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| Term Paper # 108443 |
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Thomas Malthus and Modern Agriculture, 2008.
A look at Thomas Malthus' view of modern agriculture in light of his criticism of the Poor Law.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the arguments presented by economist Robert Thomas Malthus in regard to the English Poor Law can be expanded to numerous areas, including agriculture. The paper discusses the features of modern agriculture and Malthus' potential beliefs. The paper then shows how, due to the unique features of our contemporary economy, the liberalized markets and fierce competition, most of Malthus' arguments no longer find a practical application.
From the Paper
"Thomas Malthus was a renowned economist of the seventeenth century England. His main areas of interest were demographics and the status of the population. One of his particular works was an essay that criticised the implementation of the Poor Law. This law was meant to relief poverty. It presupposed that a community's poor were identified and then aided by the wealthy population. The paupers were all brought together in workhouses, which were locations where the poor would live and work. The law was both welcome and criticised: the intention to aid the poor was noble, but on the other hand, it disadvantaged the working community and was perceived as an encouragement for poverty."
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Leopold and Loeb, 2008.
This paper looks at the part that the media played in the case of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb.
3,158 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the murder of fourteen year old Bobby Franks and the subsequent arrest and trial of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. The writer notes that this issue was heavy on the minds of the public in 1924, as the sensationalism of this extreme case was evident even to those who were closest to it. The rest of the public, in Chicago and elsewhere, could rely heavily on exhaustive journalism to give them the information they sought about the events. The purpose of this work is to assess the similarities and differences between press accounts in Chicago and elsewhere. One would assume they all printed the facts as they knew them, but they also had varied conceptions of the trial that demonstrate regional differences in public opinion. Further, the writer points out that the argument was not over the guilt or innocence of the murderers or the base innocence of the victim, but it was over the controversial new science of psychology or as it was then known psychotherapy. The writer maintains that newspapers all over the nation, through the Leopold and Loeb case, played out the controversies of the science of the mind, while the more conservative set it aside, the urban papers detailed the science as luridly as print would allow.
From the Paper
"The controversy was replayed extensively, in all the major cities. Each journalistic report seeking information that others had not focused on, the most damning of which being the early life of the defendants, as they were described as neglected by privilege and allowed to live as if they had no responsibilities, and rarely had supervision, beyond the supervision of governesses and in Leopold's case the perverse supervision of at least one governess, who introduced lurid sexuality into his mind and life, "She entered Leopold's life when he was just fourteen. The record is rather vague as to her antecedents but clear enough as to the fact that she was a pervert, who initiated Leopold into the practices of and submissions to various types of sexual perversion." Loeb on the other had had strict governesses that created in him the desire to be secretive and deceptive to avoid censure. All of this was fodder for the press, and the urban newspapers in Chicago and New York played upon the early lives of the boys, as the "experts" findings were distributed for publishing."
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Diversity, 2008.
An outline of the sources of diversity on campus from a sociological perspective.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the sources of diversity on campus. The paper also explores the questions a sociologist may pose about the significance of diversity in the educational environment. The paper states that the student researcher believes that diverse campuses offer students more opportunities for success and greater interaction with their peers in school and abroad. The paper states further that sociology entails study and activity and acts as a methodology for describing human behaviors and cultural patterns within society. The paper comments that in the university sources of diversity include multi-cultural groups, international students, programs including those geared toward non-native speakers, and university events that promote greater acceptance of diversity and encourage participation from all walks of life.
From the Paper
"Questionnaires or informal interviews may be posed for example, to willing students during cultural fairs or events to gauge their feelings about diversity on campus. Students interested in promoting diversity may report on their experiences of diversity or the lack thereof on campus. There is increasing evidence however, that colleges and universities interested in diversifying their population are generally more accepting and created a less homogenous culture, one that is more tolerant of diverse behaviors, beliefs and systems (Anderson & Taylor, 2006). This type of environment may welcome insight and celebrate holidays known internationally rather than just domestic or national holidays. Students may be engaged in class to describe how what they are learning aligns with or does not align with the teachings and beliefs they have as part of their culture."
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Economic Circumstances and the Welfare System, 2008.
This paper discusses the creation of the welfare system and its implications on the economy.
3,297 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economic circumstances that initiated the creation of the welfare system and how the welfare system has influenced today's economy. The research is conducted through a review of relevant peer-reviewed literature and uses a methodology that is qualitative in nature.
Outcome:
Statement of Purpose
Expected Outcomes of Research
Significance of Research
Methodology
Review of Literature
Statement of Findings
From the Paper
"Quite clearly, good intentions and high ideals originally brought about the creation of the welfare system. However, the creation of the welfare system also created a perpetual state of welfare when the system suddenly snatched the supports from beneath the many who were dependent on this system without placing supports that would aid those who were dependent in finding true independence and ultimately has perpetuated the need for assistance throughout the United States that extends into several generations of individuals."
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Using Institutions to Change Culture and Society, 2007.
A review of "Ancient Society" and "League of the Iroquois," by Lewis H. Morgan.
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Lewis H. Morgan's ideas about changing the Iroquois institutions of his day in his works "Ancient Society" and "League of the Iroquois," and how those changes would have reshaped Iroquois society and challenged Iroquois culture. The writer concludes that had Morgan's vision for the Iroquois become reality much of the rich Iroquois culture would have simply been assimilated into white civilization.
Outline
Objective
Introduction
Morgan's Desire for the Iroquois Nation
Education and Employment
Fox's View on Morgan's Position on the Iroquois
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Lewis H. Morgan spent a great deal of time documenting the life of the Iroquois and recorded this information in the work entitled: "The League of the Iroquois". In this work, Morgan reflects his thoughts upon the Iroquois society, both in terms of the Indians, as they existed and in terms of his hopes for the Iroquois nation of Indians."
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Jena 6 Controversy, 2008.
This paper looks at racial attacks, focusing on the Jena 6 controversy.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the United States claims equality and tolerance as part of its national policy. The writer points out that while this has been somewhat challenged since the 9/11 attacks, many Americans still feel that the country advocates the values of humanity over those of racial or ethnic segregation. It is therefore tragic when racial conflicts and hatred attacks occur, particularly among the young. The writer discusses that one example of racial conflict is the "Jena Six" controversy. The writer explains that the case involves six black high school students who were arrested on charges of allegedly trying to beat a white classmate to death. The writer also provides her personal opinion on the incident and how it was treated by the justice system.
From the Paper
"Being racial in nature, the case has also attracted the attention of civil rights activists, bloggers and black radio hosts. Many of these persons criticized the events leading to the court case and conviction, citing unequal justice as their opinion on the matter. Indeed, even the Rev. Jesse Jackson has been inspired to fight for justice until all the charges against the Jena 6 are dropped, and the American Civil Liberties Union is investigating the case for possible evidence of racial disparity. Kovach cites studies finding that African-Americans are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. Many reasons are cited for this, including the poverty level of certain ethnic groups, as well as the assumption of criminality that is associated not only with the poverty level, but also with the specific ethnic group."
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Saudi Arabia, 2008.
A brief look at globalization and social customs issues in Saudi Arabia.
817 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how following Saudi customs and avoiding unintended social slights is an important component of establishing productive business relationships there because doing so demonstrates awareness of and respect for foreign cultures. The paper explains that Saudis will overlook accidental mistakes in this regard, provided they are clearly the result of innocent ignorance about the culture rather than intentional slights. Nevertheless,
the paper contends that adapting to customs and social expectations always facilitates business relationships, particularly in cultures that emphasize personal interactions and rituals in a business environment.
Outline:
Social Customs in Saudi Arabia:
Conducting Business in Saudi Arabia:
From the Paper
"In general, as regards women, Saudi culture requires a much higher degree of modesty: Saudi women dress in garments that cover them from head to toe, and they do not expose their hair in public. Foreigners are not expected to wear Arab clothes, but they are expected to dress modestly, and women, in particular, are expected to cover themselves in clothes that do not expose any skin. Foreigners should also be aware of local holidays such as Ramadan, during which all Muslim fast during daylight hours. While foreigners are not expected to fast, it is nevertheless important to avoid eating or drinking publicly, in the presence of Muslim, during the holiday."
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"Random Family", 2008.
This paper analyzes the book "Random Family: Love, Drugs, Trouble and Coming of Age in the Bronx" by Adrian Nicole LeBlanc.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the book "Random Family: Love, Drugs, Trouble and Coming of Age in the Bronx" that describes the problems facing two young women as they mature in the Bronx. The paper focuses on three main problems facing these girls that are drugs, poverty and lack of education. The paper discusses how almost all the residents face these problems and they deal with them in similar self-destructive and defeating ways that do not lead to successful lives. The writer concludes with a personal reflection on this story.
From the Paper
"The problem areas are pervasive in the Bronx and in just about every other inner city poverty-stricken area in the country. Low-income people struggle just to survive and have little hope of ever escaping the hopelessness of their lives. The first major problem is drugs. They are everywhere in the Bronx, especially in the area where Jessica lives. About the only way to prosper in this area is to deal drugs, and the rest of the people know it. The drug dealers flaunt their wealth and status, and other residents are drawn to them because of their success and opulence."
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Leadership Models, 2008.
This paper provides a comparison of four leadership models: transactional leadership, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership and servant leadership.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the nature of leadership includes autocracies and dictatorships on one end of the spectrum, and absolute autonomy (or laissez faire) on the other. In-between the polar extremes of servitude through oppression and complete autonomy, several leadership styles have evolved that emphasize different aspects of human motivation and achievement, in different proportions. The writer points out that certain leadership approaches are most appropriate and likely to produce efficient results in some situations and others are more likely to contribute to the success of group enterprise in others. The writer then discusses transactional leadership, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership and servant leadership.
Outline:
Introduction
Transactional Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Charismatic Leadership
Servant Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Mutual cooperation within human societies is, necessarily, task and goal oriented, because cooperation and shared efforts yield results more productively than exclusive self-responsibility for every need of the individual. Throughout most of human existence - particularly before the Industrial Revolution - the vast majority of human cooperation was motivated primarily by the simple desire of the individual to meet the basic needs of self and family. Living in a group, even under the oppressive wielding of authority, allowed many individuals to achieve more for themselves than would have been possible without reliance on others.
"This observation of human social societies is still just as applicable today, except that the specific role of most individuals is many levels more removed from the most basic needs."
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Cultural Identity, 2008.
A personal account of the struggle to connect two cultural identities.
1,587 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cultural identity and how people who live in multi-cultural societies may identify themselves as a citizen of that country, but they feel that they belong to a different cultural group. The writer describes how, as an American Pakistani, she identifies with two cultures and tries to somehow make a connection between the two cultures that she grew up in.
From the Paper
"As an American Pakistani, I try to somehow make a connection between the two cultures that I grew up in. Despite the fact that I am completely open to interacting with any culture, I must admit that I find a sense of stability in being close to people that come from the same cultural group as I am. The bonding factor between me and other Pakistanis students, besides similar experiences as we grew up, is religion. Although we are not fanatics as people tend to classify us, religion is an important factor in our lives and as a college student or as a member of any collective, I tend to get close to people that share my beliefs. After September 11, the need for relating to other people that were going through the same as experience as I did increased and I grew closer to people from the same cultural group as I. It is hard to receive understanding from people that can not understand you because they have different cultural backgrounds. Of course, the fact that I relate more to Pakistanis students does not mean that I alienate myself from society. We still live in a multicultural environment that we must adapt to."
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Emile Durkheim, 2008.
This paper discusses Emile Durkheim's beliefs about society and religion.
862 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that when Durkheim attempted to make society the origin of religion, rather than religion the origin of society, he made himself into a controversial figure. The paper is concerned about the decline in the study of the sociology of religion and asserts that it is difficult to disagree about the relevance of religion in today's world. The paper firmly believes that in order to better understand the dynamics that are taking place both in the U.S. and other countries, it is essential to have a better understanding of the two-way impact between religion and society.
From the Paper
"In the Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, French sociologist Emile Durkheim studied the totetism of the Australian primitive clans. He recognized the social origin of religion and theorized that religion's purpose was to act as a means of solidarity and identification for societal members. Religion provided a meaning for life and strengthened the moral code and social values that were held in totality by those within a society. Although he considered himself an atheist, Durkheim saw religion as an essential aspect of the social system, in that it provided cohesiveness, social restraint, and meaning, as well as an additional source of relationships and communication and means for people to affirm their social norms."
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Simmel on Sociology, 2008.
This paper examines the ideas of Georg Simmel, one of the first professional sociologists.
872 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Georg Simmel's argument that humans are driven by two instincts; one part pushing them to imitate their neighbors and the other pushing them to distinguish themselves. The paper first explains how this applies to the fashion and advertising industries today. The paper then looks at the loneliness in society as a result of today's lifestyle. The paper concludes that sociologists need to continue conducting research for the benefit of future sociologists.
From the Paper
"Although Berlin was nothing compared to what it is today. Simmel had already seen some of the trends that were coming with the changing society. His essays, "Fashion," The Stranger," and even "The problem with sociology," reflected the changing times. In "Fashion," Simmel wrote how the clothing worn derives from a basic tension specific to the person's social condition. On one hand, everyone has a tendency to copy or imitate others. On the other, all people also have the tendency to distinguish themselves from others. Naturally, this is a continuum, with some people doing everything possible to imitate and emulate their favorite role models and thus to conform to what they feel is most accepted by their society."
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Power and Leadership, 2008.
This paper discusses the subjects of power and leadership as exemplified by three ancient texts: "Genesis", "Epic of Gilgamesh" and "Lysistrata".
3,133 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that power and leadership are not exactly the same thing, of course, but they are inextricably interrelated for without power, effective leadership would not be possible and without leadership, power would be rendered useless. To help shed some light on these concepts from a modern perspective, this paper provides a review and analysis of three ancient texts, "Genesis", "Epic of Gilgamesh" and "Lysistrata" to better understand how they addressed the respective themes of leadership and power. A discussion concerning how leaders come to power, their responsibilities, real and symbolic, and what responsibilities citizens of a given society have in choosing leaders or in holding leaders accountable for their actions is followed by an analysis of the types of recourses available for citizens to use against tyranny and how these trends continue to impact the modern understanding of leadership. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
How Leaders Come to Power
Real and Symbolic Responsibilities of Leaders
Responsibilities of the Citizenry in Choosing Leaders and Holding Them Accountable for Their Actions
Types of Recourses Available to Citizens to Use against Tyranny
Impact of These Trends on the Modern Understanding of Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"States do today in Iraq by simply declaring victory and bringing the troops home. In this regard, the Greek men may have had the power to wage war, but Lysistrata and her like-minded female counterparts were able to clearly demonstrate who possessed the real power in Athenian society by exercising in a fashion that was for the good of all.
"Such positive outcomes are not always associated with leaders, of course, but it would be reasonable to posit that one of the real responsibilities of leaders is to ensure the welfare and safety of those they lead, and this assessment is borne out time and again in Genesis (as heavily influenced by the Epic of Gilgamesh). More symbolic responsibilities of these early leaders including providing a heroic role model and inspiring their followers to endure the hardships that always seem to go hand in hand with achieving great deeds."
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Culture in Human Relations, 2008.
This paper discusses the theories of Geer Hofstede, Franz Boas and Harry Triandis on culture in human relations.
1,694 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses theories of culture in human relations, focusing on Geer Hofstede, Franz Boas, and Harry Triandis. The paper explains Hofstede's belief that culture creates a pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting that is acquired in early childhood and later shaped by interacting with family members, neighbors or colleagues. The paper also looks at Hofstede's surveys that characterized cultures but notes the criticisms of his work. The paper then looks at Franz Boas' theory of cultural relativism and its criticisms and Harry Triandis' individualism - collectivism theories and their limitations. The paper concludes that given the significant role that culture plays in human relations, its understanding should be seen as a top priority when in a multicultural environment.
From the Paper
"Consequently, Hofstede (2005) makes use of the fragment from Rose's play for building his theory of culture as mental programming. According to him, every individual subscribes to a "pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting" that is acquired in early childhood and later shaped by interacting with family members, neighbors or colleagues (i.e. the social environment to which he/she belongs). Moreover, the Dutch sociologist asserts that once acquired, such patterns become solid 'programs' that dictate humans' behavior, emotions and thoughts and, therefore, must be 'unlearned' in order to make room for learning new things."
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Gender and Culture, 2008.
This paper discusses and compares gender roles within American and African cultures.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that culture plays an important part in defining gender and gender roles in society. In fact, even within the same culture there may be considerable differences that occur due to the cleavage between urban and rural settings. The writer discusses that generally speaking, a rural environment usually follows tradition rather than modernization which is equal to traditional gender roles. The traditional gender role in the case of women implies taking care of the household and offspring, which is eventually conducive to a certain degree of confinement and isolation primarily due to being unemployed. This paper looks at the situation as far as gender roles in two dramatically different cultures, i.e. American and African cultures, and consequently provides an assessment of the impact of these differences on society as a whole, and on the individual.
From the Paper
"An immensely culturally rich society as the American one offers a very interesting model of gender roles. Moreover, one must also consider the economic character and opportunities that have contributed to shaping this particular gender role pattern. The biggest influence on gender roles can be found in the 1960s when the wave of student protests, civil rights movement, and sexual revolution was very strong generating an incredible shift in values which ultimately led to a change in mentalities. The advent of birth control, along with economic recession led to a decrease in birthrates and a considerable increase in the rate of women entering the labor force. Another important factor was that more and more jobs that had been traditionally reserved for men became available to women. In fact, there was a higher degree of openness between genders in the sense that more women were getting access to previously male-dominated fields while more and more men turned to traditionally 'women's professions' such as nursing and teaching."
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Eric Erikson, 2008.
This paper discusses Eric Erikson's theories and stages of development.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Erik Erikson's theories and stages of development and notes that they have become a sort of cornerstone from which many have built basic ideas about human development from infancy to adulthood. The paper relates that Erikson's theories surround several rather concrete stages that, if completed, allow the individual to move forward to the next stage of development, but if not, hinder the individual, possibly for a life time in his ability to function through change. The paper then briefly outlines and describes the eight stages of development according to Erikson.
From the Paper
"Autonomy vs. shame and doubt where the child learns to be in control of his or her own body and ability to make decisions and where allowed function somewhat independently from caregivers, Erikson believed that this stage frequently revolved around issues of toilet training and the result of incomplete functioning in this stage is shame and doubt of the individuals ability to do so. Erikson believed that this stage surrounded muscular anal development and admonishes the use of shame as the main guiding force behind discipline as it will leave the child unable to progress past shame and doubt to autonomy. The stage lasts roughly 18 months to 3 years."
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Universal Human Rights, 2008.
Argues that the Bible cannot be used as a substitute for a declaration of universal human rights.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is necessary to have a universal declaration of human rights to which all countries must refer because the Bible is not enough to enforce these rights. The paper relates that even if the Bible did teach about universal human rights, it would not be a persuasive document for many of the world's countries because there are very few purely religious states. Furthermore, the majority of the world's people are not Christian. In addition, the Bible itself is very murky on several human rights issues. Next, in order to establish why the Bible cannot substitute for a universal declaration of human rights, the paper provides an explanation of what such a universal declaration would actually mean. The paper explains that the tenets that would comprise the universal declaration of human rights are not necessarily espoused by the Bible.
From the Paper
"In addition, many human rights activists believe that the death penalty is a de facto violation of human rights, regardless of the guilt or innocence of the person to be executed and the nature of the crime committed by that person. However, the Bible clearly endorses the application of the death penalty. Moreover, the Bible endorses the use of the death penalty in areas where most of the modern world has determined its use to be inappropriate. Amaziah executed his father's assassins, and the Bible described him as doing "what was right in the eyes of the LORD.""
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"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down", 2008.
An examination of "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" by Anne Fadiman and its implications for the medical field.
1,801 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the difficulties that can be experienced when a patient and medical professional do not understand each other's culture or language. The paper focuses on "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" by Anne Fadiman, which is the tragedy about three-month-old Lia Lee, from Laos, who unfortunately was one of these cultural misunderstandings.
From the Paper
"Several stories in the report (Wilson-Stronks & Galvez, 2005) highlight inadequate informed consent. A Muslim man refused chemotherapy treatment for stomach cancer, because he believed the only way to receive chemotherapy was to be attached to "a pump" that would interfere with his praying. The physician did not understand that his aversion to chemotherapy had to prayer, and treatment was delayed for precious months. Other stories stress cultural misunderstandings: The son of a 72-year-old Italian woman who had a CT scan consistent with metastatic colon cancer asks the surgeon to not tell her the diagnosis because it will "kill her." A 64-year-old African-American has angina, but is reluctant to go for a cardiac catheterization. He mistrusts the healthcare system due to a poor experience with a family member and memories of the invasive procedures done as part of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Such concerns are indicative of what took place in Spirit in 1982. How far have medical centers gone, or not gone, in these past three decades?"
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