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Nigger, 2004.
Discusses the origins of the word "nigger".
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the origins of the word "nigger" and the evolution of the meaning of the word that has taken place over time. The paper points out that, originally, the term had no negative connotations; the negative implications of the word came later. Also discussed is the contemporary meaning of the word and how, when used among the African-American population, it is a term of endearment.
From the Paper
"The origin of the word "nigger" comes from the Latin for black, niger. Originally, there was no derogatory intention involved; it was simply a designation of a different color of skin (English, 2003). Unfortunately, it didn't stay "just a word" for long, and it began to be used as a racial slur by people who believed that African-Americans weren't much better than apes. There was a time, not all that long ago, when the word "nigger" was the worst kind of slang. It was demeaning, rude, and offensive, and it was used when people who were not African-American wanted to put down those that were."
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Marc D. Hauser?s "Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think", 2003.
An insightful analysis of the book from this writer's perspective.
2,477 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper is based on the book, "Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think", by Marc D. Hauser. The book is introduced, then followed by a review and discussion of the book as it applies to this writer?s personal experiences. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Hauser says that animals are much like people in their quest for as much information about the world around them as possible: In one of Rudyard Kipling's charming short stories, he tells us about an elephant child with insatiable curiosity, an elephant who asked so many questions that his relatives spanked him. . . . Although animals may not be as curious as Kipling's elephant child, they are active informavores, digesting and storing relevant information in the service of guiding behavior? (3). In a footnote, Hauser adds that the term, ?informavore,? was coined to describe the ?voracity with which we seem to acquire and seek out information? (259). Since we all live in a hostile environment which is far from sterile, it just makes sense that animals and people alike will try to learn as much about their environment as possible to maximize the chances for survival. It is important for some people, for example, to know if there is a job opportunity opening up in the business next door or a bear in that cave, just as it is important to know where the pollen and nectar are for bees. No surprises there. But just how -- how do animals perceive the world around them?"
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Voiceprint Analysis in Forensic Science, 2003.
This paper reviews the beginnings, technologies, courtroom procedures, and results from the analytical technique, "voiceprint analysis."
2,814 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
Voiceprint analysis is the technique, method, and interpretation of listening and visualizing one's voice, usually a known person, comparing that information to a voice sample of a suspect or victim involved with a crime, and coming to a conclusion of whether or not that voice does indeed match the known voice and to what degree of certainty does this analysis conclude. Techniques of the human voice can be cataloged onto a two or three-dimensional surface to be compared among suspects. The court has not always allowed this type of analysis because of testing and proficiency differences among expert witnesses.
From the Paper
"More than one hundred years ago, Alexander Melville Bell, father to the better-known Alexander Graham Bell, believed that someone could be identified by the sound of his or her voice. This theory was put into practice by creating visual representations of spoken words in graph form. When gathering data from different participants, Bell observed and documented that all the participants, although saying the same word and each word followed a distinct pattern, had slight variations. By 1942, different telephone and voice laboratories were able to create a specific device to map ones voice onto a chart or graph. This device, the sound spectrograph, had the ability to construct a physical record of voice patterns derived from frequency, time, and intensity, by evaluating sound waves. This technology (first actively used during World War II in an attempt to identify and monitor enemy transmissions and communications) was not used in conjunction with the judiciary system for suspect identification purposes until 1962-1963, when first put to use in an FBI lab. The FBI needed a new technique to identify specific voice patterns and although Bell had his methods, there was no set method while the methods used had variable accuracy. Therefore, the FBI commissioned Lawrence Kersta to design a specific method in voiceprint analysis. After two years and 50,000 individual voice samples utilized, he designed and created a technique that had an acclaimed 99.65% accuracy."
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Reading, 2003.
A study of the impact of rhythm sensitivity and laterality on reading ability.
1,538 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how many researchers identify dyslexia as a specific and significant impairment in reading abilities which is unrelated to other general or particular abilities. The present study is intended to indicate whether reading ability is significantly correlated with laterality, a hemisphere fixation that causes a weakness in the ability to associate a letter and its sound, and perception of the rhythm in sounds as possible causes and core difficulties in pathogenesis of dyslexia.
From the Paper
"Dyslexia denotes significant difficulty in language function which affects the learning process in one or more of reading, spelling and writing. Accompanying weaknesses may be identified in areas of spoken language, motor skills, short-term memory, auditory and/or visual perception and sequencing. This disorder is manifested despite conventional instruction, adequate intellectual capacity, socio-economic and/or cultural background and general motivation (?What is Dyslexia??, 1999)."
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Functional Grammar, 2003.
An application of the Register and Genre Theory to spoken and written texts.
9,629 words (approx. 38.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 196.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the grammar of a spoken and written version of a similar recipe using Functional Linguistics ideologies. It focuses on the application of the Register and Genre Theory by J. R. Martin and Suzanne Eggins and the differences between the texts.
Introduction
Clause Complexes
Embeddings
Field
Tenor
Mode
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In general, as many linguists have discovered, written text differs from spoken text in various number of ways. Spoken text often include interpersonal interjections and unstructured clauses with embeddings that pile on top of one after another while written text is quite the opposite with less or none interpersonal themes and are more formal, structured and dense. Employing these criteria, texts have been categorized into various genres. The two texts we are about to analyze are that of written and spoken versions of a similar recipe though they do not seem to belong to a similar genre or even the general genre of simply spoken and written texts as they display quite a different set of clause structures and therefore warrants them to be classified into differing genres."
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Parts of Speech, 2002.
An essay looking at the classification of words into parts of speech and the possible reasoning behind them.
2,106 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This essay evaluates the definitions and problems of the major word classes; nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs and also touches on the minor classes; pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries and conjunctions. It discusses the reasonings and logic behind these parts of speech.
From the Paper
"English does have parts of speech for a start. The need for differentiating a similar word in different context for a clearer understanding led to classifying words into word classes, otherwise known as parts of speech. Crystal (1999) defines word class as groups of words that behave in a similar manner syntactically and morphologically. The word order of a sentence in modern English is quite fixed and therefore it is important to know the classification of words before they can be arranged in a sentence. For example, I girl am a would be grammatically anomalous. Changes in the word tenses or aspect can be predicted morphologically if word classification were to be done. In order to be grammatical, he was ill is definitely preferred over he illed or any other variations. In addition, the presence of word class tells us that in a context like he made a killing from killing birds, where killing is used in two different ways differentiated by categorizing the first killing as a noun and the second one as a verb. Clearly, there are more word classes than the two mentioned above in order to facilitate the differentiating words in a sentence. Traditionally, there are eight parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections (Burridge & Mulder, 1998:148) although the list gets longer periodically. This essay would discuss some problems in defining major word classes like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs which are of an open class where new lexemes are constantly added, and the minor classes such as pronouns, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries and conjunctions that are known to be closed classes; new lexemes are rare. However, concepts that are discussed are by no means exhaustive."
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Language Planning, 2001.
This essay is a discussion of the main issues of language planning. The discussion is illustrated with two examples of recent language planning attempts.
1,811 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This essay provides an outline of what language planning involves - a deliberate attempt to modify and change the linguistic behavior of a society. It looks at the reasons behind it and the organizations and groups involved in it. It then proceeds to illustrate the discussion using cases from Finland and Norway.
From the Paper
"The reasons behind language planning are complex and plentiful, ranging from large-scale modifications to more modest issues. It can be used to provide solutions to complex social problems, to develop national and official languages, and to standardise particular dialects. Language planners can make linguistic modifications so that subgroups of a particular population speaking different varieties of that language are united as a nation. As technology advances, language can be modified in order to address these developments. The reformation of spelling systems, lexical modernisation, and stylistic simplification are examples of language planning. More modest decisions such as which languages are to be used on signposts or which are to be used for educational purposes also involve deliberate modification. However, linguists and others involved in language planning are not always faced with the task of changing a language. There are circumstances in which the revival or preservation of a language involves deliberate attempts to prevent changes from occurring."
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The English Language, 2002.
A look at the origins and influences of the English language.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the English language. Beginning with the Germanic, Norman, and Latin origins, this paper covers the Middle Ages, Romantic, and Elizabethan periods as being the primary defining points in the creation of our modern English language.
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Sociolinguistics, 2002.
An overview of the benefits of multi-linguism.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the subject of multi-linguism. Should educators introduce relatively less spoken, or less learned languages? On the other hand, should they stick simply to the education of the few standard languages?
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Two Languages Universal Messages, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the Thai language and the language of the Laotians in Laos.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This presents a comparison of two languages, the Thai language spoken in Thailand and the language of the Laotians in Laos. The author of this paper takes the reader through a short explanation of the languages and then a comparison of them.
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British Creole in Jamaica, 2002.
An analysis of the British influence on the Creole language spoken on the island of Jamaica.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the phonology of the British influence of language on the native peoples of Jamaica. This will uncover the root pronunciations that exist in a linguistic format in the island peoples. By realizing the influence of this English language on the natives, we can see how a distinct form of English has been created fro both cultures. By studying the Creole language, we can see the British roots that gave it birth.
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The History of Linguistics, 2002.
An overview of the history of linguistics and the impact of Saussure and Chomsky.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the history of lingustics in a structural manner. By showing the influence of Saussure and Chomsky, we can assess developments in this field in the Twentieth Century.
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"The Art and Science of Fencing", 2002.
A review of "The Art and Science of Fencing" by Nick Evangelista.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "The Art and Science of Fencing" by Nick Evangelista, and seek to understand how the author explains the technique and psychology of fencing. By revealing the different measures that the author relates in the book, we can clearly why the book was written, and how he portrays a successful approach to learning this ancient sport with refinement.
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LEP students, 2002.
Discusses the education of students in English from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes an article on curriculum reform in American schools with respect to teaching Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students.
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Orwell and the English Language, 2002.
A review of George Orwell's "Politics and the English Writing."
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is written about the criticism made from George Orwell in "Politics and the English Writing." Many people often complain about the problems related to the English language.
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Vocabulary Building With L2 Students, 2002.
An overview of teachingvoccabulary to English as a second language (ESL) students.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the topic of ESL students and vocabulary. Often ESL students have limited vocabulary. What is the best computer program to teach vocabulary to ESL students? What methods work best? Studies concerning L2 students show that the best method is using multi-media methods with pictures, texts, and video.
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Theory of a Language Instinct, 2002.
Explains Steven Pinker's theory of a language instinct, partially derived from Noam Chomsky's work with generative/universal grammar.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Pinker's ideas expressed in his book "The Language Instinct", and explains the position of those who oppose his theory of language instinct and advocate a more or less behaviorist position in which nothing is "innate" in the mind.
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The Letter 'B', 2002.
Shows how the letter B has evovled with the change in reproduction technology.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the development of the alphabetic letter B. It traces the evolution of its representation and appearance. This evolution is linked to changing forms of reproduction technology namely pre-printing, printing with movable type and digital production. Visual examples are also included.
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Mathematics and Language, 2002.
Compares and gives similarities of mathematics and language.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarity between mathematics and language. Human languages have certain structures that facilitate the expression of ideas. These structures operate by the same rules as mathematics.
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