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Edward Titchner versus Max Wertheimer, 2008.
A comparison of Edward Titchner and Max Wertheimer and their respective structural and gestalt theories.
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of two major psychological theorists - Edward Titchner and Max Wertheimer. It provides a brief biographical sketch of each theorist and then describes and analyzes their respective structural and Gestalt theories and schools of psychology. The paper then compares and contrasts the two schools of psychology.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Titchner versus Wertheimer
Edward Titchner
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt Psychology
Comparing Structural and Gestalt
From the Paper
"Walter (1997) distinguishes between Wertheimer's Gestalt and Titchner's approach based on the conscious mind. Researchers (Rausch, 1949 and Hoeth, 1979 as cited by Walter, 1997) believe that if Titchner defines the conscious mind as knowledge based on interactions the individual can recall and then verbalize in what might be called self-determination, then Titchner is ignoring the unconscious in his rational based view. Wertheimer, on the other hand, doesn't believe the unconscious has any more to do with self-determination than does the conscious mind, "the inaccessible no less than the accessible, the ground no less than the distinguishable figure, the functionally bound...no less than that which is seen, the visual constant...no less than the visual variable" (Rausch, 1949 and Hoeth, 1979 as cited by Walter, 1997)."
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Statistical Procedures, 2008.
A discussion of the content of "Statistical Procedures and the Justification of Knowledge in Psychological Science," written by R. Rosnow and R. Rosenthal, analyzed through three readings of the article.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper presents three readings of the article, "Statistical Procedures and the Justification of Knowledge in Psychological Science," written by R. Rosnow and R. Rosenthal. It provides a quick overview of common problems in the first reading, discusses the problems that they highlight in the second reading and discusses the suggestions that they propose in the third reading.
Table of Contents:
First Reading
Second Reading
Third Reading
From the Paper
"On a positive note, Rosnow and Rosenthal offer a number of suggestions for improving academic research. First, they claim that meta-analysis is needed in order to determine the true relationships behind data, and not just new interpretations. The process for this is outlined as one in which researchers check each other's work and run new quantitative analyses on the same data in order to determine whether the data is in fact valid. The effort here should be to further research, not to nit pick. They point out that researchers should "cumulate data not conclusions." In doing so, they argue, researchers will improve the general condition of the professional approach to data because they will be forced to justify their own data in stronger terms (as others will be checking them). They also conclude that researchers will have to do their own legwork in compiling the reviews of literature and presume that this will help further the field as a whole because researchers will not rely on surface analysis and narrative reviews, but will instead apply more rigorous methods of analysis."
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The Typicality Effect, 2008.
This paper reports a study that tests the influence of blocked and random words on the typicality effect.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of this study was to examine some of the characteristics of typicality, with regard to proto-typically versus non-proto-typically, category blocking, and interaction between typicality and category blocking. The authors tested three hypotheses: (1) Prototypical word lists will be recalled better than non-prototypical word lists. (2) Category blocking will demonstrate better recall rates than random retrieval. (3) Some interaction will exist between typicality and category blocking. The paper reports that there were ninety-one subjects participating in this survey, divided roughly evenly between males and females. The author concludes that the main effects of the hypotheses all proved to be significant, while the interaction was not significant.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
From the Paper
"Typicality is a simpler concept to understand than it might at first seem. Loken and Ward (1990) define typicality as the degree to which an object is representative of a given category. This basic and fundamental relationship exists between typicality and categories. For instance, a newborn canary might be considered less typical of the canary category than his fellow nestling if said canary sports blue feathers instead of yellow. This example is that of an atypical individual, one that does not easily fit into our preconceived notions of what constitutes a typical member of a group."
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Psychology of the Holocaust, 2008.
This paper takes a look at Christopher Browning's 'Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland', which discusses a mass killing during the Holocaust.
3,372 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer explores Christopher Browning's controversial 1992 text, 'Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland'. The writer both summarizes the text's salient points as well as discusses the opinion of the academic community as to its veracity and merit. Every bit as importantly, this paper examines the methodology employed and looks at why Browning's text, if not a great book, can at least be described as an important one. In the end, by looking at the psychology of the killers as he does, the writer maintains that Browning forces the reader to confront "the banality of evil" which made the Holocaust possible on such an unimaginable scale.
From the Paper
"The book is, simply put, a vivid portrayal of a horrifying event. It begins with the first mass-killing at Jozefow in the early morning hours of July 13, 1942. On that day, the members of Reserve Force Battalion 101 were roused from their bunks - they were effectively sequestered in a school building in the town of Bilgoraj - and ordered into waiting trucks. After a short time, they stopped at the small, aforementioned town of Jozefow and were ordered into a semi-circle around their 53-year old commander, Major Wilhelm Trapp. At this point, the first bit of horror in Browning's narrative unfolds. As he describes it, a tearful and badly-shaken Trapp tells his troops that the 1800 Jews in the small community were to be rounded up and separated into two groups - males of working age and everybody else."
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Violence, the Media and Women, 2008.
A persuasive paper arguing that violence in the media promotes a violent society with a focus on violent women.
2,076 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the allegations that the media is to blame for various random acts of violence. But is the media really to blame? The paper investigates this question, as well as the question of whether we can expect to see more females committing violent crimes, now that there has been an upsurge of media depictions of violent women. It gives examples of violence in film, on the television, in video games and in music and music videos.
From the Paper
"Certainly, many people believe that the media causes people to act violently. For example, at the trial of Lee Boyd Malvo, one of the two notorious American snipers/serial killers in 2003, it was alleged that his older partner in crime, John Allen Muhammad, had attempted to utlize violent video games - such as Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon and Rainbow 6: Covert Ops - to train Malvo as a sniper (Miller). And after the shootings at the Columbine High School in Colorado in April 1999, in which two school boys killed 13 people, it was found that one of the boys, Eric Harris, had played the violent video game Doom a great deal. (Duin) While it is impossible to know whether the game Doom played a part in encouraging Eric to commit multiple murders, it is certainly a possibility. And given the serious impact of his actions, even a possibility needs to be taken seriously."
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Deception and 'The Glass Menagerie', 2008.
This paper analyzes the theme of deception in 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this study, the writer examines the theme of deception in the Wingfield family in 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams. By analyzing the roles of Laura, Tom, and Amanda the writer notes that the crucial elements of self-deception can be realized within Williams' text. The writer points out that by critically analyzing how these characters deceive themselves, we can see that they also have a damaging impact on the very people they are trying to hide from within the play's storyline. In essence, the the writer maintains that the fantasy escapism of Laura, the sexist attitudes of Tom, and the materialism of Amanda are three aspects of deception that occur within 'The Glass Menagerie' by Tennessee Williams.
From the Paper
"In this vital narrative, it is Laura that is deceiving herself through an obsession within unreal or fantasy objects in her glass collection. Self deception in this case is by far more damaging to the spirit, since Laura is incapable to finding a relationship with anyone else but her glass objects. This perspective comes in the realization that she cannot escape the insular world she has created, and in unable to reach outside of her fantasy world. This is the mot damaging aspect of this character's self-deception, as it denies her any type of relationship with real people."
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Major Depressive Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the history, treatment and ramifications of major depressive disorder.
2,857 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses major depressive disorder. It describes the history of the disorder, the diagnostic features and symptoms common with it and the prevalence of the disorder. It then presents a differential diagnosis and discusses how the disorder changes depending on factors that are specific to the individual. The paper also looks at the affect of culture and gender on major depressive disorder. Finally, the paper discusses treatment options and the ramifications of the disorder for the individual.
Table of Contents:
History
Diagnostic Features
Prevalence of the Disorder
Differential Diagnosis
Course of the Disorder
Specific Cultural and Gender Feature Issues
Treatments
Psychosocial Ramifications of the Disorder
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The causes of major depressive disorder may be due to heredity, social and emotional factors, specific life events and neurotransmitter issues. Although major depressive disorder can occur at any age, it is most commonly found in people over the age of 20 and the symptoms are specific to the individual. In general, however, the symptoms indicate that the person will develop a separation from normal functioning and a distance from the pleasure that is derived from living. The extent of the disorder can be from mild to severe and the patient may exhibit periods of remission, followed by recurrences of the disorder (Field, Hayes, Johnson, McCabe, and Schneidermen, 2000, p. 69)."
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William James' Psychosocial Development, 2008.
An analysis of William James' life according to Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
1,682 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life of pioneering American psychologist and philosopher, William James. It analyzes his life according to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. The paper looks at five stages of James' life, describes events in his life at those points, and then analyzes their meaning according to Erikson's theories on psychosocial development.
Table of Contents:
Infancy / Early Childhood (0-6 Yrs)
Middle Childhood (6-12 Yrs)
Adolescence (12-20 Yrs) And Young Adulthood (20-40 Yrs)
Late Adulthood To Death (60 Yrs +)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"William James' central conflict, as one biographer saw it, was between his "Promethean" and "mystical" selves: one manifested itself in the philosopher's pragmatism and democratic ideals; the other manifested itself via his long fascination with metaphysics, psychical research, higher consciousness studies, and the like (Raposa 2001). This dichotomy may be overly reductive, but it does show something of James' divided (yet highly functional) self. Observers agreed in describing William James as "tolerant, manly, liberal, romantic, impetuous, mystical, generous, anti-traditionalistic, sensitive, brilliant, kind, eloquent." They saw him, despite his self-confessed depressive states, as optimistic, anti-fatalistic and very sociable. Like all great men, William James possessed a complex, even contradictory nature, which he utilized to his advantage to create and push himself to higher levels of accomplishment, even in the face of depression and self-doubt."
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, 2008.
A case study presentation discussing the theory behind and the role of the therapist in implementing rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT).
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and the theory behind it. It looks at the three angles from which this therapy approaches the emotional healing process. The paper also discusses the therapist's role in REBT. The paper then presents a case study of a person who presents with depression and discusses how an REBT approach can help her.
Table of Contents:
The Presenting Problem
Case Formulation
Treatment Recommendations
From the Paper
"Self-monitoring is only part of the process. Ellis states that people who have PTSD, such as WWII survivors, must deal with the primary and secondary dysfunctional thoughts that come with the trauma. Primary thoughts involve the client belief in being able to prevent the trauma from occurring. Secondary dysfunctional thoughts involve symptom stress that occurs during periods of upset. Symptom stress is created by the client, for the most part (Ellis, 2001, pp. 390-391). These steps will help bring the client into a more balanced state of mind. A client is considered "cured" when the basic "absolutistic" and "self-downing" behaviors are under control or have disappeared."
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Behaviorism: A Work in Progress, 2008.
An examination of individuals and theories of Ivan Pavlov, John Locke, John Watson and Burrhus Frederic Skinner and their impact on the theory of behaviorism.
3,121 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and defines the theory of behaviorism and how it relates to present day therapy. The paper examines many historical scientists' theories and ideas which provided the needed information so that behaviorism could be born. It also explains how John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism even though the theory has been documented back to the times of Aristotle. The historical roots of behaviorism and present day uses are also examined in this paper.
Outline:
Abstract
Behaviorism
History of Behaviorism
John Watson: Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
John Locke: Tabula Rasa
B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Aristotle
Current Use
From the Paper
"Throughout history, many scholars have theorized that environment plays an important role in defining the outcome of an individual. Aristotle first hypothesized that the mind of or psyche of a person existed because of external factors. Other theorist expounded on this premise until John Watson made it a focus of his studies of behavior. Behaviorism projects that individuals are products of their experiences and have become who they are because of conditioning. John Watson, who is credited with Behaviorism made the comment that he could take twelve healthy infants and take any one of them and mold them into any given occupation regardless of genetics, race, talents and/or abilities. Watson believed that all "healthy" individuals are the same at birth but are only differentiated by the specific stimuli in their own experiences throughout their lives."
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Beethoven and Van Gogh, 2008.
A comparative analysis of the psychology behind the works of Ludwig Van Beethoven and Vincent Van Gogh.
936 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various psychological factors within the behaviors and biographies of Ludwig Van Beethoven and Vincent Van Gogh. The psychological concept of "nature versus nurture" is examined to reveal the innate and behavioral aspects of Beethoven and Van Gogh's creative genius in music and art. It looks at how, although both artists often conveyed innate "natural" abilities, both artists were often supported through societal influences that provided them with the tools to create masterworks in their fields. In essence, the psychological aspects of "nature versus nurture" are analyzed, revealing the behavioral influences that nurtured the creative genius of Beethoven and Van Gogh.
From the Paper
"The life of Ludwig Van Beethoven is one that is wrought with a father's obsession to control his son's musical talents. When Beethoven was young, he was often forced by his father to practice the study of music and instrumentation. The psychological ramifications of nature versus nurture are very much a conflicting issue in Beethoven's early musical development. Although there is now way to gauge the innate talent of Beethoven, he certainly appears to be "naturally gifted" in the mind of his father."
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Breastfeeding and Bonding, 2007.
A discussion of whether breast-feeding affects the mother-child relationship.
1,401 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes two research papers which examine the correlation between breastfeeding and bonding. This paper briefly examines the results of social influences on women who choose breastfeeding and those who choose bottle-feeding. It explains how research has revealed the inadequacy of the medical profession on the argument of breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding and how this is a serious problem. The paper concludes that more research is necessary in order to determine whether breastfeeding does affect the mother-infant bond.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature on the Breastfeeding Vs. Bottle-feeding Debate
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cliche that breastfeeding is preferable over bottle-feeding because it helps forge a mother-daughter bond is a common one. Though medical evidence regarding this belief is lacking, general sentiment to date tends to revolve around a preference toward breastfeeding. The number of women who choose to breastfeed their children is growing, primarily owing to public and government health initiatives. However, are women really selecting breastfeeding over bottle-feeding in other to forge a mother-daughter bond? Or are other factors more instrumental?"
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Discrimination Against Fat People, 2007.
An examination of the oppression and discrimination against fat people - fat prejudice.
2,212 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer argues that the effects of oppression and discrimination against fat people exact a heavy toll, especially on women. It shows that there are health advantages in being fat, that the dangers of fat are over-rated, especially in relation to women, and that the health dangers of being too thin are systematically under-rated. This paper explains that the true problem is fat prejudice, not the so-called obesity epidemic. The writer points out that fat prejudice works in favor of the powerful diet industry, giving rise to the suspicion that fat prejudice is fanned in the media due to the influence of this industry.
From the Paper
"The media constantly tells us that thin people are healthy and beautiful, and that fat people are unhealthy and ugly. However, it is argued that the health dangers of obesity are hugely over-rated, for a variety of reasons. These include the interests of the multi-million dollar diet industry, as well as the fact that coercing women into worrying constantly about their weight is an effective part of the anti-feminist backlash, ensuring that women waste their energy on frivolous matters. Moreover, it will be argued that the greatest threat to the mental and physical health of fat people is not their fat, but rather fat oppression: the discrimination that fat people face in our fat-phobic society."
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Children and Language, 2006.
A review of Paul Bloom's book, "How Children Learn the Meanings of Words", on language acquisition in children.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this book review of "How Children Learn the Meanings of Words", author Paul Bloom's theory of language acquisition in small children is explained. The paper discusses the primary theory called the "theory of mind," which is also called naive psychology. The paper explains that the book presents this theory on language acquisition through descriptions of research, presented in a clear and largely conversational manner. The writer of the review recommends this book to both students and to parents interested in helping their children acquire language.
Outline:
Theory of Mind
Fast Mapping
Objects and Concepts
Context Learning
About this Book
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This book describes the process of language acquisition through syntactic cues that are present in the child's environment. Such a process is not just a part of language acquisition, but is also part of other forms of reasoning as well. The capacity to learn language in such a way belongs to human beings alone. Although other mammals are capable of communicating in what could be considered to be a limited language, only humans have the capability to acquire abstract concepts."
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Icon Barbie and the Female Image, 2007.
An examination of the impact of the concept of Barbie as the "perfect" woman.
2,820 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the influence of the image of the Barbie doll on the female gender. The writer discusses Stacy Handler's (the granddaughter of the Barbie creator) struggles with weight, self-worth and social acceptance as a young female in society. It explains how many young girls have developed eating disorders while trying to emulate Barbie physically and how this has had many psychological repercussions. In its conclusion, the paper shows that until society is willing to comprehend the damage that it inflicts on children through these unrealistic expectations, the concept of Barbie as the "perfect" woman will continue to negatively impact the female gender.
From the Paper
"The Barbie doll was introduced to the American public in 1959. The idea for the doll was conceived by Ruth Handler who, with her husband, founded the Mattel Toy Company ("Inventing"). Handler has toured Europe and found the German "Lilli" doll a possible appealing toy for young girls. However, the "Lilli" doll was considered to be too risque' for the young American girl and Handler set about making a doll that would embody the American ideal of femininity. Barbie as a housewife, Barbie as a fashion icon and Barbie as a teenage tennis player were just a few of Handler's visions ("Inventing"). With the assistance of a clothing designer Handler set about creating fashions for the Barbie doll and it was not until these fashions began to catch the eye of parents that the Barbie began to gain in popularity."
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The Myers Briggs Type Indicator Assessment, 2008.
This paper describes and evaluates the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the format of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which is based on the Jungian theory that there are 16 personality types, is an assessment tool that explores an individual's personality by using 94 questions. The author points out that the MBTI has been used by individuals and groups of all ages for such tasks as assisting people in understanding themselves and choosing careers and assisting teachers and counselors in understanding their students' learning styles and group matching. The paper states that research indicates that the MBTI is useful as a tool that evaluates the person's personality at the time that the assessment is given but that the results of the assessment may change over time. The paper includes a chart and quotation.
From the Paper
"Gibson (2001) discusses the use of the MBTI by teachers and counselors to determine the students that will most effectively work together in groups. Gibson (2001) suggests that group work in the classroom is often ignored or avoided by teachers because it is found to be both frustrating and time consuming for students. The inability of some students to work with one another causes difficulties within the group and ultimately hinders the progress of the group in completing the assignment."
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Bullying, 2008.
This paper is a literature review of the effects of bullying and its impact on psychosocial development across the lifespan.
2,285 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although it is difficult to prove causation, bullying has a variety of outcomes, including physiological symptoms and potential contribution to psychological conditions, such as depression and ideas of suicide and self-harm. The author points out that the best approach to studying the problem of bullying is to consider it within the context of normal social behavior where often both the bully and the victim have become enmeshed in a process of maladaptive social interactions. The paper relates that empowering the students to communicate with peers reduces bullying by enhancing conflict resolution and facilitates an environment in which more positive outcomes can occur.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Understanding Bullying
Bullying and Appropriate Psychosocial Development
Curriculum Deign and Bullying
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The outcomes of bullying tend to be studied in terms of their short-term impact on the individual. Williams et al. (1996) studied primary school children and sought to identify whether physiological health conditions could be attributed to being the target of bullying in a school. The researchers surveyed approximately 2850 school children within a school district outside of London for health problems and compared these results with whether the child had been the target of bullying. Among the health problems surveyed were bed wetting, headaches, feelings of sadness, problems sleeping, and stomach aches."
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Odor and Memory in Humans, 2007.
This paper explains olfaction is closely related to the limbic system, which plays a role in directing both emotions and memory.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the sense of smell is related to spatial memory in a residual feature shared with other vertebrates that are also able to recognize and become reoriented towards a place by way of olfactory reminders. The author points out that only two synapses separate the human olfactory nerve from the amygdala involved in emotion and emotional memory, and only three synapses separate the olfactory nerve from the hippocampus implicated in memory and especially, working and long term memory. The paper states that neurobiological and other studies pertaining to olfaction and memory have explored such topics as social membership, interaction and recognition.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Indications of Evolution
Amnosmia
More on Human Olfaction and Other Primates
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"This 'Proust Effect' has been noted in various other kinds of survivors and often, many years after other reminders of unwanted, often terrible experiences have subsided. A particular smell of which the person may barely be aware till encountered can create intense emotional memories and upset. It is known that olfactory neurons are unmyleinated as makes them the slowest of those associated with the different senses but also makes perceived smells last longer than those of vision or audition. "
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Solution Focused Brief Therapy, 2007.
This paper discuses solution focused brief therapy (SFBT), a projective approach based on psychotherapy.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the number of systematic steps in solution focused brief therapy (SFBT), which is based on a sustained client relationship rather than the problem itself. The author points out that Steve de Shazer designed the therapy to focus on patient's previous experiences, methods and means of problem solving. The paper explains that, in SFBT, the patient and therapist establish a relationship based on knowledge learned through questions and interviewing during sessions held to establish goals for treatment. The author relates that a miracle question is used in the therapy to assist the patient in evaluating thinking habits and to offer a solution based on alternative circumstances.
From the Paper
"Scaling questions are very effective when working with children. Children are very visually motivated so the use of visual aids helps the child in placing images with their thoughts and words. The third type of question is known as the "exception finding questions'. The thoughts of SFBT teach that when a problem occurs in an individual life that there is always an exception. The therapist attempts to have the patient find the exception, or circumstances and specific happenings that surround the problem. The importance of understanding the "exceptions" of the problem is that the patient can compare and change the events for the future."
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