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Self, Reality and Ideal Self, 2008. An examination self, reality and ideal self and how these concepts of Carl Rogers relate to the writer's life. 1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses and compares Carl Roger's concepts of self, reality and ideal self. The writer then discusses how many experiences have changed and altered her view of herself. It suggests that her conceptualization of life in some ways tends to reflect the Rogerian self -triangle where the base is the ideal self and the two sides are composed of the perceived self and the real self.
From the Paper "My Ideal Self, the base of my triangle, is usually the driving force of my ambitions for life, love, success, educational goals and so on. However, I sometimes wonder whether this is a construction completely of my own doing or has it been created from the interaction between others and myself. For instance my parents were very supportive and encouraging of my education and wanted me to travel to the United States to complete part of that experience. That became one of goals for the completion of my Ideal Self-concept and I am in the process of doing so. But how does one separate what one actually wants for themselves or how much that view has been influenced by others. When I look at what I perceive as myself, sometimes I would have preferred to remain in Japan and completed my studies there, I was certainly a little fearful in leaving home and my parents to come to the United States. I have found now that it has been an experience I would have not wanted to do without. So where my perceived self may have not gone ahead my ideal self and intentions persevered and the reality of the experience was achieved."
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Celebrity Obssession, 2008. A discussion of the power of celebrities in American culture. 1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 37.95 »
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Abstract The paper discusses the effect of celebrities such as O.J. Simpson and Paris Hilton on American culture, which illustrates the extent to which virtually anyone who is famous even for negative behavior can inspire emulation. The paper explains the psychology behind this emulation and discusses how celebrities are generally negative role models. The paper therefore concludes that although there may be reason to admire celebrities for their specific accomplishments, the blind admiration of fame without regard to personal shortcomings is damaging, especially to young people still in the process of formulating their personal values.
Outline:
Introduction
The Psychology of Celebrity Emulation and Its Detrimental Effect on Society
Celebrities Tend to Make Bad Role Models
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to news reports at the time, when O.J. Simpson was on trial for murdering his ex-wife and Ron Goldman in 1995, national sales of white Ford Broncos, Bruno Magli shoes, and white Akita dogs all increased dramatically. In fact, Bruno Magli sales of the particular model skyrocketed as a result of the unexpected publicity of the association with Simpson, and pet stores reported that people asked for "O.J. dogs" instead of referring to the Akita by name. Such is the power of celebrity in American culture."
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Birth Order, Extraversion and Introversion, 2008. An examination of the implications of birth order on extraverted and introverted personality types. 2,809 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 83.95 »
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Abstract The paper examines the literature to determine the effects of birth order on the individual in terms of their development and their personality characteristics, specifically as related to introversion and extraversion. The paper provides a table that outlines Alfred Adler's ideas on birth order characteristics and explores the beliefs of Jung on personality functions. The paper concludes that more study is needed in to understand how communicative factors influence an individual's extraversion.
Outline:
The Extrovert
The Introvert
Jung's Four Personality Functions
The Importance of Birth Order
Review of the Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The theorist Alfred Adler stated the theory that the individual's personality is dependent to some extent on the individual's position in the family as related to the sibling birth order. Adler posited the argument that the older children are generally more oriented toward achievement and more traditionally oriented than are younger children. Second born children, according to Adler's theory are generally very competitive and ambitious but less concerned about power while children born last are generally sociable and more dependent."
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Learning Theory, 2008. An examination of the relationship between the three major theories of knowledge acquisition and learning. 2,549 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 77.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the three major learning theories that exist that help to explain the acquisition of knowledge and the process of learning. It focuses on behaviorist learning or classical conditioning, operant or instrumental learning and social learning theory. The paper explains each theory and then discusses how they are all related to each other.
From the Paper "Once again, one should not think of these three learning theories as separate entities that are not related. Human behavior, especially, is too complex to fall into specific categories. There are always shades of gray and overlapping from one form of learning to another or a combination of learning forms. The early considerations of classical and operant theories continue to have a major influence on the thoughts behind learning and to be applied to everyday issues, from phobias of crossing bridges to inappropriate behavior in public libraries, to aggressive behavior toward people who look or act different from the norm. Some learning is cause-and-effect, some is instrumental and some is socially learned cognitively through observation, or variations there of."
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Video Games and Violent Children, 2008. A research proposal to examine the effects of video games on child aggression. 1,906 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 60.95 »
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Abstract This research study focuses on the hypothesis that video games are the source of an obsessive addiction that causes children to experience a physical exhausted aggression that results in heightened aggressive responses to otherwise normal and noninvasive stimuli. The exhaustion and aggression result in a diminished capacity and children suffering this condition cannot be held accountable for the danger they pose to others, or the harm they inflict upon others when in this exhausted heightened state of aggression arising out of their obsessive addiction. Further, the manifestation of the aggression is one that is reflective of the aggressive nature or violent images which have occupied a socially abnormal and unacceptable amount of the child's life and time. The paper provides an overview of the research that will support this hypothesis and outlines the proposed methodology, results and discussion.
Outline:
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Informed Consent
From the Paper "The popularity of video games and technology in contemporary modern culture is one that has the potential to be one of the most useful academic tools ever conceived. Unfortunately, the move from home entertainment to the classroom, and using the video game in a more constructive, productive and academic manner has been slow. That is perhaps because the industry is one geared towards profit, not education. There is much more profit to be earned in marketing to the entertainment needs of the American family, most notably by way of keeping American children, entertained and causing them to be less conspicuous in the lives of adults. Video games have supplanted the television as the current "babysitter" for children in the American family."
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Social Psychology in Court, 2008. This paper examines the role of social psychology in jury selections today. 846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95 »
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Abstract The paper discusses how social psychology sheds light on the dynamics which influence decisions made by juries in court cases. The paper first looks at the typical concerns about the reliability of a jury to be unbiased. The paper then refers to several court cases that show how, since the 1970's, social psychologists have been used by counsel to help ensure victory in the outcome of certain cases. The paper concludes that although many feel that using social psychology in the act of jury selection is unfair, the field of mastering jury selection is still young and will continue to be debated.
From the Paper "The psychology of groups shows up in unique courtroom situations. This group mentality is in the realm of social psychology. Social psychology "concerns the study of the individual in a social context," (Hughes 2007). In recent years, many researchers have seen correlations between the findings of social psychology and the dynamics which influence decisions made by juries in court cases. Audrey Cleary, in her work "Scientific Jury Selection: History, Practice, and Controversy," states that the concept of jury selection is "the application of behavioral and social scientific principles to the selection of jurors most sympathetic to a particular side of a court case," (Cleary p.1). Both prosecutors and defense lawyers utilize individual and group psychology in order to choose a jury that best serves their purpose, which is to win the case."
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Alcohol Abuse, 2008. This paper explores the crisis of alcohol abuse among college students. 1,641 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 53.95 »
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Abstract The paper focuses on a recent report entitled "Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America's Colleges and Universities" that divulged a disturbing public health crisis concerning alcohol abuse among college students on campuses across America. The paper reveals the findings that school administrators facilitated or accepted alcohol and drug abuse. The paper goes on to lay the blame on parents as well and discusses the effects that alcohol abuse has on the adolescent/young adult brain. Finally, the paper examines the signs and symptoms of alcohol dependence.
From the Paper "Excessive or risky drinking takes the lives of approximately 85,000 Americans per year, making it the third leading cause of death in the US (SciTech Book News, 2006). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), approximately 18 million Americans are dependant on alcohol--people who are addicted to alcohol cannot control their drinking, and can't stop drinking even when it's negatively disrupting their lives (McCollum, S., 2007). "Alcohol abuse is any drinking that causes problems with work or school work, your relationships, or leads to legal problems or dangerous situations" (Harvard Reviews, 2006)."
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Alcohol Abuse Issues, 2008. A review of the problems associated with the abuse of alcohol. 1,544 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 50.95 »
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Abstract The paper discusses disturbing statistics on alcohol consumption and on its harmful effects, including deaths, cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease as well as neurological damage and psychological / psychiatric issues. The paper looks at research on the early abuse of alcohol and how it affects youth, specifically on young Native-Americans. The paper reveals that men involved in physical labor jobs who have been treated for substance abuse have nearly double the risk of sustaining a serious injury while at work. The paper also examines studies on children raised in families where alcohol and violence is the norm.
From the Paper "According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), "Excessive alcohol consumption" is the third leading cause of "preventable death" in the United States. Over a typical thirty-day period in the U.S., the CDC reports that (www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/default.htm) "over half" of the American adult population drinks some alcohol; about 5 percent of the total population "drinks heavily"; and about 15 percent of the U.S. population engages in "binge drinking."
"The CDC also reports that "excessive drinking" isn't necessarily always connected with many drinks per person; in fact, since some people are very sensitive to the effects of alcohol on the body, excessive drinking can be as little at "two drinks per day on average for men" or more than one drink per day for women. And "binge drinking" is technically the consumption of more than four drinks "during a single occasion" for men and more than three drinks "during a single occasion" for women."
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Paxil, 2008. An examination of Glaxo Smith Kline's psychotropic drug, Paxil. 1,389 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95 »
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Abstract The paper describes the history and neural mechanisms of Paxil, the brand name of an orally administered psychotropic drug, Paroxetine hydrochloride. The paper discusses the drug's efficacy for the treatment of certain mental disorders, including the most severe form of post-menopausal syndrome (PMS). The paper identifies the adverse effects of this drug and relates that it can induce suicidal tendencies. The paper also discusses the use of Paxil by children and young adults.
Outline:
History and Neural Mechanisms
Uses and Efficacy
Adverse Effects
From the Paper "Paxil is the brand name of an orally administered psychotropic drug, Paroxetine hydrochloride, manufactured by Glaxo Smith Kline (GlaxoSmithKline 2007). The effectiveness of paroxetine in treating major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder has been the focus of studies, which linked the chemical combination to central nervous system activities involved in the disorders. These studies showed that sufficient doses of the drug block neuronal uptake of serotonin into human platelets. Animal studies also suggested that paroxetine strongly and selectively inhibit reuptake and has negligible allergic, sedative and cardiovascular effects as do other psychotropic drugs (GlaxoSmithKline)."
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The Case against Core Knowledge, 2008. An argument against the theory of core knowledge to explain infant cognitive development. 2,096 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 65.95 »
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Abstract The paper discusses the core knowledge argument that basic knowledge in several realms of cognition is innate and not environmentally learned. The paper argues that however convincing this argument might be, it is based on dubious logic and assumptions. The paper asserts it is much more reasonable, in light of the available evidence, to assume that environmental factors are important in shaping and determining cognitive development.
From the Paper "The field of developmental psychology is in a state of flux over the issue of cognition and its emergence in human beings. Studies into the acquisition of knowledge have increasingly driven a wedge between researchers who argue that environmental inputs and learning are key to cognition, while others make the case for the existence of core knowledge. The core knowledge theorists argue convincingly that basic first knowledge in several realms of cognition--such as spatial reasoning--is hard-wired into the human brain. The suggestion is that this knowledge is innate, not environmentally learned, and therefore transmitted genetically (Lecuyer, 2006; Spelke and Kinzler, 2007). These theorists rely predominantly on studies with infants to describe what they believe is innate, core knowledge that is universal in the human species."
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Non-Human Species and Learning, 2008. A look at two studies by Haque, et.al. and J.F.Briggs, K.I. Fitz and D.C. Riccio that used rats to gain knowledge pertaining to learning processes. 1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95 »
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Abstract The paper examines research by Haque, et. al. that used rats to better understand how to ward off the effects of aging on the brain, and research by Briggs, Fitz and Riccio that gauged information loss in conditioned learning when contexts change. The paper describes these studies and relates that both studies could have long-term implications for helping academicians understand how to enhance learning in human and non-human species.
Outline:
Green Tea and Learning
Memory Retrieval and Context in Rats
Conclusion
From the Paper "Non-human species are frequently the subject of academic research designed to ascertain a better understanding of learning, intelligence and educational processes. The use of rats, which are inexpensive, reproduce quickly, have mild temperaments and are prone to conditioning, is particularly common (Humane Society, 2007). Two recent studies by Haque, et.al. (2006) and Briggs, Fitz and Riccio (2007) used rats to gain knowledge pertaining to learning processes and how learning can be impaired."
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Relationship Dissolution, 2008. Explores relationship dissolution, the course of terminating a relationship when at least one partner makes the choice to do so. 2,755 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 82.95 »
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Abstract This paper examines various theories as to the cause of relationship breakups. The author points out that, although most people perceive divorce as a "botched" relationship and breakups as being intrinsically negative, many researchers now see the liberation from otherwise bad relationships as a success rather than failure. The most recent approach to relationship dissolution is to treat it as a basic element in the life of the relationship, not as a separate event or course of action. The paper concludes by presenting strategies for breaking up gracefully such as accepting the fact that some relationships will end without blaming the former partners.
From the Paper "The concept of treating dissolution as something talked about and negotiated over a period of time between partners is another option to consider, by incorporating strategies in which partners persuade one another out of the relationship. Such negotiations view the dissolution as a multifaceted series of activities with several stages and features, and specifically regard dissolution as partly a complex activity that involves other people. This method centers less on the troubles that caused the decision to separate, and more on the ways in which dissolution is handled."
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GHB and Date Rape, 2008. This paper discusses the gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB) that is increasingly used as a date rape drug. 2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 68.95 »
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Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the increased use of gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB) to facilitate assault is a growing concern across America. The writer points out that colloquially known as the 'date-rape' drug, GHB is not only inexpensive, it is also easily accessible and easy to use by those wishing to conduct sexual assault. The writer discusses that for this reason, there is a need for women to be better informed about the uses of GHB, its effects, and how it is used in sexual assault. In addition GHB's legal status is discussed as well as the regulations that are in place from the FDA and DEA.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
GHB Overview
GHB and Date Rape
Legal Status of GHB
Conclusion
From the Paper "Traditional cases of date rape involve substances that will likely physically disable their victims, sedating them into a state of unconscious anesthesia, which deprives them of cognition. This includes the ability to be oriented, the ability to remember what happened during the event, and the ability to maintain consciousness. The ideal drug, according to Jansen and Theron will create profound memory loss and will last at least a few hours, while impairing the ability to move. The ideal date rape drug is colorless and odorless, and can be dissolved easily in alcoholic or other beverages. GHB meets all of these requirements for the perfect date rape drug.
"Once awakened from their drugged coma, victims report a significant period of memory loss, where they typically have been moved to a new location. Often, the last memory a victim recalls is drinking a strongly flavored beverage that has been given to them by the perpetrator."
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Depression in Women, 2008. This paper looks at the issue of depression among women and argues that women suffer more than men from this mental health complaint. 2,386 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95 »
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Abstract In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of psychology in women. Specifically, the writer discusses depression in women as a result of emotional, physical, and mental abuse. The writer maintains that psychologically, women are more likely to suffer from depression than men. The writer discusses that women suffer from depression for a variety of reasons, from post-partum depression after giving birth to any number of emotional and physical reasons, such as abuse and fear of abuse. The writer concludes that women suffer more from depression, and women suffer more from emotional and physical abuse, and so, the two are intertwined when it comes to women's physical and mental health.
From the Paper "Thus, depression is not only a personal problem that can affect the woman and her family, it is a problem for the entire country, and solving it could lead to better productivity, along with a greater sense of well being for many American women. In addition, many women ignore depression and its signs, which can help lead to deeper depression and more difficulties in treating the disease.
"It is also interesting to note that psychologically, women generally respond differently to depression. Men tend to look outside themselves for the source of their depression, and attempt to correct or control the causes and so end their depression. Women handle depression differently."
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Dora: Questions about Sigmund Freud's Analysis, 2008. The paper investigates the accuracy of Sigmund Freud's diagnosis of a female patient identified as Dora in 1900. 3,299 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 94.95 »
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Abstract This thesis seeks to examine the treatment, by Sigmund Freud, of a female patient, identified as Dora, aged 18, in the beginning of the 20th. century. The author contends that Freud, whilst undoubtedly a pioneer in the field of psychiatry and psychoanalysis, allowed his prejudices and chauvinism to influence his thinking and diagnosis in the case of Dora. The writer investigates and evaluates this idea by examining existing scholarly research and by his own investigation into Freud's treatment of his patient.
From the Paper "This paper will present the case - through a careful review of existing scholarship and this writer's own investigation - that Freud was a chauvinist who didn't listen to Dora's cry for understanding, but rather became aggressive in his desire to verify his own interpretations of her issues. In short, there is evidence that Dora was a victim of trauma, but in his haste to prove his point about hysteria, Freud used his narrative to spin the truth his own selfish way. And moreover, he made rash assumptions about Dora's family - in particular her mother - without having full knowledge and background of those dynamics, and he didn't record the substance of his therapy with Dora until after the sessions had been completed. It is altogether possible that Freud's assumptions - and his own ego-driven male bias - led him to wrongful conclusions, and the fact that he relied on his memory to complete the delicate yet pivotal recording of the interactions with Dora leads observers today to wonder as regards the accuracy therein."
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"The Theory of Psychoanalysis": A Critical Review, 2008. A critical examination of Carl Jung's book , "The Theory of Psychoanalysis." 1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses "The Theory of Psychoanalysis," which Carl Jung wrote in critique of Sigmund Freud's theories. The writer explains that by criticizing and offering explanations for the holes in Freud's theory, Jung attempted to make his version of psychoanalytical technique more palatable to critics of the psychoanalytical community. The writer then points out the strengths and flaws in Jung's work, and concludes that even if his ideas do not meet modern standards of empirical evidence, they still have merit based on a philosophical perspective.
From the Paper "As Jung's theories are built on Freud's, they carry the same flaws as the original work without correcting them. Jung accepted the main precepts of Freud, but pointed out where they were incomplete and unable to explain the full range of human psychological phenomenon. It was Jung's goal to expand on them and fill in the holes. Jung failed to completely fill in Freud's holes because he draws on "evidence" that was difficult to document in a concrete fashion. Jung's theories were based on concepts and evidence that were difficult to observe, such as dreams and "archetypes." An example is, "the libido is there, but is not accessible and visible to the patient." (Jung, par 255)."
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Panic Disorder, 2008. This paper examines the subject of panic disorder, looking also into post traumatic stress disorder. 1,173 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95 »
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Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the current research on panic disorder, as well as its treatment is telling of the state of the disorder in the population, as well as inroads being made in its treatment and diagnosis. The writer maintains that the works studied here, collectively give the impression that panic disorder can be a life altering disorder that can progress rapidly, even in children. The writer points out that panic disorder is much more likely to occur in women than men, with the exception of those with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), who are more likely to be men if they are returning from war and more likely to be women if PTSD is associated with sexual/physical or emotional abuse in childhood. The writer concludes that the works examined also stress the need for more research, especially regarding the understanding of any potential biological effects that may be a result of chemical/hormonal changes that occur during panic.
From the Paper "Both of these lines of research are ripe for additional investigation, as they seem to clearly complicate and possibly exacerbate the social affect of the disorder to a large degree and are secondary problems shared by many who experience the disorder.
"Other related disorders also give more clear insight into panic disorder, as post traumatic stress disorder has increased in severity as well as incidence, given the prolonged state of national crisis, war and other issues involving over stimulation in the fast paced society we share. One review work, demonstrates the conflicts and controversy that surrounds PTSD, often a precursor to panic disorder as the disorder leaves the individual with a cognitive reaction to normal events in an exaggerated panicked, fashion and in many ways correlates to panic disorder. The article states that victims in the past have been treated ineffectually due to preconceived notions about the traumatic event, if they are conscious of the memory or event and if they experienced such trauma as a result of war, as the politics of war and the dynamic of the military have skewed opinions and therefore policy on treatment, as has advocates and opponents of recovered memory subjects. "
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Poe and Psychology, 2008. A discussion on the meaning of evil in the lives of the characters of Edgar Allan Poe's novels, "The Imp of the Perverse", "The Black Cat "and "The Tell-Tale Heart". 1,449 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95 »
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Abstract This paper compares the roles of the leading characters in three of Edgar Allan Poe's books, "The Imp of the Perverse", "The Black Cat "and "The Tell-Tale Heart". The paper notes that in all three books Poe connects a logical and rational argument with an irrational plot. The paper discusses how, without motive, the main characters exhibit all acts of evil while participating in horrific crimes. The paper concludes that the stories written by Edgar Allan Poe always combine the psychological with the supernatural, hinting at the connection between the human psyche and some hidden forces of the universe.
From the Paper "Evil is therefore inextricably related to irrationality, and therefore almost uncontrollable. Although psychoanalysis had not been born yet in Poe's time, it is obvious that the writer's psychological investigation of evil is very deep. Poe recognizes the influence of the subconscious over the human reason, and many times, its overwhelming power. He compares the man sitting on the edge of a precipice with someone who is ready to plunge into his own irrationality and obey his darkest impulses: "And because our reason violently deters us from the brink, therefore do we the most impetuously approach it. There is no passion in nature so demoniacally impatient as that of him who, shuddering upon the edge of a precipice, thus meditates a plunge. To indulge, for a moment, in any attempt at thought, is to be inevitably lost."(Poe, 296) This simile between the free plunge into the abyss and the modern definition of the subconscious gulf underlying our minds reveals Poe as a predecessor of psychoanalysis."
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Computer Simulation for Counseling Ethics, 2008. A discussion of the article "You're In the Hot Seat; an Ethical Decision-Making Simulation for Counseling Students" by M.W. Frame, C.D. Flanagan, J. Frederick, R. Gold and S. Harris. 1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 38.95 »
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Abstract The paper examines the study "You're In the Hot Seat; an Ethical Decision-Making Simulation for Counseling Students", by Frame, Flanagan, Frederick, Gold and Harris. The paper looks at how the study demonstrates that a counseling ethics computer simulation tool may influence students' consideration of their actions in realistic ethical counseling dilemmas. The paper discusses the theme, premise and design of the study, as well as the study's conclusion and its strengths.
From the Paper "The main themes of the article are: computer-based training, counseling, ethics, and simulation, decision-making. The article starts from the premise that "in a world with multiple perspectives on what is the right thing to do ethical decision-making is not only complex, but it is also a potential mine field". For helping professionals the process is even more difficult since they need to analyze situations and understand the possible consequences of their choices. Poor choices can not only harm clients, but also lead counselors in malpractice suits."
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