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"A Father" and Child Development, 2008.
A discussion of Bharati Mukherjee's short story "A Father" and the father's role in a child's development.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Bharati Mukherjee's short story "A Father". The paper points out firstly that the use of 'a,' which implies a kind of arbitrary selection of a father, is appropriate given that the story is a narrative of unwed pregnancy by artificial insemination. The paper argues that the tale's title stresses the story's theme about the lies of patriarchal authority and male dominance. The paper concludes that the story shows how truly useless 'a father' is to a mother and daughter.
From the Paper
"Besides the theme of a culture clash, the story deals with parental conflicts bubbling beneath the surface as well as the shifting cultural values that occur when a family comes in contact with the west. Despite his idealization of a patriarchal way of life, where the man is the head of the family, Mr. Bhowmick does not reign supreme over his own family unit. His wife insisted that the family move to the United States. Mr. Bhowmick did not want to move. Mr. Bhowmick blames this for his daughter's unmarried, unwed, and unattractive plight, but the fact that it was his wife's decision to come to America indicates that the family never had a male reigning supreme over the children and the woman of the household, in contrast to Mr. Bhowmick's idealized vision of Indian family life."
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A Review of "Deadly Medicine", 2008.
A book review of "Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America" by Peter C. Mancall.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a critique of Peter C. Mancall's book "Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America". The paper calls Mancall's work an informative and contextually important book, which meets the challenge of providing a balanced historical account of the Native-American experience with alcohol. The paper maintains that Mancall's focus on a historical, rather than anthropological or scientific, view is ambitious and occasionally problematic but does provide a fair account. The paper praises his attempt not to stray into stereotypical assumptions, but rather to find out the causes and effects of the colonial alcohol trade by examining all available source material. It concludes that, rather than summarizing the arguments of those who came before him, Mancall offers a fresh account because he is working directly from primary sources and highly relevant secondary sources.
From the Paper
"Mancall's book provides a fresh viewpoint in what currently exists in the subject's literature. It is obvious that he was aware of what had already been covered, as he explains the stereotypes most common to the literature and addresses a number of the current claims and theories. Indeed, a number of the books that cover the subject of Native Americans and alcohol appear in Mancall's cited sources."
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, 2008.
A study carried out on children of sufferers of obsessive compulsive disorder.
2,584 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study that examines whether the effects of thought suppression, present in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) sufferers, may be present in those at risk of developing OCD before they are diagnosed. The study is conducted using children with at least one parent who has been diagnosed with OCD. The study also utilizes the technique of journal completion by the participants to investigate further the underlying processes of thought suppression which may be present in those at risk of developing OCD.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Limitations
Discussion
Results
From the Paper
"Although there have been studies to examine the deficit in cognitive inhibitory processes in adults, it is so far unclear whether the processes are a predictive factor of obsessive compulsive disorder development. It is possible that the cognitive deficits may be something which develops with the onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. This study aims to assess whether the cognitive deficits may be predictive of obsessive compulsive disorder through psychologically based experiments with the children of those diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder.
"One prominent feature of obsessive compulsive disorder is the attempt by sufferers to ignore and suppress their intrusive thoughts (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). This strategy is not usually successful and may in fact lead to the intrusive thoughts occurring with increased frequency. The cognitive-behavioral model of OCD suggests that this failure to control intrusive thoughts is a key factor in the formation of frequent and intense obsessions that are the key characteristic factor of the disorder (Rachman, 1998; Salkovskis, 1994)."
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Trichotillomania, 2008.
A discussion of the psychological disorder of trichotillomania.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper is a proposal to conduct research on trichotillomania, a recently identified abnormal psychology disorder, which involves the habitual pulling of hair. The disorder often results in patches of hair loss, occasionally also resulting in missing eyebrows or eyelashes, and occasionally pubic hair. The paper points out that there have been several studies, which have identified factors in a sufferer's life which may be impacted upon by the disorder. However, there are few studies which have identified the effects on overall quality of life in the individual. There have also been no attempts to differentiate the effect between males and females, although it may be expected that there would be differences between the two. This study uses a combination of standardized tests including quality of life measurements to construct a questionnaire to be given to trichotillomania sufferers. To conclude, the paper states that the results are compared to the same study conducted among a control group of non-sufferers in order to obtain information which demonstrates the overall impact on quality of life from trichotillomania.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Limitations
Discussion
Results
From the Paper
"Study participants will be approached through the Trichotillomania Information Centre. The group supplies information to sufferers of TTM as well as participating in research studies. The group holds a list of members, many of which are sufferers of TTM. The group will be approached to send a request to all members to appeal to members who are willing to participate in the study. In order to be selected for participation the individual must have been diagnosed with TTM according to the DSM-IV criteria. The participants which are identified will be sent a questionnaire through the post along with a stamped addressed envelope. The respondents will remain anonymous to protect their confidentiality. There will be a suitable period allowed for the surveys to be returned and then all the information will be collected together for analysis. There will also be a control group asked to participate in the study to form comparisons with the TTM group. The participants for the control group will be recruited from the population of college students. The exclusion criteria for the control group will be any individual which has been diagnosed with any anxiety or depression disorder. This exclusion is in place as there may not be adequate distinction made in the survey to differentiate between TTM and other disorders, which may affect the results in the control group."
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Account of Employee Motivation and Reward, 2008.
A review of the extent to which behaviorism offers a viable account of employee motivation and reward.
3,581 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses that understanding what motivates people to accomplish organizational goals has been the focus of researchers for a number of years. The paper states that a number of psychological and management theories have been advanced over the years to explain why humans behave the way they do, and what motivates them in positive and negative ways. The paper states that one of the theories that emerged in the early 20th century to help account for positive and negative motivation in organizational settings, is classical behaviorism, which the paper discusses in detail.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Employee Motivation and Reward
Conclusion
From the Paper
" While behaviorism may appear to be a cold-blooded approach to understanding human behavior, there are some harsh realities that must be taken into account when trying to manage large groups of people and behaviorism recognizes these human frailties. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that because people are just people, they will try to get away with whatever they can for as long as they can absent any stimulus to persuade them otherwise. Managers who understand this will be using the tenets of behaviorism whether they know it or not to achieve improved performance from their employees."
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Suicide and African American Adolescent Lesbians, 2008.
An examination of suicidality among African-American lesbian adolescents and the correlation of adult support.
14,140 words (approx. 56.6 pages), 48 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the risk factors and reasons for suicide among young people is discussed extensively. The paper also explains how many gay and lesbian adolescents, who commit suicide, leave behind a myriad of unanswered questions for their families struggling with their death. It maintains that suicide does not differ among any social or economic class. The paper concludes that there is a high rate of suicide among African-American lesbian adolescents and a lack of family support, which may contribute to the fatal action.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method
Data Analysis
Discussion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In recent years, sexual preference has come into view as a leading cause for adolescent suicide. The difficulties of dealing with the stigma of homosexuality might lead to depression and even suicide among gay men and lesbians is commonly known. When emerging sexuality becomes a central issue in young lives, depression and suicide are more likely to happen (Russell & Joyner, 2001)."
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Is Alcoholism a Disease or Not?, 2008.
An overview of the debate over whether alcoholism can be viewed and treated as a disease or not.
1,366 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the question of whether alcoholism can be viewed as a disease or not. It presents the opinion that alcoholism is not a disease but is rather the result of psychological and sociological factors and should not be categorized as a disease. The paper then presents the view that alcoholism can be viewed and treated as a disease. The paper concludes that, in the final analysis, , both viewpoints must be taken into account in assessing and dealing with the problem of alcoholism.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of Research
Interpretation
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"This view of alcoholism is contrasted with those researchers like Peel who state that there are other factors that should be considered before defining alcoholism as a disease. These include the psychological and sociological dimensions of the problem and the way that individual willpower and preferences play a role in alcoholism."
"In essence, an analysis of the relevant data and research indicates that both these views should be taken into account in understanding and dealing with alcoholism. In other words, alcoholism has not only one causative dimension. While an individual may become an alcoholic due to genetic factors, at the same time this view should be balanced against the fact that social, psychological and other factors may be a cause of the addiction."
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Pain Management in War Torn America, 2008.
A discussion of pain management in war torn America as described in the movie "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas."
763 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the concept that pain ridden Americans are taking the idea of pain management into their own hands. More specifically, the paper discusses the movie "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" and hos the movie demonstrates that if the American legal system and physicians would provide better healthcare in the area of pain management, many people suffering from pain would not be abusing illegal drugs.
From the Paper
"Terry Gilliam's movie "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" deals with this bioethical issue of how a war torn country was coping with its pain. Throughout the movie, the audience is constantly bombarded with images and scenes of war. Clips from newsreels of Vietnam show up on the television and background radio noise. While driving to Las Vegas, a woman on the radio speaks about soldier's dying from illegal drug overdose. The circus they attend while in Vegas is likened to "what the whole hip world would be doing on a Saturday night if the Nazis had won the war. This was the sixth Reich," (Gilliam 1998). On one scene, Dr. Gonzo screams out "I just got back from Vietnam," (Gilliam 1998) while throwing up outside of a car, antagonizing a couple next to them in a taxi. Due to lack of physician orientated help, many soldiers and Americans turned to illegal substances. Dr. Gonzo and Hunter S. Thompson view these illegal substances as their "medication." They medicate themselves throughout the movie to ease the pain cause by the war and of failing to obtain the American Dream, "Learn to enjoy loosing."
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Family Counseling, 2008.
A discussion to determine whether or not family counseling can provide outcomes for clients that are commensurate with other types of counseling.
786 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper investigates whether or not family counseling can provide outcomes for clients that are commensurate with other types of counseling-i.e. cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, etc. The paper attempts to provide not only a clear understanding of the importance of the research but also a clear understanding of the current gaps that exist in the literature.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a similar vein of inquiry Fals-Stewart and O'Farrell (2003) compared therapeutic interventions for opioid-dependent patients. In this review, recovering addicts were assigned to either a family therapy group with individual support or an individual-based treatment (IBT) only group. All patients were supported with naltrexone therapy to help them cope with the physical aspects of addition. The results of the investigation indicate that family therapy participants were more likely to attend scheduled treatment sessions and had a lower rate of relapse than participants in the IBT group. Further, at one year follow-up, family therapy participants had fewer drug related legal and family issues."
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Heavy Alcohol Use and the Brain, 2008.
A review of the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the brain.
2,365 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that there are many studies into the long-term effects of heavy alcohol use and notes that it may lead to shrinkage of brain material. This in turn may lead to short-term memory deficits. The paper also relates that it is known that heavy alcohol use impairs the hippocampus which affects memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Brain Shrinkage and Short Term Memory Loss
Hippocampus Activity and Memory Loss
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As discussed earlier in the essay, heavy consumption has been associated for some time that with reductions in the numbers of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. The forebrain cholinergic neurons are distinguished into two groups, those of the basal ganglia and those of the basal forebrain. The cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to the cortical regions, and the most rostral of these project to the allocortical regions such as the hippocampus. Therefore reductions in numbers of these cholinergic neurons will lead to reductions in activity of these allocortical regions, including the hippocampus. It is also possible that alterations in modulatory transmitter inputs such as cholinergic innervations may also play a role in the reduction of hippocampus activity without the actual loss of cholinergic neurons themselves. However in tests which have been performed on rhesus monkey models it has been shown that hippocampal activity reduction which is related solely to these alterations in modulatory input and not reductions in numbers of cholinergic neurons are unrelated to observed changes in memory function of any kind (Calhoun 475). This does not mean however that the reduction in hippocampal activity related to actual loss of cholinergic neurons does not lead to degeneration of memory function."
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Stress Related Illness, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of stress-related illnesses caused by various elements within the workplace.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of stress-related illness cases experienced by an employee during his professional association with a company. The writer discusses legislation implemented with the intention of ensuring that people are not made ill by their jobs. The writer then looks at causes for mental stress within a company. The writer maintains that numerous studies have corroborated the strong inverse relationship that exists between unemployment and labor turnover rates. The writer concludes that this relationship extends to poor performers, who exhibit a much greater tendency to quit their jobs if external job opportunities are plentiful, and discriminatory practices are permitted.
Outline:
Introduction
Stress Generation: Work Place Discrimination
Racial Discrimination at Workplace
Workplace: Discrimination against Foreign Nurses
From the Paper
"The companies throughout North America have realized that their failure was attributed with the collapse of its supply chain system, the further investigation revealed that the failure of the supply chain system was associated with the flaws and irregularities reported within the system based upon discriminatory practices, it was observed that the poor implementation of the entire system was responsible for the debacle, therefore the company took the counter measures to subdue the impact of the system that was based upon the system of discriminatory practices, it was also observed that the lack of support and lack of coordination between the upper and lower category employees was also responsible for the failure, the failure resulted in the overall deterioration of the performance previously marked and achieved by the employees, the employees complained of discriminatory attitude and mental trauma which they experienced under the might of individual authority, whose actions deferred from the manifesto of the company. In some of the cases the mental stress was associated with the bullying and racial, sexual harassment from the employers against the employees of different culture and religion, which is the clear violation of the standard practices of merit. The stress and concerns were also built once the subordinates performed miserably, and the company suffered a major jolt, which shook up the entire team of the company. The company also observed increasing stress and mental illness associated with the proactive roles of the particular diversified unions within the system, and minor incidents of racial discrimination were reported, therefore the tensions prevailed because of the incorporation of the diversity within the workforce."
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The Impact of Cognitive Function on Hearing Impairment, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the research paper "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?" by van Hooren et al.
1,773 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the main hypothesis of the study, "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?", can be stated as follows: while hearing aids show significant results in terms of auditory improvement, there is no proof to suggest a related improvement or increase in cognitive ability as a result of the application of a hearing aid. The writer explains that the study refers to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. The writer also explains that it should be noted at the outset that this hypothesis presupposes a connection, albeit based on prior research sources, between hearing or hearing enhancements and cognitive functioning. Thus, this is an aspect that forms part of the critique in this analysis of the paper. The writer points out that it is also suggested that the methodology used to ascertain cognitive correlation is to some extent not adequate in terms of the complexity of determining quantitatively a definite link between hearing aids and improved cognition.
From the Paper
"The methodology used in this study was comparatively simple and conventionally straight-forward. In essence a relatively small number or participants were used in this study - which is also a point of contention with regard to the results and conclusion of this research. In total there were fifty-six participants (mean age 0/72.5) who were fitted with hearing aids were compared with 46 control participants (mean age 0/74.5) with an equivalent impairment, but who were not fitted with a hearing aid. The study took cognizance of a number of variables and factors that could influence the results of the experiment. These included neurocognitive tests after 12 months. However, it is also possible that these tests in terms of personality and individual psychological components were not sufficient. This aspect is possibly one of the reasons why the study did not return the expected correlation between hearing aids and cognitive improvement."
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Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behavior, 2008.
A literature review of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior.
5,754 words (approx. 23.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
The early childhood years are universally recognized as being a critically important developmental period for human beings, and when normal patterns of parental caregiving and nurturing are disrupted or when children experience abuse at the hands of others, the consequences can be profound, pervasive and even life-threatening. This literature review examines the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior. The studies are grouped according to those studies concerning childhood sexual abuse and dissociation, those that concern childhood sexual abuse and various self-destructive behaviors, and those that investigate the relationship between all three factors.
Outline:
Introduction
Studies Concerning Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Concerning Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behaviors
Studies Examining All Three Variables
From the Paper
"When families experience the trauma of sexual abuse, the processes by which these multiple and competing reactions on the part of the parent and the child tend to interfere with the normal processes that provide families with the means to achieve healthy functioning following such episodes of abuse. In this regard, Silberg (2004) reports that when children are sexually abused, there will be a natural tendency to engage in a number of emotional responses that may compete for primacy, including a desire for secrecy, individual victimization memories and sexual experiences, and confused and mixed emotions in the child and the parent. According to this researcher, "This is likely to be the case whether the conflicting feelings are a result of abuse within the family or from maltreatment by an individual outside of the family. In either case, these competing processes lead to dissociative manifestations, forgetting, and inability to make adequate meaning out of the feelings, perceptions, and ideas stimulated by the sexual abuse" (Silberg, 2004, p. 490). "
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Coping with Infidelity and Breakups, 2008.
This paper provides a study of strategies to reduce stress and anxiety in order to cope with infidelity and breakups.
7,064 words (approx. 28.3 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 158.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that the issue of stress and anxiety that is linked to relationship betrayal and breakdown poses a particular challenge to contemporary psychological and relationship counseling. The paper presents an overview of the problem of infidelity and relationship breakdown mainly in the context of modern developed countries like the Unites States - while reference is also made to the permutations of the problem in other countries in the world. The central focus of this paper, however, is on the way that stress and anxiety can be dealt with in the two gender groups. This refers to the differences and similarities in the way that stress and anxiety is experienced by men and women; and the way that they cope with the trauma of divorce and infidelity. The last section of the paper deals with counseling strategies and methods of dealing with this issue, as well as some theoretical stances and trajectories that has been found to be useful in this regard.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Extent of the Problem
Psychological and other Consequences
Differences in Gender in Relation to Stress and Anxiety
Coping Strategies
General Coping Strategies and Advice
Coping Strategies for Women
Self-Esteem
Coping Strategies of Men
Counseling and Stress Reduction
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
" The above view underlines a cardinal aspect of the way that divorce in particular, as well as other forms of relationship breakdown, negatively influences a wide circle of people. The effect that relationship breakdown has on the family and on children is a significant factor in determining the extent of the problem, in that these aspects can add to and increase stress and anxiety. In other words, in the assessment of the extent and range of the effects of marital breakdown, the other individuals who are affected beside the man and woman, tend to contribute to the overall situation and to the stress and anxiety factors. For example, children may become disruptive as result of the stress of the relationship conflict, which in turn leads to an increase in the problematics of the situation."
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Educating Preschoolers with Autism in China, 2008.
A research proposal into American education programs for children with autism and their application in Chinese learning environments.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 45 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses American special education programs. It specifically focuses on programs for educating preschoolers with autism. It then looks at how these programs can be applied in Chinese learning environments and discusses the current treatment for autism spectrum disorders in the People's Republic of China. The paper presents a research proposal for the subject matter.
From the Paper
"This program contains structured reinforcements and feedback including the use of 'no' at the incorrect response of a child. A study conducted at the University of California at Los Angeles states a 47% recovery rate for child below the age of four years old. This program is a 40-hour per week program of one-on-one therapy for a period of two years. This method is reliant on introducing a skill, prompting and reinforcement of the skills. (Programs for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, nd) There are currently studies underway in order to make a determination as to the prevalence of autism in China. At the present, there are no formal programs for autistic children with only very treatments programs in the larger city private schools. Treatments in China are said to range from "herbal medicines and acupuncture to sensory integration training and, in rare instances, applied behavior analysis." (Clark and Zhou, 2005) The work of Tsang, et al (2006) reports a longitudinal study conducted on 34 autistic children in Hong Kong using the TEACCH program in a preschool. Stated is that "eighteen children received full-time center-based TEACCH program training. The control group included 16 children who received different types of individualized or group training but not TEACCH program training. Instruments validated in Hong Kong were used to assess the children's social adaptive functioning and developmental abilities before and during the training at 6-month intervals for 12 months. Children in the experimental group showed better outcomes at posttest. They also showed progress in different developmental domains over time. The study provided initial support for the effectiveness of using the TEACCH program with Chinese children." (Tsang, et al, 2000)"
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Quantitative Research, 2008.
An examination of quantitative research. focusing on the pros and cons.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of quantitative research in education and social science. The paper explains that quantitative research is indirect, abstract and treats experiences as similar, adding or multiplying them together, or quantifying them. The paper looks at how qualitative research has the aim of understanding experience as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. The paper also points out that qualitative research is not a new method. The paper then explains that there appears to be a consensus that, though education may be different now from in previous years, the aim is still the same - to understand what each tradition is doing rather than debate the political and moral implications of the research and its methods.
From the Paper
"Theoretical research programs coordinate theory and empirical research. The researchers infer that theory guides research, and research tests theory, which was earlier stated by Moore in 1989. Research results provide insight that improves theories, which then require further tests. This reciprocal coordination of theory and research produces cumulative theory growth, the trademark of science. To build solid knowledge about social processes, theory cannot be separated from related empirical research that tests it. Group processes research has focused on experiment, although not to the exclusion of other social research methods."
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Bipolar Disorder, 2008.
A brief overview of the etiology and emotional impact of bipolar disorder.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder has long been an intriguing subject in the realm of mental health. For many years the disorder was known as manic depression and there was a great deal of stigma attached to the disorder. This paper examines bipolar disorder as it relates to etiology and the emotional impact of the disorder on the individual, on families and on society in general.
Outline
Introduction
Etiology
Emotional Impact
Effect on the Individual
Effect on the Family
From the Paper
"Bipolar disorder is a recurrent major affective disorder characterized by high, elated or irritable periods referred to as mania and deep depressions (Johnson et al, 2000). Some people with the disorder also have mixed episodes when periods in which mania and depression occur simultaneously (Johnson et al, 2000). According to the National Institutes of Health, scientists have not come to a consensus on the exact cause of Bipolar disorder. However, it is evident that there are genetic factors that contribute to the development of the disorder. In addition there are also environmental factors that lead to the disorder."
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Childhood Sexual Abuse, Dissociation and Self-Destruction, 2008.
This paper looks at the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior.
6,829 words (approx. 27.3 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 154.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that living with a chronic mental illness or problem can be exceedingly difficult, and those that struggle with dissociation often experience many of the same problems. The writer points out that the basic assumptions of the psychiatric model are inconsistent with nursing practice, and therefore nurses who are asked to treat those who have chronic mental, behavioral, or emotional problems often have a great deal of difficulty adjusting their feelings and beliefs about what the patient should be treated for to fit in with the guidelines proposed by this model, which can cause disagreements and issues between doctors, patients, and families. A critique of the psychiatric medical model shows that this particular model views emotional problems that stem from abuse and other issues as though they were diseases. The writer then provides a review of related literature and looks at various related assumptions in this regard.
Outline:
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behavior
Studies Examining all Three Variables
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Because the diagnostic tests for mental and emotional issues are so rigid and strict, the whole person is not examined. The lack of flexibility creates a restricted view of the individual who has come to seek help, and the process of giving patients these diagnostic tests becomes not one of helping them, but rather of classifying them into a specific category. While it is acknowledged that it is important to attempt to find what is 'wrong' with these individuals in order to treat them in the most appropriate way, individuals must be studied and classified on an individual basis. No two people who act the same way are exactly alike, and the diagnostic tests make it far too easy to assign someone to a category without really understanding the depth and nature of their problems."
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Cross-Cultural Emotional Development, 2008.
A discussion of the differences in emotional development in children from various cultures.
1,312 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the 'making' and sentimentalization of a child is something that is addressed very differently, depending on the culture and the society. The paper explains that in some cultures, emotional issues are more important and significant than physical ones, and when this is the case, the emotions of a person are seen as a prime source for that individual's motivation. The paper looks at how anthropology has conceptualized the relationship between emotional competence and the child. The paper also points out that the politics of a nation becomes that of the child that is raised in that nation, whether that is good or bad.
From the Paper
"Lutz (1983, p. 247) infers that the parents often show the child how he or she 'should' react to something specific. If a parent reacts with anger to every little slight, the children will likely react that way as well. In a sense, they have been conditioned to react that way because it is what they see as normal, based on how their parents act. The more time they spend around others, though, the more that they see that there are different ways of reacting to specific stimuli, and they might then begin to question whether the way that their parents react is the 'right' way, or the way that they want to react. This begins a period of socialization where the child learns what is acceptable in society and his or her place in that (Lewis & Saarni, 1985, p. 4)."
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