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Serial Killers, 2008.
An analysis of serial killers as addicts and what we can learn about their nature if we perceive them in this way.
2,439 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the nature of a serial killer. It specifically looks at whether serial killing can be considered to be an addiction and if we can learn more about a serial killer by perceiving it as an addiction. The paper describes the major types of serial killers and discusses the nature of addiction. The paper finally questions if being a serial killer is an addiction, if there are possible interventions to help him or her with this malady.
From the Paper
"While rare, this gender bias in serial killers is occasionally bypassed. Often falling into their own separate category, female serial killers are more often than not associated with therapeutic settings in hospitals or nursing homes. These are nurturing settings that also allow them to be in complete control over a patient, usually an elderly or terminally ill patient, but not necessarily so. Although not officially categorized as such, they are referred to as the lethal caretakers, or more sensationally as the Angels of Death. "This contemporary Angel of Death embodies an especially pernicious darkness in our humanity by systemically attacking the weak and defenseless who have been involuntarily placed into her care or must rely on her for comfort and support" (Kelleher, and Kelleher 60). Aileen Wuornos is perhaps one of the most famous and atypical examples of a female serial killer. Although debatable, she actually falls under the genre of Hedonistic Gain Killer; killing truck drivers and other motorists for their money and their cars (Jenkins)."
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The Psychology of Trust, 2008.
This paper explores the development, building and repair of trust.
2,483 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how trust is developed or formed, what results when trust is not formed and finally, what results when trust is violated. The paper looks at two types of trust, known as calculus-based trust and identification-based trust. The paper reviews several studies and concludes that trust, although it is intangible, is crucially important in relationships with any depth and commitment.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Review of Previous Studies
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Some individuals trust very easily, and often far too easily which results in others taking advantage of their vulnerability while other individuals rarely trust others and only manage to extend trust after a firm foundation has been laid to base that trust upon. While violation of trust between casual relationships may not result in a complete breakdown of the relationship and it may be able to continue on some level the violation of trust between two individuals who are intimately close often results in a breakdown leaving a chasm far too wide to cross and at best takes much time, effort and willingness for trust to re-established and this may only result if the victim of the violation has the willingness to do so."
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Counseling Asian-Americans, 2008.
A case study of a Vietnamese-American woman and her need for culturally specific counseling.
832 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how Judy, a Vietnamese woman, does not want to follow traditional Vietnamese cultural protocol with regard to her family. The paper discusses the cultural influences affecting Judy's inner turmoil as expressed through counseling and examines the cultural factors the counselor needs to understand prior to offering advice and assistance to Judy. The paper relates that, ideally, this will result in a mutual understanding between both parties, and allow Judy to make a decision without compromising her morals or social beliefs.
Outline:
Counseling Need/Concern & History
Cultural Characteristics/Influences of Counseling Process
Culturally Specific Counseling Interventions
From the Paper
"There are many cultural influences affecting Judy's inner turmoil as expressed through counseling. For example, her mother, husband and family feel it best she care for the home. Judy mentions the Chinese proverb often used by her mother "it is far better to have more children than goods" however this statement results in increased anger and hostility in the patient. As a result of these actions, Judy has withdrawn, her social life has deteriorated and in need of direction as her inner desires and needs do not support those around her."
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Second Order Change in Adolescent Life, 2008.
This paper illustrates the application of the transtheoretical model of change in encouraging a second order change in adolescent life.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the concepts of the transtheoretical model of change (TTM) to identify the five stages of change that must take place within the mind and life of an individual who is in need of a behavioral change. The paper briefly describes each stage of change with the counseling goals and explains the application of TTM to produce a second order change in the case of a teenage girl of Mexican descent who mastered a change as a result of a life changing experience.
From the Paper
"Second order changes are difficult but are seen as long lasting rather than superficial, as second order change involves the development of a new set of goals and rules for how one lives life, within the aspect of change. (Fall, Holder & Marquis, 2003, p. 397) Utilizing the concepts of the transtheoretical model of change or TTM one can identify the five stages of change that must take place within the mind and life of an individual who is in need of a behavioral change. The five stages of change, according to TTM are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. From a counseling point of view each of these change stages require the utilization of specific tools and assistance for the agent of change."
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Classical Conditioning and Children, 2008.
An examination of the classical conditioning theory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and how it relates to behaviors of children.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the classical conditioning theory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. It describes the background of Pavlov's life and the influences on his upbringing.The paper then discusses the development of Pavlov's classical conditioning theory as a behavior or learning theory. Finally, the paper examines how his theory can be related to learning behaviors in children.
From the Paper
"Another experiment was used with "little Albert." This is a famous study with an 11-month old boy who was taught to fear a harmless laboratory rat (Morris, & Maisto, 11th ed., p. 191). The infant crawled towards the rat and tried to play with it. Every time he approached the rat, the experimenters made a loud noise by striking a steel bar. ((Morris, & Maisto, 11th ed., p. 192). The child was frightened just by seeing the rat. We can also learn and unlearn phobias. We are born with natural instincts for survival and we keep what we need in order to survive. All the common objects of phobias - heights, snakes, cats, the dark and others are "related to the survival of the human species through the long course of evolution (Seligman, 1972, p.455)." Thus, we may be prepared to develop different fears but we are not afraid of flowers. We can learn behavior and we can unlearn behavior."
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Self and Identity, 2008.
A discussion on how to define the sociological term 'self-identity'.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how self-identity is a complex sociological term to define and presents the idea that self and identity are two different concepts one must first consider separately before one can truly define what self-identity is and how it affects a person. The paper looks at factors including one's environment, experiences during infancy and attitudes and behaviors to illustrate that self-identity is something one forms later in life as he becomes more familiar with his self. The paper concludes that further research is necessary to better define these concepts and discover how people manage their self and social identities.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Analysis of Self and Identity
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Many factors including ones environment, experiences during infancy, and attitudes and behaviors are explored to support the notion that self identity is something one forms later in life as they become more familiar with their self. The self then searches for an identity among other people that share similar interests, beliefs and customs, and also segregates its identity from objects, occasions or situations that may not support the growth of the self or expansion of the identity in a given context."
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Assessment Feedback and Therapeutic Outcomes, 2008.
A review of the study "The Effect of Assessment Feedback on Rapport Building and Self-Enhancement Processes" by Andrea Allen, Marilyn Montgomery, Jonathan Tubman, Leslie Frazier and Luis Escovar.
731 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the study "The Effect of Assessment Feedback on Rapport Building and Self-Enhancement Processes" and discusses the authors' hypotheses, research design, method, findings and limitations. The paper concludes with a personal opinion that future studies should take into account a larger population with varied ages and backgrounds.
From the Paper
"In the study conducted by Allen, Montgomery, Tubman, Frazier, & Escovar, called The Effect of Assessment Feedback on Rapport Building and Self-Enhancement Processes, the goal of the experimental research study was to provide additional research regarding what is known about the impact of assessment feedback by identifying processes that may promote therapeutic outcomes. In the study, participants were randomly assigned to an experimental or control condition. Participants in the experimental condition received feedback on specific assessment results, whereas participants in the control condition received no feedback about their assessment."
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Prison-Based Drug Addiction Treatment, 2008.
This paper argues against increasing funding for prison-based drug addiction treatment.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that there is an ongoing debate in the United States concerning the most effective and most appropriate treatment for those convicted of drug offenses in that it is the belief of some that funding should be increased for treating drug addiction in prisons. However, the writer points out that the opposing argument holds that this is not the most appropriate manner of addressing drug addiction. The writer demonstrates that the costs of prison drug- addiction treatment, in monetary terms and in terms of the cost borne by society-at-large far exceed the benefits of prison-based drug-addiction treatment programs. The writer concludes that the research has broadened the knowledge held concerning this issue and has moved the researcher toward more emphatic, confident and further support of alternative sentencing for drug offenders versus incarceration.
Outline:
Overview
Arguments and Evidence in Support
Critical Analysis of Protest against Prison-Based Treatment
Strongest Point Against
Weakest Point
Critical Analysis of Opposing Group's Position
Strongest Point
Weakest Point
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The strongest point against prison-based treatment is the interruption of working, productive individuals, father and mothers, in fulfilling their daily responsibilities to their families, their employers and society-at-large, specifically when drug court or other treatment programs are readily available to assist these individuals in becoming drug-free. Drug court and other treatment programs have been found to be more effective, less costly, and more effective in the long-term than imprisonment for drug offenses. Since nearly 1/2 of drug offenders are employed full-time according to the literature in the foregoing review and many of these individuals do have children or are neighbors who care for children and positively contribute to society, imprisonment at a higher cost in monetary terms in addition to the other costs to society make prison sentences for drug offenses ludicrous placing a very large question mark above the 'intentions' of laws and policies that mandate prison sentences for drug offenses. Furthermore, privatization of prisons in the United States has turned prisons into a competitive business with quotas of prisoners needed to fill the capacity of these prisons so that prisons will receive funding for the prisoner's incarcerated to ensure their profits and incoming funds. "
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Post Traumatic Stress, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of post traumatic stress disorder, focusing on its presentation in the media.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a critical analysis on the topic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it is presented in the popular press. Often popular topics such as PTSD are reviewed by authors without a clear understanding of the research or data. Although the popular press provides the laymen with a clear means for accessing critical health information, often a clear evaluation of the research from which data is gleaned cannot be effectively assessed by the reader. Using this as a basis for investigation, this research considers a recent article published by New Scientist, written by D. MacKenzie, on the topic of PTSD. The writer concludes that through a careful review of the article and a review of the scholarly literature published on this disorder, it is possible to effectively evaluate the overall quality of the information provided in this popular press article.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"MacKenzie contends that while the link between PTSD and heart disease has been reported in the literature, the link between PTSD and cancer has not been established otherwise. Based on the data provided by Boscarino, PTSD may lead to a host of physical health complications that can increase death rate by natural causes.
"To support the research provided by Boscarino, MacKenzie goes on to note another study in which researchers found that Israeli veterans of fighting in Lebanon in 1982 who developed PTSD were more likely to have a host of physical health aliments including: high blood pressure, ulcers, diabetes, heart disease and head aches. In an effort to understand the impact of this condition, MacKenzie concludes her article by speculating what the outcomes will be for soldiers currently serving in Iraq. According to statistics released from Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 18 percent of Iraqi war veterans or 60,000 soldiers could suffer from PTSD. Given the implications of this research, MacKenzie provides a call to action in an effort to mitigate the negative physical health outcomes that may befall these veterans."
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Anxiety Disorders in Older People, 2008.
An analysis of the study "The Outcome of Anxiety Disorders in Older People at 6-year Follow-up Results from Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam" by J. Schuurman, H. Comija, A. Beekman, E. de Beurs, D. Deeg, P. Emmelkamp and R. van Dyak.
2,079 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper summarizes the Schuurman et al.'s research study "The Outcome of Anxiety Disorders in Older People at 6-year Follow-up Results from Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam" that was an examination of the long-term consequences of late-life anxiety disorders and patient's utilization of mental health care services. The paper offers a brief description of the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion and Schuurman et al.'s conclusions. The paper also includes the main points of the study and then concludes with this author's personal reactions to the research findings.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Brief Description of the Abstract
Brief Description of the Introduction
Brief Description of Method
Brief Description of Results
Brief Description of Discussion
Brief Description of Conclusion
Personal Reactions to the Study
From the Paper
"The objective of Schuurman et al.'s (2005) study was an examination of the long-term consequences of late-life anxiety disorders and patient's utilization of mental health care services. To address these areas, the researchers interviewed a group of subjects, over the age of 55, that had an anxiety disorder, identified in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. The rate of persistence and prognostic factors for persistence of anxiety were established, at a 6-year follow up study. It was discovered that patients with a high incidence of neuroticism were at a greater risk of anxiety persistence, despite efforts to enhance appropriate referral of older adults suffering from anxiety."
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Behaviorism and Motivation, 2008.
This paper examines the theory of behaviorism in relation to motivation in the workplace.
3,730 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the extent to which behaviorism explains employee motivation and reward. The paper looks at the roots of behaviorism, employee empowerment and at the motivational theory of reward.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Behaviorism
Motivational Theory in the Workforce
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Behaviorism's connection to cultural issues such as the development of employee motivation began in the 1920s as psychology became the viable domain for the development of a better understanding of human ills and needs. The trends of the culture of America were detailed and expounded upon by psychologists that attempted to answer the question of the perceived social problems of the day, including what some considered a lack of human motivation to work and be prosperous. (Lutz 1996, p. 259)"
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Human Motivation, 2008.
A look at the benefits of using psychological methods to improve employees' motivation.
848 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the different attitudes of workers in a customer call center for a national specialized cancer organizations. It focuses on a particular individual and goes on to explain how psychological principles can be used to improve the situation and motivate this worker.
From the Paper
"Wendy Worker has recently begun working as a customer service representative for Cancer Call Center. Cancer Call Center is a national call center for one of the nation's foremost specialized cancer organizations. Wendy Worker is a 10-year breast cancer survivor, and Cancer Call Center's positive attitude towards cancer survivors was one of the reasons that she sought employment with them. However, Wendy is one of the few cancer survivors to be working in the organization's actual call center, which is predominantly staffed with young recent college graduates. Wendy differs from her coworkers in other ways, as well. Wendy is in her mid-forties, which is approximately twenty years older than the majority of her coworkers. She has recently returned to the workforce after being a stay-at-home mother for twelve years. Prior to making the choice to stay-at-home, Wendy was a supervisor at a similar call center, but she was unable to obtain a supervisor-level position because of the time gap in her resume. Although Wendy is not having any problem learning the material presented in training, she does not appear to be associating with the rest of her training class. Because Cancer Call Center has previously noted its highest turn-over rate with capable employees who fail to socialize in the work environment, it is looking for a way to motivate Wendy."
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Alcoholism, 2008.
A rhetorical analysis of an essay on alcoholism, entitled "Who are the Real Victims of Alcoholism," by Meredith Newman Blanco.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the essay entitled "Who are the Real Victims of Alcoholism?" by Meredith Newman Blanco, published in "Reading Literature and Writing Argument." The paper discusses the content of the article and looks at the articles effectiveness in discussing the impact of being a child of an alcoholic. The paper concludes that the essay sheds little additional light on the effect of alcoholism on an alcoholic's children.
From the Paper
"The author's identity as a writer and a consumer of literature is also subtly conveyed in his note, given that someone without such a background might draw a connection between the 2am visit with a soap opera or move of the week. It unites the personal, literary, and sociological in the connections it establishes through the use of anecdote, poem, and statistics. The author shifts to logos, or the logical element of effective persuasion, when she that it is staggering to think that, not only are there millions of alcoholics in this nation, but there are also millions of children of alcoholics--28 million according to the essay. "
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Modern Relationship, 2008.
A discussion on research done on various aspects of modern relationships.
2,343 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 63 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses friendship and love relationships and explains that both are often termed close or intimate relationships. The paper then explains that there are different types and forms of these close relationships and proceeds with a discussion on the range of these relationships, their differences, types, and intensity. Next, the paper follows with a discussion on a resource article entitled, "Close Emotional Relationships with Women versus Men: A Qualitative Study of 56 Heterosexual Men Living in an Inner-City Neighborhood" by Wagner-Raphael, Lynne I. Seal, David Wyatt, and Anke A. Ehrhardt. A copy of the source article is appended to the paper.
Outline:
Friendship
Love
Analysis of Resource Article
Overview
Questions and Answers
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Transcribed elicitation interviews were analyzed for themes related to relationship issues among men and according to the central elements of the primary hypothesis. In this process, the principles of Grounded Theory Analysis were utilized. Primary coding categories were used in the analysis of the interview transcripts, as well as the identification of a range of significant themes. These were then organized into a formal codebook. The coding of the transcripts also led to new themes and modifications were made to the findings on this basis, where it was deemed to be appropriate."
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Harm Reduction and Substance Abuse, 2008.
A look at the use of harm reduction to minimize the harmful consequences of personal drug use and associated high-risk behaviors.
4,014 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how harm reduction is a theoretical model which has been proposed to address the harm which is caused by the behavior of an individual, not only to themselves, but also to the wider community. In particular, it looks at how the model has also provided a potential framework for dealing with substance abuse, and has been adopted in practice in many countries around the world. This paper examines the principals behind the theoretical model, and how these can be applied to successfully treat substance abusers. Specific applications of the model are also examined to determine how successful certain strategies have been in reducing harm, and how any limitations could be overcome to improve future implementations.
Outline:
Theoretical Model
Environmental Effects on the Individual
Time Orientation of Model
Applications of the Model
Strengths and Limitations
Harm Reduction Model and Substance Abuse
Basic Principles of Harm Reduction in Substance Abuse
Major Guidelines and Tools for Assessment
Syringe Exchange Program
Strengths and Limitations of Model
Conclusions
From the Paper
"However there are certain principles to the theory of harm reduction which are generally agreed. Harm reduction is an approach or strategy rather than an actual goal, the aim of which is to reduce or eliminate the negative consequences of drug use rather than eliminate the actual drug use itself. There is an emphasis on the aim of reducing the adverse consequences among individuals who cannot be expected to cease their drug use at the present time for various reasons (Riley et al., 1999). The underlying philosophy to harm reduction is that the practitioner approaches the client in a nonjudgmental manner and works to help the client meet goals which have been established personally by the client (Bradley-Springer, 1996). In the harm reduction model, the rights of the individual are of prime importance, which include the client's rights to dignity and the right to make personal decisions. Harm reduction includes a holistic, incremental and multidimensional approach to decreasing risks for individuals and communities (Bradley-Springer, 1996). Although the model of harm reduction is contradictory to the traditional abstinence model, it may however be compatible with the eventual goal of abstinence. The model proposes that social support, health assistance, education and disease prevention measures should be maximized for all. "
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Abu Ghraib, 2008.
A discussion on the abuse at Abu Ghraib in light of the Stanford Prison Experiment.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib to that seen in Philip Zimbardo's landmark psychological experiment into group behavior and the effects of differential power. The paper relates that Zimbardo's experiment demonstrated that even ordinary citizens without any previous history or known predisposition toward violence or abusive behavior have the potential to become cruelly abusive under circumstances that combine authority, unsupervised autonomy, and authoritative control over others. The paper then looks at how, in many ways, the real-life abuses at Abu Ghraib paralleled Zimbardo's previous observations of human behavior during his 1971 experiment at Stanford.
From the Paper
"The degree of abuse at Abu Ghraib was much worse than observed in the 1971 Stanford experiment, even after factoring in the fundamental differences between real life situations and controlled experiment. If anything, the fact that ordinary civilian students proved capable of such conduct on other civilians, even without the psychological stresses of a wartime combat zone and genuinely hostile prisoners, suggests that the risk of similar abuse in genuine wartime situations is much higher. "
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Time Management, 2008.
A discussion on the issue of how college students can enjoy their leisure time to its maximum by managing time effectively.
3,933 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses anxiety and time management problems and how this causes stress. The paper states that there are many different causes of stress for the college student and that managing time effectively and having satisfaction with their leisure time are issues that must be addressed by many college students. The paper comments that academic stress is also extremely important and this is possibly one of the largest issues that college students face, but this can be lessened by learning to manage time appropriately. The paper concludes that nationwide there has been a strong increase in the stress that college students are feeling and many believe that this trend is rather disturbing.
From the Paper
"Stress is generally a good thing as all individuals must have some to survive. However, when students have too much stress in their lives or the stress is perceived as being a negative event then psychological and physical impairments can sometimes be seen. There are ways that students can reduce stress in college but they have to work at what they are doing and learn how to get enough social support, enough time for leisure and enjoyment, and manage their time correctly. If students are not able to meet any type of personal need through different leisure activities or hobbies they may feel as though the stress that they must deal with in classes and during exams is actually much stronger than what it really is. In addition, female students appear to experience more anxiety symptoms and benefit less from leisure activities, so the female college student population would seem to be the most at risk for difficulties stemming from the stress of time management problems. In addition, however, female students are seen to be better overall at managing their time effectively than male students."
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Emotional Intelligence, 2008.
A discussion on leadership and emotional intelligence within the workplace.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses emotional intelligence (EI) and how it is considered to be a competitive advantage as far as leadership is concerned. The paper begins by listing the five characteristics that comprise EI and then goes on to discuss how it has become a sine qua non condition for managing people. Next, the paper points out that EI should not be the attribute of leaders only, as it should be promoted among all the members of the work environment. The four steps needed for promoting and implementing EI among the workforce by leaders are then discussed by the paper. The paper concludes that EI has become a vital factor in the activity of leaders and their subordinates as well. Developing EI skills is important for employees, and crucial for leaders.
From the Paper
"For a while now, it is a known fact that EI matters a great deal in the workplace, no matter the nature of one's work. EI is now associated with other major skills that weigh a lot in succeeding in one's field of work. In certain areas, people with high EIQ are considered to be more successful than people with high IQ, but with lower EIQ. Both theoreticians and practitioners agree that "successful organizations in the future will be those that grow their people with outstanding EQ."
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"The Yellow Wallpaper", 2008.
This paper analyzes the female protagonist's depression in Charlotte Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper".
1,468 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the mental state of the main female character in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper". The paper first outlines modern principles of mental health in contrast to 19th century medical science that had identified neither the organic nor the environmental causes of clinical depression. The paper then discusses how the protagonist in Charlotte Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" realizes the psychological value of intellectual stimulation. The paper also discusses Gilman's use of dark imagery and metaphor and concludes that this imagery along with her use of an uninformed protagonist with suspicions about her condition highlights the ignorance of 19th century medical views that caused the protagonist's mental decline.
Outline:
Introduction
Psychological Validation and Repression
Depression, Productive Work, and Social Relationships
Use of Dark Imagery and Metaphor
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Modern principles of mental health reflect the view that clinical depression comprises both organic pathology and environmental influences. In the case of the former, medical intervention consists of psychoactive medications such as selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) to reverse the biochemical causes of the symptoms associated with clinical depression (Branden, 1998).
"Clinical depression can also result exclusively from environmental factors, without any component of biochemical imbalance. Postpartum depression is unique in that it almost always is a function of environmental factors (in the form of life changes associated with pregnancy and changed body image and role issues) and organic factors (in the form of temporary hormonal changes) in combination."
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