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The Costs of Extraordinary Rendition, 2008.
An explanation of how foreign nationals, believed to be terrorists, are captured and transferred to other countries.
6,704 words (approx. 26.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of the legal implications of extraordinary renditions and examines the practice within an historical and legal context. Specifically, the paper explores what arguments are used to support the practice, and how its continued use threatens the very fabric of legal democracy and rule of law in the United States and in the world. The paper contends that examining these issues is the most important first step we can take regarding extraordinary renditions; permitting the continued abuse and torture of individuals who have been convicted of no crime is entirely unacceptable.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Context of United States Renditions
9/11 and Intensification of Renditions
Legal Implications of Extraordinary Renditions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In order to secretly populate these CIA prisons--or black sites--with sus-pected terrorists, the Bush Administration employed a process known as ex-traordinary rendition. Extraordinary rendition amounts to kidnapping foreign na-tionals and delivering them into facilities under the jurisdiction of a third party (Weaver and Pallitto, 2006). It has been demonstrated that suspects transferred in such a fashion are quite often tortured for information and treated in ways that violate basic human rights, international treaties, and UNITED STATES law. Conveniently for the UNITED STATES government, suspects are sent to nations such as Syria or Egypt where torture is common practice. In fact, it would seem that the only nations to which the United States routinely transfers suspects through extraordinary renditions are those nations that have terrible human rights records. It may well be that the UNITED STATES government has not specific intention of using torture against these suspects, but it should be readily apparent that they are more than willing to reserve the capacity to use torture if the need should arise. If the situation were otherwise, then we should expect any suspect captured to be openly and legally transferred to UNITED STATES detention facilities where their treatment and interrogations could be controlled and monitored under UNITED STATES law."
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National Identity, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of national identity and discusses the importance of national identity to the American people.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that national identity should take precedence over other possible identities in the United States, because the United States was founded on the principles of unity and trust, and because if the national identity is not front and foremost in most people's eyes, civil unrest would erupt threatening the safety of all people living in the country. The writer notes that the United States is the only nation in the World to create a national identity, partly because the United States welcomes as its own so many people from different nations, of different cultures, and people that speak different languages. The writer discusses that the national identity that belongs to the United States is not one that is exclusive, but rather inclusive of all others. This is one reason the United States is a model of freedom for people throughout the world. The writer maintains that the democratic principles that govern the nation offer people of all languages, ethnicities, races and cultures to enjoy democracy and freedom for all, so there is no need for the people living in American to associate with any other identity than "American".
From the Paper
"The cause of a nation may vary from dispute to dispute, but historically people have always identified with others in their group, the group that shares a common identity. When you are a member of a national identity, you are often considered part of a team, the same team that will provide you with guidance, safety, information and education. A national identity is something all Americans have, although some people do not present themselves in a way that would allow others to recognize this. What distinguishes the United States from other countries is its history of being a "melting pot". What this means is many people from many different cultures and those that speak many different languages live in the United States. This is much unlike other countries, where people tend to share one common identity. People speak one language typically in other countries, as the primary language. The same can not be said for people living in countries other than United States. If people do not readily accept the concept of a national identity, there is too much risk that war, violence and the loss of democracy must follow. This is one of many reasons the national identity is so important to the livelihood of this country and of the American people living within its borders. "
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Rousseau and Marx, 2008.
A contrast and comparison of the theories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx in their works "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men" and "Communist Manifesto" respectively.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the writings of French educator and philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, particularly his "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men," written in 1755, as well as Karl Marx's theories, which he expounded in his "Communist Manifesto" in 1848. The paper compares and contrasts their theories and looks at the reasons why Rousseau's views were not embraced at the time he wrote his work, while Marx's views were accepted when he wrote his work.
From the Paper
"As Marx's ideas fueled the Russian Revolution, Rousseau's writings helped inspire France to start an armed rebellion against being dominated by a tyrant. The working class people of the French Revolution stormed the Bastille with his battle cry on their lips, protested oppressive armies seeking to keep them poor and without rights, and controlled the course of the Reign of Terror. This revolution took down the French government and guillotined Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, their king and queen. The Russian Revolution toppled the tsar in a bloody social and economic war, resulting in the Bolshevik party led by Vladimir Lenin forming the Soviet Union in 1922-3. In both the French and Russian revolutions, violence and extremism turned an enlightened philosophy based on reason and equality into an era filled with death. As it had in France, the long battle for the rights of the working man turned bitter and violent in Russia, as Stalin took over and, violating their own Marxist beliefs, formed new classes and forced the mass of people into servitude."
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Current Affairs in Palestine, 2008.
A discussion of the parties working toward an eventual peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the efforts constantly being made to improve the security environment for Israel and the Palestinian Authority by both sides and by the Quartet, a diplomatic mission consisting of the US, UN, Russia and the European Union, established in 2002 in Madrid by Spanish Prime Minister Aznar to assist in mediating the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The writer describes various political factors in the peace process and recent events affecting it. The writer concludes by describing plans for the international summit organized by the US in the last week of November 2007.
From the Paper
"From the Israeli part, at least in theory, it seems that there is political will to succeed in achieving a peaceful security environment for both nations, the Israelis and the Palestinians. After the 2006 elections, Ehud Olmert and the Kadima party became the most important force in the Knesset and therefore it was considered at the time that there would be more political unity in the decisions being taken in the matter of the Middle East peace process. In this sense, his opinions and support for an eventual agreement that would be respected by all the parties involved are constantly expressed in his public statements, more recently while preparing the US held summit in late November 2007. In a different context he expressed his views that "he hoped a peace deal with the Palestinians could be reached in 2008" (BBC News, 2007). Although there are serious differences of opinion among Israeli political parties, it is an already accepted fact that indeed, there is a need for a resolution to the conflict between the two nations and the international framework created at this moment could be an important element in furthering the talks."
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U.S. Arms Exports, 2008.
Looks at the impact of United States arms exports on human rights around the world.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper supports the thesis that the U.S. government's history of providing arms to governments with known human rights violations undermines its claims of support for human rights. Although the US has the most stringent policies regarding export control on the books, the commitment to these policies and the inadequate methods of enforcement are of great concern. The paper specifically discuses the cases of Bahrain, Indonesia and Turkey. The paper concludes that the number of cases where the US provided arms to countries that practice human rights violations demonstrates that, regardless of what the US says in its policies, it still places the money made from arms sales higher than the lives of the people. The paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Case Studies
Arms Supplies to Oppressive Regimes
The Case of Bahrain
Indonesia
Turkey
Disarmament
Government Policy Versus Actions
From the Paper
"One of the most famous instances of US human rights violations occurred in the 1980s under the Reagan administration. During this time, the Nicaraguan Sandinistas were considered to be a communist regime. In this scandal, the US helped to sell arms illegally to Iran to finance the Contras guerillas. The Contras were a ruthless group who instituted serious human rights violations against in their war against the Nicaraguan government . Nicaragua took the United States to court in the International Court of Justice."
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Globalization and the Philippines, 2008.
This paper discusses globalization and looks at its impacts in the Philippines.
2,633 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the Philippines consists of weak, self-serving state institutions that are ill-suited to the task of managing domestic affairs let alone integrating the Filipino economy with the world economy. The writer discusses that, despite repeated efforts to embrace economic and trade liberalization in order to ride the wave of globalization to increased prosperity, the Philippines has only managed to repeatedly demonstrate the inherent problems at the social, institutional, and bureaucratic levels. The writer concludes that this has been the legacy of globalization in the Philippines: distracting concerted development of the country with promises of significant, if fundamentally uncertain, economic wealth.
From the Paper
"Why has this been the case? The liberalization of the Filipino economy should have had the effect of encouraging economic growth and propelling the island nation onto an equal footing with some of the more prosperous developing nations in Southeast Asia. Upon closer examination, however, it is apparent that the free market policies of the Philippines have utterly failed to produce the desired goals because they have opened up the nation to the worst effects of globalization, while allowing international trade partners and investors to reap significant benefits at the expense of the Filipino worker. The schism between intention and result is wide in this case, and the Philippines must stand as an example of how globalization can negatively affect a nation.
"The most significant issues affecting how globalization impacted the Phil-ippines are most related to the nature of the Filipino state. The Philippines be-came a nation in 1945 after being a colonial holding of the United States. "
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Decline of China, 2008.
This paper discusses the decline of China during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
2,158 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the development of China, through the 19th and early 20th centuries is marked with examples of successful and failed attempts to lay complete control over her resources by imperial interests. The writer discusses that the country developed through years of resistance and loss, differing only by the characters that were involved in the particular topical game. The control of resources and goods in conjunction with a sense of mutual disregard for the other's believed superiority created demonstrative social, political and economic chaos. Profit, religion and even colonial education, driven by western interest ruled much of China and limited her natural development. The writer maintains that though China may have been effective at resisting official colonial rule, she was not left unscathed by colonial drive and interests.
From the Paper
"Fighting over little bits of Chinese land and large shares of control over her goods and demands for goods frequently ended in China becoming occupied by various nations, to protect their own interests from other European powers. One example is the initial occupation of Macao, where the British were concerned over the interest of France, under Napoleon in the territory, so they simply occupied and controlled it. China fought western infiltration, at the same time that she to some degree welcomed the trade. In 1808, one province of China even decreed that it was forbidden not only to bring opium into the kingdom but for western missionaries to enter it either."
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The Anarchical Society, 2008.
This paper analyzes Hedley Bull's beliefs, concentrating on his work 'The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics'.
3,315 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Hedley Bull wrote 'The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics' thirty years ago; that was nearly twenty-five years before the September 11, 2001 attacks in the U.S. brought down the World Trade Center and changed the political climate worldwide. The writer discusses that nevertheless, what he wrote in this book in 1977 - and in other books and articles - is considered highly germane and pertinent to today's world order. The writer points out that scholars who have written about Bull's work have provided a variety of approaches to the value and tone of Bull's offering. This paper reviews and summarizes Bull's book, and provides insights from scholars who always seem to have heady comments and analysis when it comes to commenting on Bull's research and narrative.
From the Paper
"Bull is the kind of intellect and author who likes to break subjects down into categories; and albeit not all of his categories are neat little compartments, he does try to bring his reader to a point of understanding through a king of grouping and common sense explanations. On page 16 he brings his first chapter to a close - after discussing what he means by states, society of states and system of states - by setting out the three goals that societies are seeking to meet (or should be seeking to obtain) and sustain in this international order he describes. This is always instructive to the reader, as being able to anticipate what the author is tackling alerts a head's up consciousness."
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Illegal Aliens, 2008.
This paper looks at arguments surrounding undocumented foreign nationals in the U.S.
1,512 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the arguments surrounding the issue of undocumented foreign nationals, or illegal aliens, in the United States are intense. The issues reflect a broad spectrum of topics such as medical services and health risks posed by illegal aliens; crime; education; jobs; unemployment; Social Security and disability benefits. Some of the issues are ones that are peripheral to that of illegal aliens, like globalization and open borders. However, at some point even the peripheral issues merge, and the focus rests with the problem of undocumented individuals, who have entered the United States illegally, and what rights, if any, they have; and what to do about the problem. This paper examines some of these issues, resolutions and potential outcomes.
Outline:
Introduction
Existing Problems
References
From the Paper
"The existing problems posed by undocumented individuals crossing America's southern border into the United States illegally is a serious one. First, the geographical locations from which they traveling across to enter the United States, are third world countries in South America. Those countries have poor infrastructures - if they did not, most of their citizens would be content to remain in those countries. The poor infrastructure means that there is inadequate housing, nutrition, education, and public services, like sanitation, immunization, and medical care available to the citizens of those countries - most notably, Mexico. What this means to the United States is that illegals crossing into the country pose a potential threat to the citizens of the United States by way of infectious diseases."
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'Bowling Alone', 2008.
This paper analyzes and discusses the social issues raised in the book 'Bowling Alone' by Robert Putnam.
2,823 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in his book 'Bowling Alone', Robert Putnam offers an interesting image of how the idea of social capital applies in the modern world and how people are becoming more isolated so that the idea of democracy is under attack, given that people have fewer and fewer community associations and community activities binding them together. The writer discusses that Putnam used the image of a bowler playing not against partners but simply keeping his own score, and he made explicit comparisons between what he observed in Europe, notably in Italy, and what he observed in America to show the problem he perceived and to suggest ways of overcoming this problem in the future. The writer maintains that while the image is to the point in one sense, it also overstates the reality and neglects to consider ways in which new means of communication that may seem to isolate people, like television and the Internet, actually contribute to a new sort of community and a new sort of unity and are themselves a unifying cultural element.
From the Paper
"Putnam has also addressed the same issues in an American context. In doing this, he counters de Tocqueville, who observed Americans in the nineteenth century and saw Americans as forming a wide variety of associations that strengthened American democracy. More recently it has been thought that this habit was waning and that therefore the stuff of civil society was eroding, meaning those cultural elements that bind society together around certain cultural norms. Putnam addresses the issue with reference to bowling leagues and to the fact that the number of bowlers increased 10 percent between 1980 and 1993 while league bowling declined by 40 percent. Putnam offers other measures of proof that participation in associations has declined, including lower voter turnout, reduced participation in religious services, reduced membership in trade unions, reduced membership in the PTA, and so on. A number of reasons might be given for this, including the development of new technologies such as television which keep people home more and other social changes which reduce the time people have for joining associations."
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Meatpacking Safety, 2008.
This paper looks at the meatpacking industry and focuses on the issue of the safety of workers within the industry.
968 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the meatpacking industry. Specifically, the writer discusses work safety and immigrant workers in the industry and the looks at the related recommendations of the organization Human Rights Watch. The writer points out that it is no secret that the meatpacking industry is a dangerous industry requiring regulation and scrutiny. The writer notes that Upton Sinclair first brought the industry to light in his arresting novel "The Jungle" way back in 1906. The writer maintains that while it is clear the industry is dangerous, what is not so clear is why industry officials continue to deny the safety and human rights issues that face its workers. The writer concludes that safety in the workplace, no matter what workplace it is, should be the paramount concern for all managers and leaders.
From the Paper
"It is interesting to note that most of the workers in the Chicago stockyards in 1906 were immigrants, just as today, and they had their rights trampled in much the same way many of the plants are accused of violating rights even today. Thus, the safety and human rights issues may have improved, but certainly not as much as one would think they would have. The writer believes that many of the corporations are still mired in greed and corruption just as they were at the turn of the 20th century, and they will never change unless they are forced to change by the people and stricter laws. It is clear that reports and sanctions do not make a difference; they simply dispute them and continue to subjugate and mistreat their workers. They may think they have advanced from the time of Sinclair's powerful novel, but indeed they have not, which is a sad testament and legacy to the industry and its leading corporations."
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Adolf Hitler's Role in World War II, 2008.
This paper looks at Adolf Hitler's entry to war and his role in World War II.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the second World War was in fact a return to the unfinished business of the first World War and the idea of a progression from World War I to World War II is unavoidable. Signs that war was brewing on the horizon were evident ever since Hitler took power, effectively putting an end to the Weimar Republic and transforming Germany into a fascist state. The writer maintains that it should be noted that Hitler did not merely seize power; he had the full support of the majority of Germans, who, humiliated by their defeat in the first World War and the subsequent sanctions imposed on them by the Versailles Treaty, were anxious to seek revenge against their enemies. The writer discusses that while Germany's grievances might have been settled by diplomatic means, were another strong, less violent leader in political office, Hitler was visibly determined to go to war from the outset. In trying to restore dignity to his country, Adolf Hitler completely destroyed Germany, effectively doing a lot more damage to it than the First World War had done. The writer concludes that it is through studying the lessons of history - and the ruthless actions of such tyrants as Adolf Hitler - that one may learn from the mistakes of the past, and hopefully use those lessons to avoid the destructive impulses that lead to world war.
From the Paper
" While his military advisors did everything in their power to deter Hitler's ruthless rampage, this did not stop him from declaring war on the United States in December of 1941. By now, it seemed that Hitler was no longer merely attempting to tone for the losses his country suffered as a result of the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles. His rage was motivated by something else, something more personal; indeed, from the point of view of Adolf Hitler, the Second World War was merely an extension of "Mein Kampf" (my struggle). No sane leader would have dared to take on the leader of the free world at that point in time. By declaring war on the United States of America at that point in the war, Hitler was effectively taking on the Soviet Union, the British Empire, and the United States all at once. The United States was the world's greatest industrial and financial power, the Brits claimed the world's largest empire at the time, and the Soviet Union boasted the world's largest army. There was no way Germany was prepared to fight for this war, as they were not even capable of providing their soldiers with adequate clothing and supplies against the harsh Russian climate."
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The NYS Public Authority Accountability Act, 2008.
Looks at the New York State (NYS) Public Authority Accountability Act, which was created to counter corruption and mismanagement in public organizations.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the New York State (NYS) Public Authority Accountability Act, the S-OX Rule 404, a related report by the NYS Comptroller and a report by the Attorney General and the State Isnpector General, requested by NYS Governor, which addressed the sale of certain land rights bordering the Erie Canal. The author explores the factors contributing to the passage of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act, its intent , the ways this act addresses legislative concerns and its potential to succeed. The paper includes a synthesis of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act's particular provisions. Figures are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Revealing Operations behind Closed Doors
The "Act" Itself
Specific Provisions of the Public Authority Reform Act
SOX Rule 404
Rule 404 of the SEC
Opening Closed Doors of "Internal Control"
Discussion of Amendments Implementing Section 404
Acts in the Interest of the People of NYS
Senate Passes Legislation to Reform Public Authorities
The Value of Values
From the Paper
"Internal control encompasses more than a company's accounting functions. A number of definitions of the term "internal control" primarily focus on "clarifying the portion of a company's internal control that an auditor should consider when planning and performing an audit of a company's financial statements." This, albeit, did not improve the level of understanding of "internal control", nor satisfactorily provide the guidance that auditors sought. In time, successive definitions followed and increased understanding."
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Terrorism and the Global Economy, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of terrorism on the global economy since September 11th.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the state of the world economy both before and after the September 11th terrorist attack in order to evaluate if there is a significant economic change after accounting for other, usual, economic factors. The paper reveals that while the economic effects of September 11th were large and varied, they were incredibly small when weighed against the total productive capacity of the world economy. The paper does point out, however, that the idea that terrorism represents an incredible economic risk is a strong incentive for investors to shift capital away from regions that are afflicted with terrorism. The paper therefore calls for the perception of the dangers of terrorism be minimized.
From the Paper
"Without question, terrorism has dramatic and significant impacts. The human cost can be high, and the damage can be extensive depending on the target and the method. However, it is unclear to some degree whether or not terrorism has a palpable impact on the global economy. Certainly, there are immediate economic impacts at the site of the terrorist attack and these effects will be felt in that region. However, the degree to which a terrorist attack is capable of impacting the global economy is less certain. Commonsense tells us that major acts of terrorism will impact the global economy, but commonsense is not necessarily the best indicator of financial effects."
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Asians in America, 2008.
This paper discusses an Asian-American person's life set in a historical context.
2,658 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an overview of the life of an Asian American, set in a historical context. Specifically, the researcher correlates the life experiences of the interviewee, Ping Wang, with the historical information that R. Takaki and Lon Kurashige and A.Y. Murray speak of in their respective works. The writer points out that through her hard work and dedication, Wang is an ideal example of how many Asian Americans first struggled after immigrating to the United States. However, the writer concludes that Wang's story is also a story of victory, one that demonstrates just how far the Asian American people have come since the late 1800s.
Outline:
Introduction
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"After spending some time in Germany, Mrs. Wang moved to the U.S. during the fall of 1988. Her primary reason for coming to the U.S. was to live a better life, and to have an opportunity to compare life in the United States to life in China. This was especially important because she really didn't have any idea what it was like to live in the U.S. because of the dictatorship that ruled China. Ping concluded initially that life in the United States was far too difficult to live, and had almost given up on the idea she would ever gain her freedom or ability to nurture and support her family. This changed however, as Ping and many other immigrants came to learn the English language and bare children that would help then realize their dreams for liberty and justice for all, as so many Americans proscribe to this sentiment.
"Ping was able to come to the U.S. because her husband acquired a visa to study. On arriving, Ping began her studies of the English language first, and then attended Suny Newpaltz as a graduate student."
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The Australian Defense Force, 2008.
An examination of the integration between the Australian Defense Force (ADF) and the whole of government (WOG) approach.
4,820 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper questions whether the Australian Defense Force (ADF) has "broken the code" to successful integration of joint-interagency support during the conduct of military operations. It looks at the activities of the ADF compared with the "whole of government approach" (WOG) that exists. The paper looks at their integration and the direction the ADF will take in future joint interagency operations.
Table of Contents:
Research Question
Background and Significance
Working Hypothesis
Methodology
Introduction
Whole of Government (WOG) Approach
Defense Budget Spending 2007-2008
Organizational Changes in Australian Armed Forces
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Furthermore, bilateral counter-terrorism relationships with countries outside of the region have been formed with the most important stating to be that with the United States. Regional organizations and bodies also play an important role in combating terrorism through development of common policy response to the problem, as well as acting as a forum "for the exchange of information and ideas, coordination of regional programs and in the development of "the political will and momentum for action." (Transnational Terrorism, The Threat to Australia, 2004)"
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The Clash of Civilizations, 2008.
This paper discusses the book 'The Clash of Civilizations and the Coming of the New World Order' by Samuel P. Huntington.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies Samuel P. Huntington's book 'The Clash of Civilizations and the Coming of the New World Order'. The writer hypothesizes that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world would not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict would be cultural. The writer discusses Huntington's theory that nation states would remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics would occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The writer concludes that given that both East and West are subject to many of the same internal forces, the idea of conflict can itself be a part of the cultural make-up of various nation-states and can cross boundaries as we see ourselves as part of something larger, in this case the idea of Western civilization, in opposition to the forces of unreason represented by a different cultural system.
From the Paper
"Given the tensions of the time, Huntington's thesis was taken to be largely a reference to the clash in the Middle East, though Huntington also referred to various Asian states as well and talked of the Confucian-Islamic countries. His thesis has been most cogent since it was written in terms of the ongoing conflict in the Middle East, however, with many seeing first the Gulf War, then the terrorist attacks, and now the Iraq war as direct evidence of a clash of civilizations of the sort cited by Huntington. Specifically, the clash is not between the United States and a specific other country, even if a war is now being fought in Iraq. The real war is between ideologies, as Huntington states, so that the West is arrayed against Islamic countries. Even if the enemy is identified as Islamic fundamentalism or Islamic radicalism, at heart the clash is between the liberal, Christian West and the conservative, Islamic East at the present time. Huntington's book is a good framework for the analysis of this conflict and for understanding more clearly what is at stake in this battle."
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How Lawful? How Fair?, 2008.
This paper delves into educational law and studies affirmative action and discrimination in employment.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of affirmative action and discusses its fairness. The writer first explains that affirmative action consists of positive steps to increase the representation of certain groups in employment, education or business where they have been historically excluded. These steps involve preferential selection according to race, gender or ethnicity. The writer maintains that part of the rightness and the fairness of affirmative action must be its moral authority. The writer then discusses the concept of affirmative action as a method to address and close the racial gap. The writer describes affirmative action as corrective justice and looks at two affirmative action cases.
From the Paper
"Corrective justice is different from the fair distribution of goods, according to philosopher Jules Coleman.
It compensates deprived groups for previous losses to gains unfairly obtained by others through government action. It seeks out interventions, which would repair past unjust decisions. But advocates must contend with matters involving fairness and legitimacy. So far, they have not come up with clear and defensible principles to match the arguments and rhetoric of opponents. Advocates have developed only broad claims for compensation for a long history of slavery, segregation and other forms of racism. Their reasoning is usually less developed and convincing than that of their opponents. Their theory has been hardly articulated, much less defined. Even their arguments in the Supreme Court have been one-sided and cannot pit strength with the sharp, tried and pragmatic position of their opponents."
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Egypt, 2008.
An analysis of the stability of Egypt and its political status.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper states that when analyzing the political environment in Egypt, one of the most important questions one would ask refers to the political regime of Egypt. This paper focuses on presenting the level of democratization in Egypt by analyzing the latest elections that took place there in 2005. The paper specifically focuses on elections as these are a very significant indicator of the level of democratization of a country.
From the Paper
"The respect of human rights and of principles of equality show how developed a country is and the level of development is closely linked to the level of democratization. Elections represent a democratic practice that allows citizens to choose their representatives and freedom of elections is a guarantee of the freedom that each citizen has to chose and be chosen. Freedom of elections is an indicator of the political freedom of a country and of the level of democratization of that country. Based on this argument, this paper analyzes the latest elections in Egypt and how free and fair they were, arguing that the level of democratization of Egypt can be determined after analyzing its elections."
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