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The Legalization of Prostitution, 2008.
This paper discusses the negative social repercussions of legalizing prostitution within the United States.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the premise of the argument against legalizing prostitution within the United States rests on the devaluation of female identity within society as women will be promoted as mere objects of male sexual aggression and patriarchal institutions. The author points out that the basis for arguing against the legalization of prostitution revolves around the issue of what is moral in society in regards to the law. The paper relates that proponents for legalization often cite ideological reasons for allowing a regulatory governing body to control underage victimization of female prostitutes; however, this will not end the cycles of abuse. The paper concludes that a more matriarchal construct to regulation, which allows women of a mature age to freely choose their profession, might be realistic, but the current patriarchic governments would not provide these regulations within the framework of legalization.
From the Paper
"This point of view from opposing countries defines how women in government act as agents that defy the premise that legalization will only help the condition of female prostitutes that are supposedly being supported by the government. The reality of German prostitution is that government is turning away from regulation, as can be seen in the sex booths provided at the World Cup by the German government. If this is a form of regulation, then the often victimized and kidnapped women from foreign countries being allowed at German events is a premonition of what conditions might be like for lower class and disenfranchised women in the United States."
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Sex Workers in Canada, 2008.
An examination of how the sex trade in Canada was viewed in the first half of the 20th century.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay takes a look at the issue of prostitution in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper points out that, in more recent years, theorists have increasingly begun to frame prostitution as a social issue, and as an occupation forced on marginalized, poverty-stricken people. However, in earlier times, it was more common to frame prostitution as a moral issue, or as a law enforcement issue. The paper ultimately attempts to show how the failure to suppress prostitution was directly linked to the failure to understand it, which in turn was based on a sexist inability to conceptualize women as subjects making choices, due to extenuating socioeconomic circumstances.
From the Paper
"Nilsen notes that in the period 1906 to 1917, most local residents of Vancouver perceived prostitutes as nothing but blight on the city, and a negative influence on property values. Unlike national reformers, they failed to see prostitutes as women for whom they should feel pity. They failed to perceive them as victims of pimps, or as victims of socioeconomic circumstances. Their response to prostitution was to draw up petitions to have it removed by stringent law enforcement. On the other hand, the National Council of Women, which in other respects was a philanthropic organization, saw the solution to prostitution as being moral education and tougher laws (Nilsen, 1980). It is suggested that, as the members of that esteemed council were all middle class women, they had never been in the situation of having to feed themselves or their children on nothing but "moral education." What is interesting to note is that although both residents and the National Council of Women were coming at the matter from different perspectives, both had a touching faith that laws could remove the problem."
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Punishment, 2008.
A discussion of the current criminal justice system, based mainly on retribution as opposed to restoration and reform.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how many criminologists have expressed doubt or downright condemnation regarding the current criminal justice system, which is one based on retribution. The paper claims that a new framework for criminal redress is necessary. It points out that proponents of change for the criminal justice system typically point to restorative approaches for future framework. It questions whether this means a complete rejection of punishment as a means for redress. It also examines the views of those who believe that "punishment" is subjective and should be part of restorative criminal approaches in some shape or form. To conclude, the paper postures that justice may work best when it utilizes aspects of both restorative and retributive approaches.
From the Paper
"As remorse is the only means through criminals can express regret over their actions and refrain from repeating them, it is these objects which many theorists have in mind in their ideal of criminal justice. However, as Pepinsky notes, emotions such as remorse may be fabricated (ibid, p. 279). Obedience to punishment does not make one "responsible and empathic" because one must "have to have confidence in the value and legitimacy of (one's own) feelings and needs" (ibid, p. 283). Restorative justice proponents such as Pepinsky recommend a course of empathy, communication and round-table style conversation in addressing criminality, much in the way of more traditional societies such as the Navajo people (ibid, p. 287). Here the airing of grievances settles and restores all involved members, including the community, whereas Western society's modern attitude of obedience is a case of "choosing whose voices get to be heard as against others" (ibid, p. 291)."
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The Toronto Drug Treatment Court, 2008.
This paper is an extensive discussion of the Toronto drug treatment court (DTC), a successful adult drug diversion program.
4,615 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Toronto drug treatment court (DTC), a diversion program, has been a response to a Canadian normative criminal justice system that does not approach the underlying problem of addiction. The author points out that diversion programs, such as DTCs, are ways to interrupt the continuum of incarceration now associated with offenses created by the drug culture. The paper relates that the conventional criminal justice system offers little or nothing to counteract addiction beyond a possible referral to a treatment center, which usually brings no results. The author underscored that the Toronto DTC has a 4% recidivism rate as compared to a 45% recidivism rate of persons charged with drug-related offenses who do not pursue treatment diversion. The paper states that the cost-benefit analysis underscores the savings to the taxpayer.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Toronto Drug Treatment Court
Suitable Offenders
Making an Honest Effort
The Rights of the Offender
Benefits
Challenges to Expanding Drug Diversion Programs
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"The Toronto Drug Treatment Court is located in the Old City Hall complex as is thought to be Canada's busiest court house, a place to be experienced for its many mainly poor Canadians to appear, its old fashioned premises and the main venue of the city's Aboriginal Diversion (Gladue) Court. On two visits to Drug Treatment Court, it was observed that the atmosphere is civil and collaborative. Judges spoke in a direct humane manner to offenders unlike what was observed in other criminal court settings. Support workers from agencies and volunteer groups, including former graduates of the Court, were present."
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Memorandum of Law Re: Paula Tall, 2008.
This paper is a formal memorandum of law about the potential criminal, tort and contract claims by client Paula Tall, who was said to be raped by a famous athlete and then fired by him and the resort.
6,875 words (approx. 27.5 pages), 74 sources, MLA, $ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper is written by the author as the associate reporting his or her legal research to the senior partners about the client Paula Tall, a licensed physical therapist at physical rehabilitation resort, who was assigned to do therapeutic work with a famous athlete. The author reports that, after two days of therapy, the athlete offered Ms. Tall a contract for a job as his personal therapist, which she accepted. The paper continues to relate the facts of an inconsistent report of rape and her subsequent firings. The author presents questions and answers to (1) what crimes, if any, might the famous athlete be charged with and the prospects for conviction, (2) what actions in tort might be brought against him and the prospects for recovery and (3) whether the "contract" which he gave to Ms. Tall is enforceable and to what extent. The paper includes an extensive discussion of cases relating to the author's research.
Table of Contents:
Facts
Questions Presented
Answer
Discussion
Criminal Charges
Civil Torts
Contract
From the Paper
"There is no requirement that the victim of a sexual assault resist. The Texas statute defining criminal sexual assault focuses the fact that the victim is compelled, not her resistance. Hernandez v. State, 804 S.W.2d 168 (Tex. App. 1991). Further, consent must be given freely. If consent was produced by a threat against the victim, consent is negated, and the resulting act remains a criminal sexual assault. Cavazos v. State, 668 S.W.2d 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Further, in evaluating the validity of consent, the relative strength of the parties can be considered."
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Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras, 2008.
A comprehensive description of the creation of a true experiment for the use of stationary cameras in a high-risk crime area.
3,241 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper, broken down into five parts, describes the creation of a true experiment to examine the use of stationary cameras in crime prone areas. All elements are included, explained and discussed. The author also includes discussions related to data gathered, the test instrument itself and the validity and reliability of the results. The forth section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional, panel and trend designs and which is most effective. Finally, in the fifth section, the writer presents a discussion of the relationship among the various concepts explained in the text.
Outline:
Part 1 - Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras
True Experiment Requirements
Design of the Experiment
Abstract
Comparison Groups
Variation in the Independent Variable
Random Assignment
Conclusion
Part 2 - Create a Test Instrument
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Part 3 - Validity and Reliability of Survey
Validity
Reliability
Part 4 - Cross-Sectional, Panel and Trend Designs
From the Paper
"One of the ways to determine the causal impact of certain conditions upon social groups it through the use of "True Experiments". True Experiments contain at least three elements, being: at least two comparison group, an experimental group and the control group; before the measuring of change in the dependent variable, a variation must be made in the independent variable; and, members of the comparison groups are randomly assigned (Schutt, 2006, p.201). These elements are important in determining the causal mechanism and controlling the experiment."
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Reduction of Gun Violence in Toronto, 2008.
This paper discusses social action versus stricter gun laws towards the reduction of gun violence in Toronto.
2,345 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that gun violence in Toronto seems to have grown as a matter of public concern in recent years in response to a number of highly publicized incidents of gun violence. One of the most commonly proposed solutions to this problem is stricter gun laws. However, the writer points out that many have argued that stricter gun laws in isolation could not remedy this problem. This essay examines this issue with reference to the source of the weapons, systemic racism and class and social factors that contribute to Toronto's gun problem. The thesis is argued that stricter gun control laws/policies will not reduce gun violence in Toronto unless the above three factors are also addressed. Beginning with a description of the nature of the problem itself, this paper shows how there needs to be a multi-pronged effort at federal, provincial and municipal levels to address the underlying root causes that fuel gun violence in Toronto.
Outline:
Introduction
Gun Violence in Toronto - The Myth and the Reality
The Sources of Guns in Toronto
Gun Violence and Systemic Racism in Toronto
Social and Class Support
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In dealing with the question of gun violence in Toronto it is first necessary to define the parameters of the problem. To do this we must attempt to distinguish between the myths and the reality of gun violence in Toronto.
"The current concern with gun violence in Toronto stems from 2005 when 58 people were slain by firearms in Toronto, out of a total of 84 murders in the city that year. The concern with the violent use of firearms stems not only from the perception - as these numbers would suggest - that guns are increasingly used in acts of violence in Toronto, but that the profile of gun violence has also changed. The media designated the summer of 2005 as Toronto's "Summer of the Gun" and the year concluded with a Boxing Day gun fight between rival gangs near the crowded Yonge and Dundas intersection that killed 19 year old female bystander, and injured six others."
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The Proper Balance of Power in Democracies, 2008.
This paper discusses the balance of power as it relates to the judiciary in Canada.
2,414 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
Some political observers argue that the balance of power between the legislature and the judiciary resides with the judiciary in Canada - a troubling assertion for those who feel unelected officials should not hold that kind of sway over the political process. In the view of this writer, such an argument is undoubtedly correct. With that uppermost in mind, this article looks at why it may be said that Canadian judges wield sweeping powers. From there, the paper turns to examine the arguments raised by at least one prominent Canadian academic who feels strongly that judges should use the considerable powers of their position to promote the creation of a Canada more in keeping with the notions of equality and inclusiveness that Canada allegedly stands for. The writer concludes by looking at how justices now see themselves in Canada, how the Charter entrenchment of certain rights has expanded their legislative role and what implications their prominent place in the democratic process offers for interest groups and citizens' groups. The writer maintains that the proper balance of power in a democracy should be one in which judges interpret the law rather than make it via prescriptive measures, but laments whether this will ever happen in Canada.
From the Paper
"Other academics, while appearing to share Dr. Greene's view that justices should play a key role in the shaping and formulation of Canadian law, nonetheless bristle at any suggestion that Canada's judiciary has been assertive in resisting the non-democratic or authoritarian impulses of Parliament - at least in some notable cases that have sweeping implications for all Canadians. For instance, L.E. Weinrib writes in 1994 that Canada's Supreme Court justices caved in to the legislature (and possibly to public pressure, as well) when they decided to reject Sue Rodriguez's request that she be allowed to die via assisted suicide. Of especial importance - at least to Ms. Weinrib - the majority of the Supreme Court read Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as enshrining the sanctity of human life and not as an expression of an individual's right to be an autonomous decision-maker in a free society."
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Wrongful Convictions, 2008.
This paper discusses the problem of wrongful convictions in the criminal justice system especially in Canada and specifies two cases.
2,835 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that the criminal justice system is a form of theater in its subjective flourishes, which can very much alter what happens to the accused. The author points out that an innocent person can be falsely convicted and spend years in a correctional institution based on his looks and behaviors. The paper relates that Stephen Truscott's wrongful conviction demonstrates the absurdity of what can go wrong when an innocent man refuses to confess to a crime he did not commit. The author underscores that the issue of wrongful accusation and conviction points to possible errors by the police, the courts and the handling of evidence. The paper urges that this issue should be examined in the context of Canadian civil culture, which disdains the criminal, especially in cases where the accused is allegedly responsible for sexual offenses and homicides involving children.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Stephen Truscott's Failure to Demonstrate Remorse
Culture and Criminality
The Wrongful Conviction of Guy Paul Morin
Implications
From the Paper
"In October of 1984, Morin was falsely accused of the still unsolved sex murder of 9 year-old Christine Jessop, his next-door neighbor" in Queensville, Ontario. Morin was then aged 25. When Jessop was reported missing, the Durham Regional Police responded and questioned members of the Morin family. It was observed that Guy Paul Morin showed no reaction, looking ahead, as was noted by police as suspicious. This reaction however is seen as one of several typical if unexpected reactions to police questioning, part of what Gudjonsson analyzed as part of the psychology of interrogations, of all kinds, as may produce extreme evasion or non-acceptance that a crime has taken place, as well as unwanted false confessions."
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Non-Urban Youth Gangs, 2008.
A look at the problem of North American non-urban areas and youth gangs
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that youth gangs can be considered small businesses that serve larger lucrative operations. It shows how an exploration of increased youth gang activity in non-metropolitan areas of North America allows a glimpse of a broader criminal industry centered on front-line drug commodities but also on real estate speculation, fraud, mobility, branch plants, franchises and territories claimed by networks of which youth gangs are a visible symptom.
Outline:
Introduction
Gang Networks
Enforcement Approaches
Discussion
From the Paper
" A Royal Canadian Mounted Police summary noted the need to examine organized crime and gang trends, as opposed to incidents of youth crime in North America and also Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala as a 20-year phenomenon. (2006) Gangs surface in hinterland, non-metropolitan areas for logical reasons. In Canada, the shift to crystal methamphetamine marketing features demand for rural laboratory sites and preparing Crystal Meth requires supplies of anhydrous ammonia, a common farm fertilizer, so that Manitoba farmers are now told how to guard fertilizer supplies in the presence of dozens of small 'invisible labs'. Motorcycle gangs or other organized criminal networks, as far away as Eastern Europe, need to be understood as the foundation of gangs in all parts of North America. "
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Gun Violence in Toronto, 2008.
An analysis of the sociological issues resulting in gun violence in Toronto and how they can be addressed.
1,632 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper describes what is happening in regard to the issue of gun violence in Toronto and its sociological ramifications. It shows that the problem is a domestic problem and is indicative of underlying social problems in Toronto that need to be addressed. Finally, the paper briefly discusses ways that the sociological issues resulting in gun violence can be addressed.
From the Paper
"Clearly, what is needed is to look at the sociological, systemic factors that are un-knitting the social fabric of Toronto, and start to fix things. This will be much more constructive than simply blaming the USA! A first step would be to increase public expenditure on the poor, raise welfare, and spend much more on affordable housing. And at root, perhaps it is time to honestly acknowledge that globalization, free trade and neoliberalism are not panaceas that will solve all social problems - indeed, they may in fact cause some terrible problems, including tragedies such as innocent young Torontonians being shot dead in broad daylight."
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Aggressive Behavior and Violent Video Games, 2008.
A analysis of three studies addressing aggressive behaviour and violent video games.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines studies pertaining to violent video games as encouragers of aggressive behaviour. The paper explains that these studies take different approaches to the same mechanism that much previous research has asserted to exist between young people who play violent video games and observable aggression expressed in their thinking and self-expression or behaviour. The writer points out that one paper was found to be more thoughtful, varied, less reductive and more generative of new questions than the others towards reflection on what studies of this variety can produce in terms of useful or stimulating information. The writer then looks at how all three studies indicate the sway in psychology of what previous studies have found in numbers, in studies of varying quality or small differences seeming to be unanimous in correlating violent video games and user aggression. The writer concludes that many studies addressing violent video games in relation to aggression obviously point to an unspoken question as to why such aggression of sometimes very serious forms is demonstrated by many persons in North America - a society that has attained one of the highest standards of living, ever seen.
From the Paper
"A comment is made on violent media as known to produce aggressive behaviour according to various studies of different kinds. The conclusion repeats the introduction's statement on violent video games perhaps inducing automatic aggressive associations of the self. However, the reader is never quite sure what aggressive associations of the self are. One presumes that a student of a certain age has enough insight to report that, yes, he or she is aware of feeling angry or 'wired up' after interacting with a violent video game, but this need mean very little. Perhaps a student having had a difficult morning or a delayed trip to school would report that he or she also felt aggressive, or a student having had to deal with an intense, unpleasant experience of another kind. Again, is aggression anger, or anger expressed outwardly, or annoyance?"
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A Study Comparison, 2008.
A comparison of the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant survey and the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper compares the Los Angeles Police Department's West Point Leadership Program Participant survey to the Examination of Racial Profiling Data in Large Metropolitan Area study. The paper examines the type of study units used, the type of data gathered and whether the study was experimental, quasi-experimental or non-experimental. The paper compares the internal and external validity of the studies and examines if the studies met the requirements for randomness and applicability to the general population.
Outline:
Abstract
Units of Analysis
Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Design
Experimental, Quasi-Experimental or Non-experimental Design
Internal Validity
External Validity
Randomness
Generalizable to a Larger Population
From the Paper
"The researchers in the WPLP Survey used individual surveys to gather data on the perceived success of leadership training for command officers in the various police departments as offered by the Los Angeles Police Department. The gathering of individual surveys, collecting and analyzing data from individuals is an example of researchers using individual units of analysis (Jenks, Carter Jenks& Correia, 2006 p.56). The Profile Data research involved gathering data from traffic stops conducted in several large metropolitan areas to find evidence of racial profiling. There were approximately 540,000 individual traffic stop incidents (Joiner, 2006, p.73). Although data was gathered on the individuals involved in the traffic stops, this data was part of a large review of the traffic stop incident records of the different police departments of the large metropolitan areas, thus the units of analysis was group units."
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A Restorative Justice System, 2008.
This paper explores the need for a restorative justice system to take the place of the existing criminal justice system.
2,746 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why the public seems to have low levels of confidence and trust in the justice system and the extent to which community residents participate in justice initiatives. The paper examines the potential and the limits of restorative justice as a mechanism and discusses increasing community and citizen involvement in the justice process. The paper clearly shows the evidence that approaches to justice in our modern Western society are ineffective. The paper explains how the criminal justice system ignores the public's role in addressing crime, and thus alienates the community. The paper concludes that future approaches to justice should revolve around a restorative system as opposed to a criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction: The General Public and the Criminal Justice System
Why the Public Seems to Have Low Levels of Confidence and Trust
in the Justice System
The Extent to Which Community Residents Participate in Justice
Initiatives
The Potential and the Limits of Restorative Justice as a Mechanism
For Increasing Community and Citizens' Involvement in the Justice Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Evidence shows that public confidence and trust in the criminal justice system is low. In Canada, a recent survey revealed that most citizens were dissatisfied with the government's response to crime, even though they found no fault with the police themselves (p. 64). It appears to be the criminal justice system itself that dissatisfies the public. Canadian citizens are dissatisfied with the performance of the criminal court, the prison system, and, in particular, the parole system (ibid). The same findings tend to be replicated in studies of other Western countries, such as the U.S. and Europe (p. 65)."
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Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Programs, 2008.
An examination of juvenile delinquency prevention programs and their potential for success.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews three levels of juvenile delinquency prevention: the primary level of creating safe environments, the secondary level of addressing those at risk and the tertiary level of bringing youths back from the brink after they have become involved in the juvenile justice system. The paper outlines the available programs at all three levels of prevention and their possible potential for success. The paper also explains the primary causes of juvenile delinquency and possible solutions.
Outline:
Abstract
Part 1 - Delinquency Prevention Theory
Part 2 - Delinquency Prevention Programs
From the Paper
"The comprehensive approach to preventing, correcting and resolving juvenile delinquency is divided into three levels to more specifically address the complex nature of the problem. Each level corresponds to the escalating level of youth's risk of or actual involvement in illegal activities. These increasing levels of intervention are designed to address particular risks factors for the juveniles, with the ultimate goal of keeping the youth out of the criminal justice system.
"The primary prevention level addresses the root causes, conditions and environmental factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency before the youth is part of the problem. The much agreed upon approach is to assist the youth before they are involved in illegal activity. These early intervention programs can range from those that directly address the individual to information programs designed to reach the general public at large. Programs designed to meet the needs of the individual are often school based educational programs, but also can be after-school safe harbor programs. The programs fall into the categories of either educational, recreational or community involvement. The educational programs are designed to provide information for both the youths in the community and the parents. Recreational activities are designed to occupy the hours after school where many youths are unsupervised. The Department of Education reports that youths are most likely to become involved in crime between the hours of 2 pm to 8 pm, with the peak rate at 3 pm ("Juvenile Delinquency Prevention," n.d.). These recreational activities have the additional benefit of creating positive friendships that can be of assistance in later years. The programs may include sports, music, drama, karate, and other such group activities. Community involvement programs include such groups as Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, church youth groups and other youth volunteer groups. These types of group programs provide a much needed connection for some youths that may feel isolated, and creates ties with the community that also prevents involvement in illegal activity."
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Creating a New Trust, 2008.
This paper discusses creating a new trust between the Canadian police and Aboriginal women of Canada.
2,046 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Aboriginal women in Canada suffer a long-standing distrust of Canadian police that compromises their safety and citizenship. The writer notes that like all Canadians, First Nations women need police support to deter violence and injustice against them. If they cannot turn to the police, a fundamental democratic right that they are entitled to is not functioning properly. The writer points out that this problem has been written about by Aboriginal women's groups, Canadian policing organizations, and even Amnesty International. The writer maintains that the mainstream Canadian police continue to fail Aboriginal women because they lack the imagination necessary to conquer the problems that Aboriginal women face. Or, perhaps provincial police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have a good idea, but they lack the courage to employ it. The writer concludes that in either case, all Canadian citizens would benefit from new police initiatives that work for everyone.
From the Paper
"It is exceptionally difficult, even in mainstream Canadian society, for a woman to extricate herself from a situation of domestic abuse. This requires financial and legal support. It means walking away from someone she once loved, or may still love. It means turning your life upside down while working with the police to ensure her safety. This is critical: without police support, a woman is open to harassment and assaults from not just her former spouse, but from anyone."
"But what if she distrusts the police? What if the police are, in her view, just another brutal gang that may well take advantage of her? A woman in peril cannot be expected to choose the protection of an untrustworthy bunch of thugs over the thug she intends to extricate herself from. That would be compounding her problem, rather than reducing it. As one Aboriginal writer noted in The Manitoban Online, even Native women who had been severely brutalized by family members still felt less safe when police were seen on the reservation."
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Theories of Crime, 2008.
This paper compares the Marxist perspective of crime with the left realist view.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how the Marxist perspective of crime reveals vastly different ideals when compared to the left realist view of crime. The paper discusses how they are both conflict-oriented theories of crime and both have aspects which are at once compelling and unconvincing. The paper concludes that overall, left realism seems more suited to the analysis of crime in today's global society.
Outline:
Introduction
Marxist Approach to Crime
The Left Realist Approach to Crime
The Two Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Under the Marxian Critique of Criminal Justice, the fact under capitalist law is "exchange". The economic relation between the two bodies of an exchange is not a relation of wills, but merely the response of an economic exchange. There is utter freedom in the exchange, making it a free exchange. Crime occurs when coercive measures intercede, and the exchange involves capitalist ownership and worker ownership - an imbalance that is rectified by legislation (Reimen, 2003, p. 180). The law, in Marx's opinion, averages out the commonalities of exchange; and it is applied thusly, not on an individual case basis. According to Marx, criminal law remedy typically involves punishment in response to heinous action. Crime is the result of a violation of a normal exchange, whereby one's property (including his or her body) is violated. In response, the law is equalizing in that working classes and ruling classes are held equally accountable. Punishment matches the crime, and punishment is only allowable when the transgression was committed freely."
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Judicial Discretion in Cases of Sexual Abuse, 2008.
A discussion on limiting judicial discretion to admit evidence in cases of sexual abuse of youngsters.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the subject of judicial discretion, specifically as it was applied by the United States Supreme Court in "Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995)". In that case, a majority of the court ruled that reports of prior consistent statements made by the victim of sexual assault were inadmissible unless they occurred prior to any incident drawing the victim's credibility into question. The paper contends that the dissent in Tome presented a more reasonable position, giving the trial judge more discretion in admitting evidence of this sort. To conclude, the paper notes that the states have not invariably followed Tome.
From the Paper
"In Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995), the Supreme Court considered a case which turned on an issue of judicial discretion. Matthew Tome was charged and convicted of felony sexual abuse of a child, his daughter who was four years old when the abuse occurred. Tome had primary custody of the child, A.T., during the 1989-90 school year; Tome's wife had custody during the summer of 1990. In August, the mother contacted police, alleging that A.T. had been sexually abused. The prosecution alleged that A.T. had been abused during the school year; the defense contended that the story was concocted to prevent Tome from retaining custody. (The matter was tried in federal rather than state court because the abuse allegedly occurred on a Navajo reservation.) (513 U.S. at 152)."
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Credibility of Eyewitness Testimony, 2008.
A discussion of the reliability of eyewitness testimonies in the conviction of criminals.
2,410 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews research into eyewitness identification credibility. It points out that, with the advent of DNA testing, many innocent people that were convicted primarily on eyewitness testimonies, have been exonerated of their crimes. The paper also adds that the courts are very suspect of expert testimonies by psychologists, and precedent is strongly in favor of limiting this type of testimony. The courts are in favor of letting the jury determine the accuracy of witnesses, not having psychologists testify as to their believability. The paper concludes that though there is research on both sides of the issue, there is clearly a need for additional research.
From the Paper
"The research conducted by Ebbensen and Konecni go directly to these most vital aspects of the criminal justice system in the paper entitled "Eyewitness Memory Research: Probative v. Prejudicial Value". The conflict between psychology and the legal system appears at an impasse. The legal system thrives on eyewitness or first hand knowledge of events, it is at its very Constitutional foundation. Psychologists have made numerous scientific inquiries into the fundamental unreliability of memory and how memories can be tainted by prior events and by subsequent events. Memories fade, but nobody is sure how fast this occurs, and if there is a practical way to measure it. The legal system depends on facts presented to juries to arrive at justice, psychologists have generated numerous studies to present the facts of human memory, yet the courts rarely allow this testimony into the courtroom. In the Libby case, the core of the case was the reliability of Libby's memory when recounting events to federal investigators. Libby was accused of lying to the federal investigators, and was prepared to offer scientific evidence of his poor memory. The judge in the case excluded the testimony, again citing the Daubert rule, not wanting a psychologist to tell the jury how to rule on the guilt or innocence of Libby (Erickson, 2007, n.p.)."
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