| Papers [590-608] of 7847 :: [Page 32 of 413] | | Go to page : <— 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 —> | |
|
|
The Concept of Grief, 2008.
An analysis of the concept of grief as it applies to the practice of nursing, including model, contrary, related and borderline cases.
3,280 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 94.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of grief as a concept that is significant to the practice of nursing. It explores the intricacies of grief in order to understand the scope of its impact to the field of nursing and health care in general. The paper provides model, contrary, related and borderline cases that relate to grief. It then looks at the social context of grief and then provides an operational definition of the context.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Assumptions
Literature Review
Defining Attributes
Model, Contrary, Related and Borderline Cases
Social Contexts and Values
Theoretical Definition
Operational Definition of the Concept
Empirical Referents
Measurement Tool
Application to Nursing Practice
Application to Nursing Research
From the Paper
"The concept of grief can be applied to nursing practice through an understanding of the individual patient and the time that is taken to comprehend all of the factors that impact the patient's life. The issue of quality care should be considered in relation to the concept of grief because the patient that is undergoing the grief process may not be forthcoming with the information, nor be aware that the physical symptoms that are evident are associated with physical illness. Therefore, the nurse that is capable of taking the necessary time to discover information about the patient in terms of current life situations, events that have impacted his or her living and emotional barriers to good health that may exist, will uncover the potential for grief to be a factor in the health concerns of the patient. When this occurs that patient can then be assisted in a manner that is positive and that will lead to successful outcomes for the individual."
| |
|
Article Analysis: Bias and Reliability, 2008.
An analysis of the article "Change in Work Values and Norms among Dutch Young Adults. Ageing or societal trends?" by Mandy E.G. Van der Velde, Jan A. Feij and Hetty Van Emmerik.
1,332 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews the research methods of a 1998 article appearing in the International Journal of Behavioral Development that explores whether or not work values and norms among young adult Dutch people have changed over time because of societal trends or because of aging/maturation. The paper examines, in addition to the methodology employed, the issues of bias and reliability as they emerge in the work. The paper also looks at the conclusions of the article and whether or not these findings are compromised in any way. In the final analysis, this writer finds that the article carefully controls for all variables, uses a large sample size and contains a strong understanding of previous literature and its relevance to the work at hand. The writer shows, however, how the article is compromised by the fact that traces of bias are found.
From the Paper
"Research in the fields of psychology and sociology has become increasingly complex in recent decades as advances in multivariate analysis and the development of new conceptual tools have both emerged. Because of this, the standards to which professional publications are held have risen dramatically. Happily, a 1998 release by Mandy E.G. Van der Velde, Jan A. Feij and Hetty van Emerik measures up to the new requirements and offers an interesting look at the question of whether or not work values and norms among young adult Dutch people have changed over time because of societal trends or because of aging/maturation."
| |
|
Alcohol and Drug Treatment, 2008.
This paper provides an analysis of Chicago area drug and alcohol addiction programs.
1,962 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that comparing and contrasting drug and alcohol treatment programs available in the Chicago metro area indicates that the programs offered by New Hope Recovery Center at Lincoln Park Hospital, by Hazelden, and by Haymarket are similar in many ways in terms of the quality of their services, their program focus and treatment approaches. But, the writer points out, these programs also vary. The writer maintains that the primary differences are the degree of emphasis these respective facilities place on the psychological aspects of addiction and recovery, and the economic levels of their respective clients. The writer concludes that although drug and alcohol problems plague men and women at every economic and social level
of society, people at the lowest income levels are more vulnerable to drug or alcohol addiction and are less likely to seek treatment and recover because they simply cannot afford the most effective treatment and counseling.
From the Paper
"Although everyone agrees that drug and alcohol abuse and addiction are harmful, both for American society as a whole and for the individuals and their families who are struggling to deal with addiction and co-dependency, there is much disagreement over what types of treatment are most effective, what factors contribute the most to drug or alcohol abuse, how society should deal with it, what legal measures should be taken, and what can be done in terms of providing effective medical and psychological treatment for those who are addicted."
"Unfortunately, the effectiveness of treatment programs often depends upon the income level of the client. Since addiction has psychological causes, the quality of counseling is a very important factor in determining whether a client can maintain long-term recovery, and the quality of counseling is directly related to the cost of counseling. The best psychiatric therapy is the most expensive, so it is often the case that the clients most able to pay for high quality counseling are the ones most likely to overcome their abuse or addiction problems."
| |
|
Action and Inaction in Freud and Foucault, 2008.
An exploration of Sigmund Freud's and Michel Foucault's theoretical models in relation to action and inaction as the core of civilization.
1,813 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explores how action and inaction with regard to Eros and its control or containment is at the core of civilization and has profoundly shaped Western models of the state and social order. The paper makes reference primarily to the works of Sigmund Freud and Michel Foucault in its discussion. It concludes that action and inaction can be seen as the key issues underlying both Freud's and Foucault's respective theoretical models of human social relations and Western civilization.
From the Paper
"From this perspective, the exploration of aspects of action and inaction in Freud and Foucault lead us to understand how each thinker, although in clearly different ways, conceived of the roles of erotic impulse and its repression as a core element of human civilization. As we have seen, while Freud regarded this collective repression as being analogous to the individual repression of erotic desire and action that leads to neuroses, Foucault extended this to a deeper historical understanding of this apparatus of sexual and social control, and also how this apparatus reveals the possibility of resistance. In this analysis, action and inaction can be seen as the key issues underlying both Freud's and Foucault's respective theoretical models of human social relations and Western civilization."
| |
|
Mental Health and Stigma, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of stigma as it relates to mental illness.
1,513 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the stigma attached to mental illness is found everywhere including the health care system. Stigma can be defined as attitudes, feelings and behaviors that cause a negative view towards individuals or groups. The writer maintains that such attitudes and behaviors are based on stereotyping and false notions such as the view that the mentally ill are always violent. The writer argues that stigma not only destroys self-esteem and limits opportunities for the person with a mental illness such as schizophrenia, but is a major barrier to recovery. The most serious effect of stigma is social isolation; stigma condemns the mentally ill to isolation and feelings of shame. The writer notes that stigma is so prevalent and embedded in society that it is almost impossible to eradicate, but there are strategies that can be effective.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Need
Objectives
Methods
Evaluation
From the Paper
"The mentally ill person is not able to participate like other people in society because stigma results in the mentally ill person having diminished social status. Schumacher, Corrigan and Dejong explain how stigma related to mental illness is based on three main cues consisting of bizarre behavior, poor social skills, and little physical attractiveness. Stigma also results in discrimination on the part of employers and landlords, leaving the mentally ill with few or no opportunities for a normal life. As a result of such discrimination, many of the mentally ill are unemployed and homeless. In contrast to the stigma associated with race or gender, stigma attached to mental illness is based on the cues of labels, bizarre behavior, poor social skills, and physical appearance. Furthermore, the most intense stigma is a reaction to bizarre behavior and perceived strangeness.
"Research studies have indicated that the most effective way to eradicate stigma is through developing contact between healthy individuals and the mentally ill person."
| |
|
Freud's Psychology of Ordinary Life, 2008.
This paper examines Sigmund Freud's 1901 book, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life".
954 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper analyzes Freud's well-known book, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life", which consists almost exclusively of a series of anecdotes taken from the real lives of a variety of people. The paper discusses Freud's overall theme of the significance of inner mental states, the subconscious, as possessing a deterministic quality over outer manifestations of behavior. The paper points out that Freud's analysis is neither subject to close scientific investigation nor is it logically unimpeachable, but concludes that Freud's pioneering efforts, though flawed, opened the door for further study.
From the Paper
"Freud's 1901 book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, is one of the more well-known works of his, perhaps partly due to the fact that unlike many of his studies of psychology, it focuses exclusively on the life of the ordinary individual rather than the neurotic patient. As such, it was likely from the beginning to find wider acceptance among a readership that, then as now, tends to feel a stigma attached to the felt need that one is "abnormal" or in need of psychotherapy. It thus presents itself as an accessible introduction to Freud's thought."
| |
|
Racism in the United States and Europe, 2008.
An analysis of racism in the United States and Europe and the legislation that is introduced in an effort to control it.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the similarities and differences between cultural racism in the United States and Europe. It discusses the strength of racism in both regions and the fact that in many cases it seems to be on the rise. The paper then looks at current efforts to control racism through legislation, but suggests that this will be ineffectual when there is a base cultural support for racisim.
From the Paper
"With such vigilance and fervor against racism, one must ask why it not only persists but seems to be thriving in Europe. In the United States, First Amendment protections allow citizens to organize and talk about nearly anything they'd like, including racist ideology. Combined with tensions over immigration, fear of people of Middle Eastern descent, and a standing racism with African Americans, it is little wonder that the United States not only has a history of racism but also a strong culture of racism. In Europe, however, many believe that legal prohibitions against racism and hate speech should be enough to protect ethnic minorities from racism and create a more egalitarian society. Unfortunately, Europe's record on racism is no better than the United States' (Kudnani, 1998). Tensions over immigration, rising populism, and antagonism toward Jews and Arabs all feed into a healthy subculture of racism. The conclusion we must draw from this is that racism cannot be dealt with on a political or legal level, but must be examined on a cultural level. Racism is rooted in a desire to protect members of one's own culture from outside threats. That this desire to protect manifests as racism is an unfortunate result."
| |
|
Decriminalization of Marijuana, 2008.
This paper argues for the decriminalization of marijuana in the United States.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper maintains that marijuana laws are costly and ineffective and its decriminalization will allow for a more judicious allocation of funds. The paper argues that decriminalization will undermine the black market and will not precipitate the increased consumption of the narcotic by young people. The paper concludes that the positives of decriminalization certainly outweigh the negatives.
From the Paper
"To begin with, the marijuana laws in America are costly to enforce and inefficacious. For instance, a July 2005 report revealed that federal spending devoted to enforcing criminal sanctions against marijuana use runs to around $4 billion each year - and yet fails to make any perceptible impact upon the country's perception of, or use of, marijuana. What makes the matter more problematic is the fact that the federal government spends more on enforcing marijuana prohibition than it does on policy formulation or on treatment programs (Hemp Information, para.1). Suffice it to say, any laws which are costly and which have little impact upon a perceived problem should be dramatically altered in their scope and application - or struck down entirely."
| |
|
Friendship and Adolescence, 2008.
This paper analyzes the article "The Waltz of Sociability: Intimacy, Dislocation and Friendship in a Quebec High School" by Vered Amit-Talai.
717 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper examines how Vered Amit-Talai's article "The Waltz of Sociability: Intimacy, Dislocation and Friendship in a Quebec High School" takes an innovative look at adolescent friendships. The paper describes how Amit-Talai successfully takes issue with many of the commonly touted assumptions held by anthropologists as to the nature of friendship. The paper is of the opinion that this is a well-researched and thought-provoking article, which deconstructs some widely held beliefs and points the way towards further research.
From the Paper
"Amit-Talai prefaces her discussion of her observations of these students by telling the reader what her aims are. She wants to deconstruct the perception that adolescence and friendship are tautologous, by examining four features that are commonly assumed to be part of friendship. These are that "true friendships are private, free-floating relationships;" that adolescents have plenty of time on their hands for friendship; that friendship in adolescence has a particularly intimate nature; and that adolescent friendships are "necessarily transient as a function of life cycle changes" (Amit-Talai 236)."
| |
|
Crack Prostitution in the United Kingdom - A Feminist View, 2007.
An examination of crack prostitution in Britain, where girls and women are completely dehumanized by the phenomenon.
3,515 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how British feminists feel about crack prostitution in Britain. It explains how Britain's proliferation of crack prostitution should be a lesson to Canada and seen for its complete subjection of women. The paper looks at how British feminists want to know why the sex industry has normalized and they demand better help for women trying to get off drugs, demanding tougher laws against those exploiting or abusing prostitutes, including references to mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat procurers. In conclusion, the paper shows that Britain's feminists paint a clear picture of crack prostitution as a male problem, arguing in favour of punishing those who victimize women, as a step forwards.
Outline:
Introduction
Crack and Sex Work
Lessons for Canada
An Intensified Problem
Cultural Myths
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"In January of 2006, Britain toughened up enforcement of anti-prostitution laws due to better insight into a changed sex trade with prostitution for most something other than a job of choice but a cash-based industry like any other that preyed upon vulnerable women. Preparing this paper, from a Canadian point of view, has brought new insight into the naivete of saying that prostitution should simply be legalized, that this would remove its related abuses, implying that women have choices who engage in the sex trade."
| |
|
Family Assessment, 2007.
A case study of how the family assessment model helps a family function and cope with stress.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how the family assessment model is used to help a specific family cope during a crisis. It explains that a family assessment model is effective because later nursing interventions correspond to and are based in a comprehensive family assessment. The paper looks at how in the family assessment model, the patient's needs are addressed by nursing interventions that follow directly from the assessment. The paper also notes that as this model reveals, while families experience problems and stressors, they also have coping mechanisms.
Outline:
Introduction
Developmental Stage
Family Function and Structure
Family Stress, Coping and Adaptation
Family Health Care Function
Identification of Priority Family Health Education Needs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Communication patterns for the family are open and effective. This family forms a cohesive group and has developed strong links beyond the immediate nuclear family, and demonstrates deep respect towards the elderly. Sylvia and Daniel are physically affectionate and warm towards their parents. Both children also exhibit respect and obedience toward the parents. The family furthermore is able to communicate effectively with the physicians and nurses who are involved in their care."
| |
|
Social Isolation, 2007.
This paper discuses social isolation as an issue in the case of a 20-year old named Mark who is exhibiting symptoms of schizophrenia.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 40.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper stresses that it is not the illness of schizophrenia that will cause the person in this case study on mental illness the most hardship, but rather society and his own response to his diagnosis in the form of social isolation. The author points out social isolation is related to stigma, which any patient with mental illness or dementia is certain to experience. The paper relates that the origins of both stigma and social isolation are found in the labeling process. The author stresses that social isolation creates very serious problems for treatment and recovery. The paper concludes that the main role of nursing in relation to social isolation must be a response to the patient's and the family's needs for understanding, support and health teaching.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Issue: Social Isolation
Therapeutic Intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At the same time, the labeling process which instigates the entire experience of social isolation produces a massive impact on the patient by not merely providing a diagnosis but imposing a new identity. Deegan (1993), herself a patient with schizophrenia, maintains that the label of mental illness arrives as a package plan which ensures that the patient will be utterly alone. Social isolation begins in the health care system because health care providers tend to confuse the person with the symptoms. The patient is forced to perceive themselves as health care providers view them through the label that comes with diagnosis."
| |
|
Developmental Psychology, 2008.
An application of Kathleen Stassen Berger's developmental theories to the writer's personal development.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains how Kathleen Stassen Berger, in her book "The Developing Person Through the Life Span", considers how each stage leads to the next and how biological and sociological causes affect the psychological development of any individual. The writer considers events from her own life in light of Berger's theories in order to determine the ways in which her own personal development has been a result of a string of causes and effects throughout the stages of her life. The writer looks at her infancy and preschool years, school years and adolescence and finally, adulthood.
From the Paper
"In her book "The Developing Person Through the Life Span," Kathleen Stassen Berger outlines the stages of growth from infancy to adulthood and discusses the psychological impacts of each stage. She shows how each stage leads to the next and considers how both biological and sociological effect the psychological development of any individual. Using a concept called the "butterfly effect", she shows how small and seemingly unimportant developments in any single stage can compound through successive stages to result in specific types of personality development. (The "butterfly effect" is borrowed from the concept in environmental science in which it is said that when a butterfly beats its wings in one part of the world, a storm can occur in another part of world. The interconnectedness of events is the key concept here.)"
| |
|
Parenting According to Dr. James Dobson, 2006.
A review of James Dobson's "Parents' Answer Book".
901 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses Dr. James Dobson's book on parenting "Parents' Answer Book". The paper summarizes each chapter briefly and highlights each chapter's most important aspect. The writer explains that Dobson deals with parenting issues from birth to the college years. The writer concludes that the book follows (generally speaking) a chronological arc and is also noteworthy for the lucid and empathetic way in which Dobson tackles pressing social concerns.
From the Paper
"The early chapters of James Dobson's text are devoted to looking at how young parents can properly inculcate values in very young children. The first chapter comprising pages 1 to 20 of the text, takes a look at the fundamental nature of children and assesses the influence of culture upon them; the second chapter of the book explores how young parents can effectively discipline the pre-school child and emphasizes the importance of "loving leadership" - a process whereby parents do not surrender their authority to their children but, instead, lovingly do what is best for their sons or daughters despite how much resistance it may meet."
| |
|
Mental Health and Stigma, 2008.
This paper explores mental health and stigma and the implications for health promotion.
1,207 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how stigma associated with mental illness leads to social isolation, which hinders both treatment and recovery and harms the family of the patient too. The paper discusses how the root of the stigma observed in the population is found in the mass media, which continues to perpetrate and reinforce perceptions of mental illness. The paper looks at the nurse's role that must be a response to the patient's and family's needs for support, advocacy and health teaching. The paper maintains that health teaching is not nearly adequate; there must also be a coordinated campaign of health promotion.
Outline:
Introduction
Stigma
Social Isolation
Sources of Stigma
Program of Health Teaching and Health Promotion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Patients with various forms of mental illness regularly visit outpatient clinics to be administered doses of lithium for bipolar disorder and medication such as Loxapine, Halperidol,and Thyxothicene for schizophrenia. Because of the influence of the biomedical model, the attending psychiatrists ask these patients how they are coping but generally ignore the responses because of the focus on symptoms. Meanwhile, two major issues interfere with patients' adherence to treatment or even with initial seeking of treatment. Stigma and the subsequent social isolation that results from it are not being addressed in these mental health clinics."
| |
|
Freud in "Brave New World", 2008.
This paper analyzes Sigmund Freud's structural theory in "Brave New World" by Aldous Huxley.
1,399 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses Freud's structural theory of the conscious and the unconscious within "Brave New World" by Aldous Huxley. The paper looks at the characters Lenina Crowne as the "ego", John the Savage as the "id" and Henry Ford as the "super ego" within Freud's structural theory. The paper shows how one can realize the modernity of Huxley's writing within the context of his futurist utopia. The paper is of the opinion that this novel provides an interesting critical view of Freud's theories, highlighting the importance of both individual and group issues that arise in human relationships.
From the Paper
"The basis of the Freudian Structural Theory is to determine the nature of the human psyche at the conscious and unconscious levels. The historical character "Our Ford" in Huxley's novel has become the central aspect of Freud's Super Ego defining the male dominancy of cultural norms tat must be followed in relation to the purely sexual libido of the Id and the mediator of the Ego (Freud 47). Ford was symbolically named after the American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford (Bloom 88), which symbolized the assembly line autocratic tendency of Huxley's futurist society. Our Ford is called "Our Freud" in the novel, as Huxley suggests that horrors of father/mother relationships that arise within this Super Ego aspect of human cultural interaction and macrocosmic family values in Chapter Three."
| |
|
Self-Care Management, 2008.
This paper examines the theory of self-care management for vulnerable populations, particularly for those afflicted with sickle cell disease.
2,199 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 68.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper looks at the self-care management theory that seeks to mitigate the circumstances of the vulnerable population through a positive approach to the symptoms of the disorder. The paper focuses on sickle cell disease and explores the five intra-personal factors that can empower the less privileged of society with the personal tools to combat their afflictions. The paper compares the practical application of the theory to similar theories. The paper contends that the research is as sound as it is extensive, but in the practical application of the theory there may be fatal errors.
Outline:
Abstract
Theory Description
Theory Critique
From the Paper
"This theory proposes methods and strategies to increase health and quality of life for members of vulnerable populations afflicted with Sickle Cell Disease. The vulnerable population is defined as members of social groups that experience a functionally lower level of health care due to lack of resources. (Dorsey & Murdaugh p. 43) Membership in this disadvantaged social group is typically predicated by being a person of color, living in poverty, those marginalized due to sexual preference, immigrant status or religion. Additionally non-English speaking individuals, people with AIDS, and homeless families are general members of this social group. (Dorsey & Murdaugh p. 43)"
| |
|
Stigma and Schizophrenia, 2008.
This paper explores mental illness and the effects of stigma on the patient, family and caregivers.
2,464 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 75.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses a clinical situation where the label of schizophrenia caused an individual to contend with issues such as social isolation and losses. The paper discusses the impact created by stigma on the family and on all those who come into contact with the patient. The paper reveals that the role of nursing is not always carried out since stigma is just as prevalent among health providers as it is across the general population.
Outline:
Introduction
Clinical Situation
Relevance of the Clinical Situation
Identification of Three Issues of the Concept
Future Practice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Mental illness is deeply misunderstood in our society and stigma is attached to all forms of the illness. No form of mental illness is more shunned by the public and induces more fear than schizophrenia. Kenny (2001) maintains that stigma seriously damages self-esteem and reduces opportunities for the person who has an illness such as schizophrenia. More importantly, stigma constitutes a major problem for the recovery process. Stigma consists of certain attitudes, feelings and behaviors that lead to a negative label being forced upon an individual or group and is manifested in prejudice, discrimination, fear, distrust, and stereotyping (Kenny, 2001)."
| |
|
Social Comparisons, 2008.
This paper explores the social comparison theory and its processes.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 63.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper analyzes the social comparison theory in four sections, first by exploring a journal article that explored the theory in the United States and China. The paper also analyzes a mass media example in the context of social comparison. A personal example is then provided within an academic setting to see how the real life-scenario works. Finally, the theory was examined in an ethical context.
Outline:
Abstract
Social Comparison, Individualism-Collectivism, and Self-Esteem in China and the United States by Chung and Mallery
Mass Media Example of the Social Comparison Theory
Personal Example of Social Comparison Theory
Social Comparison Theory and Ethics
From the Paper
"Chung and Mallery (1999) "examined the possible differences in social comparison between individualistic and collectivistic cultures" using the United States and China for the sample (para. 1). Chung and Mallery predicted that based on past research, collectivistic cultures, where individuals focused on achievements that would be beneficial to a collective group rather than themselves, would be positively correlated with upward social comparison, while the contrary would be true for individualistic cultures. In essence the a priori expectation is that "upward comparisons were positively correlated with individual self-esteem, and downward comparisons were negatively correlated with collective self-esteem" (Chung & Mallery, 1999, para 14)."
|
|
|