situation is not limited to Canadian law but, in fact, reflects wider social and cultural realities. Increasing anti-institutional sentiments in both Canada and the United States have contributed to a revisiting of both cases, sentiments that both cases also played a role in shaping.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Culture and Sexuality
Tunnel Vision and the Issue of Disclosure
The Sheppard Case, Media and Authority
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the major legal problems to emerge from the Truscott trial was one of disclosure or discovery. As the Daum story reveals, the culture of the 1950s - which placed much more faith in the honesty and integrity of law enforcement officials than today -allowed law enforcement officials to effectively bury evidence that may have been of assistance to the Truscott defense. Indeed, it may be argued that cases such as Truscott contributed to an evolution in criminal law in such matters: "Rules of evidence today oblige the Crown and the police to disclose all the relevant information they turn up in the course of their investigations" (Sher 299)."
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Street Gangs, Juvenile Violence, and Drugs, 2005.
An examination of the problem of street gangs, juvenile violence, and drugs, and a suggestion for possible solutions.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gang violence as a multi-generational problem in many communities. Many gangs are decades old, and solutions to the gang violence problem have been sought after for equally as long. The paper explores the structure and roots of gang violence, future trends, and proven solutions to the problem. It concludes that early intervention, as well as providing safe havens for youth at risk in troubled neighborhoods, are valuable tools to help stem the tide of gang violence.
From the Paper
"Gangs undertake a variety of criminal pursuits, and the level of violence that is perpetrated by the gang is directly related to the particular crimes that are committed. The drug trade is the primary involvement of the gangs. Gangs are also involved in intimidation, robbery, and other acts of violence as well. There is an increasing trend among gangs becoming involved in less traditional crimes, and becoming involved in identity theft and credit card fraud. (2005 National Gang Threat Assessment p. 4) The gangs are also becoming involved more and more with organized crime. The organized crime syndicates include the Mexican and South American drug cartels, Russian Organized crime, Asian Crime families, the more recognizable La Cosa Nostra (Mafia) and assorted other group throughout the world. (id p. 6) Gangs are also availing themselves to technology. The technology of choice by the gang members is the push-to-talk cell phone. This is of particular use in coordinating efforts of the individual members regardless of the criminal undertaking. The gangs also make use of the internet, postings on websites to communicate with members and notify them of event dates, as well as boasting of recent illicit activities. (id p.4)"
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Non-Lethal Weapons, 2008.
This paper explores contemporary issues and trends in the use of non-lethal weapons.
3,367 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the heated debate over non-lethal technology. The paper examines the issues of safety, security, liability and effectiveness of non-lethal weapons from the view points of the public, victims and agencies. The paper looks at legal issues of abuse and severity levels of the non-lethal weapons. The paper suggests that the civilian introduction of non-lethal technology needs to be slowed until more research can be done.
From the Paper
"Non-lethal weapons have become a major topic of interest to a great many people as the technology sparking their profusion continues to develop. Not least of all, new weaponry means new legal concerns and new groups pushing their way to the policy-making forefront. The history of such weapons, however, is surprisingly long - even if many of the new tools on the market are extremely recent creations. To wit, "varied weapons technologies" as we understand the term today first emerged en masse in the 1960s and non-lethal tools like tear gas and chemical "irritants" began to muscle their way to the forefront of riot control techniques in the 1960s and 1970s; not to be overlooked, "kinetic energy impact projectiles" took off at around the same time, as well (Davison, 2006, pp.2 and 4)."
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My Neighborhood Watch Group, 2008.
This paper describes a neighborhood watch group and its effectiveness against crime.
1,034 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses his neighborhood watch group in Albany, Georgia. The writer looks at the watch group's aims and the activities that will help the group accomplish its goals. The writer discusses leadership roles and the importance of an effective communication structure. The writer relates that patrolling his neighborhood serves as an effective deterrent to criminal activities.
From the Paper
"In many communities where crime rates are high and the police have been ineffective, concerned citizens have formed neighborhood watch groups in order to identify and report criminal activity. Experience has shown that citizen efforts to patrol their neighborhoods serves as an effective deterrent, for criminals seek out more vulnerable neighborhoods once they see that residents have formed neighborhood watch groups and are taking proactive measures to protect their streets and homes from crime."
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Prison Rape in the U.S., 2008.
This paper provides a perspective of rape in correctional institutions in the United States.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the extent of rapes within the U.S. prison system, with some especial attention being given to the phenomenon of gang rapes. The writer notes that understanding the extent of the problem as well as the major associated risks is an important first step in formulating some procedures by which the number of rapes within corrections institutions can be significantly reduced. The writer points out that it is important to first note that eliminating the rape of prisoners will not come easily. In fact, it is unlikely that the problem will ever be completely eradicated. Nonetheless, the writer maintains that outlining a path that corrections institutions can take in the short-term and the long-term is crucial if any headway is going to be made against the problem.
From the Paper
"Attitudes regarding prison rape in the United States, unfortunately, are not conducive to reducing the incidence of prison rape. The public view the rape of men in prisons as a joke. Gags about dropping the soap in a prison shower are common and only reinforce the assumption that the rape of prisoners, at least men, is acceptable. Many have the attitude that prisoners somehow deserve what they get--after all, they did commit a crime and aren't in prison because they are fully innocent. Additionally, a culture of machismo in the United States contributes to the attitude that men who are raped aren't really men because they weren't able to fend off their attacker. Unfortunately for prisoners, these assumptions and attitudes only increase the possibility that they will have to face sexual assault without any social or institutional recourse. The fact is that victims of prison rape are rarely able to defend themselves, especially in cases of gang rape, when attackers are more numerous and are only too willing to resort to physical violence-even murder-to get what they want."
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What Causes Delinquency?, 2008.
This paper compares and contrasts the social control and self control criminological theories.
931 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the social control theory depicts social institutions and society as major contributors to delinquency, which are reinforced by the criminals' environment or social construct in a positivistic perspective. The paper further explains how contrary to this, the self-control theory defines the early childhood development of a delinquent as reinforcing an internal sense of identity, which manifests itself into criminal behaviors outside of social bonding.
From the Paper
"The theorizations of Jack P. Gibbs can best help to explain a comparison and contrast of the Social Control Theory and that of the Self-Control Theory in criminology. Gibbs helped to construct a theorization on the nature of Social Control Theory that has been centered on the positivism of Strain theory, as well as Conflict Theory in relation to the role of delinquency and crime. Gibbs (1994) defines social controls through the medium of "homicide" as a criminal example of deviant delinquent behavior is affected by social organizations, such as the criminal justice system as a third party "mediator" that often dictates the way they judge social norms in regards to crime (p.49). In this manner, social control is dictated by the reaction of the justice system in relation to occurrence of crimes in relation to the reoccurrence of the conflict between victim and aggressor."
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Ethics and the Correctional System, 2008.
A review of an article by Laurel J. Sweet "Sheriff's Hire to Weed out Troublemakers".
797 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews an article penned by Laurel J. Sweet, "Sheriff's Hire to Weed out Troublemakers" and focuses on the benefits of having both a written code of ethics in place and a strong leadership able to enforce that code. The paper discusses how a code of ethics protects the department from lengthy appeals that frustrate efforts to get nefarious individuals out of the force. The paper also explains how strong leadership can prompt subordinates to follow the code or at least not hold its tenets in contempt.
From the Paper
"The importance of a written code of ethics can scarcely be exaggerated - in any professional setting, but especially in one as important (and where power balances can be as great) as the correctional system of the United States. In her article, "Sheriff's Hire to Weed out Troublemakers," Laurel J. Sweet writes about the 2003 decision of Suffolk County sheriff, Andrea J. Cabral, to hire former Suffolk District Deputy Chief of District Courts, Viktor Theiss, to "cultivate" the resources and techniques necessary to "weed out" members of the local correctional services population who are committing policy violations to outright criminal acts - such as drug peddling to sexual exploitation of prisoners."
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Recidivism and Corrections, 2008.
This paper discusses recidivism and the correction system in the United States.
1,167 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the high recidivism rates in the United States and looks at what this says about the nations' correctional system. Specifically, the paper argues that the emphasis has too often been upon punishment and not nearly enough upon rehabilitation and re-integration. As a result, the writer maintains that a distressingly low number of inmates are receiving the therapeutic intervention they need and many more are not receiving the skills development they need, either. This must change if recidivism is to drop appreciably.
From the Paper
"Recidivism among those exiting the United States correctional system is a serious problem for a host of reasons. For one thing, if the state has devoted billions of dollars towards cutting down crime rates by incarcerating dangerous offenders only to have those same individuals re-offend upon release, then the monies set towards housing them in institutions has been, for all intents and purposes, wasted. Furthermore, high recidivism rates (especially among violent offenders) means greater risk for the general public and that means fear, general misunderstanding, and an overwhelmingly negative public perception of the correctional system in the United States. Unfortunately, public fears about the relative inefficacy of the correctional system appear to be well-founded in America."
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Crime in New Jersey and in the United States, 2007.
An examination of the prison system and crime in New Jersey and in the United States.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the activities of state authorities in relation to crime in New Jersey and in the United States. The paper explains that in recent years crime rates in New Jersey have dropped significantly, but the prison population, and its costs, have increased and the key reason is that New Jersey (like many other jurisdictions) uses incarceration to address drug problems. The paper points out that there are alternatives to full-scale incarceration that would save the state of New Jersey substantial sums which are now being spent on maintaining a prison system that is built to guard New Jersey from a threat that does not exist.
Outline:
Introduction
Part I: Recent Crime Statistics
Part II: Recent Legislation
Part III: Victims Assistance Programs
Part IV: Correctional Options
Part V: Three Strikes Laws
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are two criminal justice systems in the United States: the state system and the federal system. When a person commits a crime, it may be a crime against the laws of the United States; it may be a crime against the laws of the state in which the crime occurs. Violations of the criminal laws of the United States ("federal crimes") are prosecuted by the United States through the U.S. Attorney in each state. Violations of the laws of a given state are prosecuted by the various officials of the state. While the two systems work cooperatively, they do not course over."
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in light of John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of white-collar crime in relation to the free market global economy, which has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks closely at the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes that explain free market abuses. The paper concludes that although Keynesian regulatory theories provide a strong groundwork for a justice and rights based system of rules to control and balance free market economies, the lack of government enforcement through the private sector allows corporate criminals to go unpunished.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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Presents for Police, 2008.
This paper reviews an article by Tom Bailey "Top Local Cops Don't See Freebies as Problem", which discusses the practice of granting gratuities to law enforcement officials.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines an article from the Memphis,Tennessee "Commercial Appeal" that discusses the ethics behind the issuing of gratuities to police officers. The paper looks at the attitudes of those who favor discounts and other "perks" for officers and those who argue against such privileges. The paper is of the opinion that public monies should be set aside towards paying police officers the salaries they deserve.
From the Paper
"Without question, the acceptance of gratuities by police officers has been a matter of growing concern in recent years - although a case can certainly be made that the specter of police corruption has always been a hot topic for discussion among policy-makers and among the general public. A recent article appearing in the Memphis, Tennessee's, Commercial Appeal, begins by noting an incident wherein a police deputy was offered (and presumably took) a hefty discount after eating at a local Memphis restaurant. The rationale behind the practice of granting gratuities, apparently, is that local businesses, eateries and stores are more than happy to give officers "a little extra" if it means that they will be more likely to patronize a particular establishment with all of the accoutrements (gun, badge and radio) of their trade."
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