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Protection From Radiation, 2008.
This paper looks at health and safety regulations that protect the public from radiation exposure.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the radiological health program (RHP) that has been mandated to control the uses of radiation and to protect the public's health and safety and the environment from accidental and avoidable radiation exposure. The paper also examines the response to the Chernobyl accident and the ensuing establishment of the international nuclear safety program (INSP) and highlights the advancements that have been made in the technology of nuclear safety.
From the Paper
"Health is a key factor in the scope of any kind of nuclear services or work. Many steps are taken to ensure that each individual is protected as much as possible when involved in dealing with any type of radiation. A program called The Radiological Health Program has been established to set guidelines and regulations that protect the public and keep all involved safe.
"The Radiological Health Program (RHP) has been mandated to control the uses of radiation and to protect the publics' health and safety and the environment from accidental and avoidable radiation exposure. This has been accomplished through the registration of radiation (x-ray) machines, licensing of radioactive materials, inspections, and enforcement actions, to ensure total regulatory compliance."
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Remote Sensing, 2008.
A look at the many applications of remote sensing, including the areas of agriculture, forestry, and urban development.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and uses of remote sensing. The paper specifically focuses on how remote sensing is used in agricultural applications from row crop to forage management, but also discusses its application in the fields of forestry and urban development. The paper looks at how remote sensing can be an invaluable resource for many business and professionals and how it has become a large part in how many people conduct their business. The paper concludes that remote sensing technology has evolved greatly over the last 30 years since the launching of the first space remote sensing satellite. One would believe that in the future, there will be many more advances and applications of this highly advanced technology to improve our knowledge of the earth. Several color images are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Applications of Remote Sensing in Field Crops
Remote Sensing in Other Applications
From the Paper
"Remote sensing can be very useful for many applications. It provides a unique perspective of from which to observe large regions. Remote sensors can measure energy at wave lengths which are beyond the range of human vision. (ex., microwave, ultra-violet, and infrared wave lengths.) This energy, called electromagnetic radiation, is emitted in waves that are able to transmit energy from one place to another. For example, this paper, plants, animals and air are reflecting and emitting a wide range of electromagnetic waves. Remote sensing is possible from nearly any site on earth."
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Carl Sagan, 2008.
A review of one of the most famous scientists of all time, Carl Sagan.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Carl Sagan revolutionized how the world looked at space and the search for intelligent life beyond our planet. The paper talks about Sagan's popular PBS television series "Cosmos" and his novel "Billions and Billions", specifically focusing on the chapters on abortion, religion and science.
From the Paper
"Born in 1934, Sagan grew up in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of New York and attended urban public schools in New York and New Jersey. The University of Chicago provided him scholarship support when he entered in 1951, and he continued there for graduate work, receiving his doctorate in astronomy in 1960. After two years as a postdoctoral in biology at Berkeley and Stanford, he joined the Harvard College astronomy faculty as Assistant Professor until 1968 and then moved to Cornell University to become Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary studies."
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Ion Mobility Spectrometry, 2008.
An analysis of the use of ion mobility spectrometry in the detection of explosives.
1,928 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is one of the most widely used and most promising of the methods available for the detection and identification of explosives today. It looks at how two independent principles and the foundations of this technique are that ions can be created at ambient pressure from radioactive materials and how these gas phase ions can be characterized rapidly for mobility in weak electric fields. Several diagrams are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
How it Works
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction
Ion Formation
From the Paper
"The electric field is established via a voltage divider and a series of conducting rings stacked between the ion shutter and the detector. In the drift region, there is a drift gas at constant pressure, which may be between 1 Torr and atmospheric pressure depending on the configuration of the IMS instrument. The ions experience a number of collisions as they pass through the buffer gas. These collisions hinder the ions progress to the detector. Larger ions move slower through the drift tube due to greater collision cross sections causing more collisions. Smaller ions, on the other hand, move faster as their collision cross section is smaller and therefore they encounter fewer collisions. This explains how the separation via shape and size is possible."
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Nuclear Energy, 2006.
An argument in favor of using nuclear energy.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the disadvantages associated with nuclear energy are not as great as some of the disadvantages of other forms of energy. Specifialy, the paper argues that nuclear power provides much economic growth and does not degrade the environment unless, of course, an accident of some sort, such as Three Mile Island in 1979, were to occur. The paper further argues that nuclear power is obviously a very sustainable source for the generation of electricity.
From the Paper
"In the early 1970s, the cost of a two-unit nuclear plant was about $1 billion, due to the great amount of materials needed for construction. For example, at one plant in the mid-1970's, 270,000 cubic yards of concrete, 17,000 tons of reinforcement bars, 11,000 tons of steel, 250,000 linear feet of large boring pipe, 240,000 feet of small boring pipe and 6,700,000 feet of cable was needed for construction. Presently, the cost has skyrocketed, due to inflation and the increased price of materials."
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Solar Cell Manufacturing Process, 2008.
An analysis of the steps involved in the process of solar cell manufacturing.
968 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the process of solar cell manufacturing and looks at each step of the process in detail. The paper describes the processing stages of chlorine-free polysilicon production and describes the purity requirements for the silicon used in solar cells. The paper also briefly looks at the changes in the solar cell manufacturing industry over the past few years.
From the Paper
"The very last step of manufacturing a solar cell is adding the electrodes (electrical contacts) and interconnection strips. Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another, creating a solar panel, and then to the receiver of the produced current. The contacts must be very thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlight to the cell. Metals such as silver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated through either a photo-resister, silkscreen, or they can be deposited on the exposed portion of cells that have been partially covered with wax. All three methods involve a system where the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is protected, while the rest of the cell is exposed to the metal. And finally, the interconnection strips are soldered into place. Flux is applied to cell interconnection strips before soldering to act as a deoxidizer. It ensures better adhesion between the solder and solar cells. This provides positive contact for an electrical current and greatly lowers the probability of the current shorting out. After applying the solder and flux, the cell surfaces need to be cleaned with a chlorofluorocarbon compound."
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The Meaning of Life, 2008.
A discussion of the different views of the meaning of life.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the different views--scientific, philosophical, religious--on how to tackle and how to best answer questions regarding the meaning of life. The paper explains that science contends that the meaning of life is centered on the origin of life, both in terms of biological life and the universe itself. The paper then points out that, it is uncertain whether science can really tell us what is most significant in life in a philosophical sense. The paper also looks at how the meaning of life is said to be the question which was at the very heart of the classical moral philosophy initiated by Socrates. The writer believes that the only important thing is that you live your life in a way that you don't have regrets or you don't step on other people's feelings or rights.
From the Paper
"Another philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard, argued that life is full of absurdity and the individual must make his or her own values in an indifferent world. For Kierkegaard, an individual can have a meaningful life if the individual relates the self in an unconditional commitment to something finite, and devotes his or her life to the commitment despite the inherent vulnerability of doing so.
"These are but instances of how different people give different answers to the most-asked question about life. There are a million other contentions and concepts, may they be philosophical, religious or scientific in nature. These contentions and ideas depend on how one's beliefs are patterned or how one's experiences have shaped this belief system, or, maybe, his or her set of goals."
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Film: "Daredevil", 2008.
This paper uses the powers of the blind superhero, Daredevil, from Mark Steven Johnson's 2003 film "Daredevil", to explain the Doppler effect.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in order to battle effectively criminal scum in Hell's Kitchen, blind superhero Daredevil, from the film "Daredevil", must use the Doppler effect to dodge bullets and to envision his surroundings. The author points out that a radioactive accident left Daredevil blind as a child but intensely amplified his remaining four senses. The paper relates that, to understand how Daredevil uses the Doppler effect, the viewer must know that sound waves are the result of vibrating particles in any material. The author continues that the Doppler effect is the frequency change of a moving sound source. The paper describes two instances, in the film, where Daredevil knew where the bullet was without seeing it by using the Doppler effect.
From the Paper
"Daredevil uses sonar by listening to the water droplets echo from hitting the ground around him as it reflects or bounces off an object. He can envision his surroundings by establishing that the longer it takes for the echo of the water droplet to come back, the further away the object is. Recall that when he uses the Doppler Effect he learns if the object is moving toward or away from him. With his super hearing abilities, he can tell if the object that the sound waves are bouncing off of is as small as a grain of rice or as big as a truck."
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Physics of Batman, 2008.
A discussion of the physics involved in the 1989 Movie "Batman".
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the physics of the survival techniques of the superhero Batman, by using a scene from the 1989 self titled movie : "Batman" as an example. The paper explains how the film reveals that Batman must have super human strength to be able to survive a fatal crash with such a corresponding large force unharmed. The paper discusses how the plane's mass, changing velocity, and force would kill a normal person and how Batman must have super-strength to survive such a crash. The paper then shows how the physics displayed in the movie were the concepts of force, impulse, and momentum and were accurately illustrated and correctly represented.
From the Paper
"In the unfortunate event that a plane happens to crash, the crash is almost always fatal. Why is this? The answer lies in the physics of the crash, particularly impulse and momentum. Momentum can be defined as the product of an object's mass and its speed. The definition of an impulse is force multiplied by time (Kakalios 49). So the equation is Force x Time = Mass x Velocity. This equation states that a change in momentum is caused by a force applied over time. Objects with larger momentum are harder to stop than objects with a smaller momentum. This is because a momentum change over a long period of time will result in a small force to stop an object while a momentum change over a short period of time will result in a large force to stop an object."
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"Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina", 2006.
A critical analysis of the "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina" by Galileo.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, Galileo argues that explanations of physical phenomena are not matters of faith. It discusses how he consistently attacks his opponents and counters their arguments on the basis of two flaws, while defending his own work and the place of science in society. By constantly emphasizing the significance of the Bible and his own devout nature, the papers attempts to show how Galileo's clear arguments succeed in proving how the domains of religion and science can be balanced without demeaning one or the other.
From the Paper
"Galileo upholds and supports the significance of his scientific work and of science in general, not by humbling religion but by refuting the beliefs of those associated with it. In turn, he accuses them of wrongdoing in the name of Catholicism. By attributing this as the sole reason for any discrepancy between science and religion, he begins to attack his opponents. He does so in a very direct and precise way. First, he makes it clear that many of his opponents are ignorant of the current scientific developments, even those that are compatible with Catholic doctrine. The fact that Galileo had supporters from the Church proves that even the controversial points could be studied, as long as their legitimacy was not openly acknowledged. This justifies Galileo in accusing his adversaries of a complete lack of knowledge and understanding of science. "
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Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006.
This paper defines and analyses gamma-ray bursts.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gamma rays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gamma rays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper
"Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
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The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2008.
A analysis of the political, sociological and physical implications of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the events prior to the explosion of the atomic bombs over Japan at the end of World War II. The paper discusses these events in political, sociological and physical terms and then describes the actual bombing of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Lastly, the paper discusses the American public's thoughts about the bombing and briefly looks at today's world of nuclear warfare.
From the Paper
"In terms of peace, the United States forced Japan into more negotiations as we saw in the Potsdam Conference and brought about the end of the war. Had we not used the atomic bomb, the cost of the war, the numbers of deaths on both sides, and destruction could have been considerably worse if we tried to invade Japan. Therefore, this was the best possible solution once the U.S. warned Japan over and over again, through different means of communication what they would bring about if they did not end the war on our respectable terms. The atomic bomb was not essential to ending the war and keeping U.S. causalities to a minimum but was justifiable in terms of world peace. Many weapons of killing were brought into action during this time and few soldiers would deny that they would have to justify it. It was the mere fact that the U.S. physicists learned how to split the atom, and store the energy into a bomb. The Nazi's in Germany would use a bomb like this on us and more than likely so would the Japanese if they discovered these scientific advancements. We did not have a major motive to enter World War II until after Pearl Harbor. This heightened production in the economy, unity as a nation, mobilization and developments in science. Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justifiable if they were strictly military targets. Japan declared war on the U.S. after the attack on Pearl Harbor which was not a formal declaration. If we were at war with Japan, we would have been prepared and ready for an attack, that however, was not their intent as they surprised our nation."
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Nuclear Energy, 2004.
A discussion on the future of nuclear energy.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how fossil fuels are running low on supply and renewable energy has yet to be realized, as well as developed. The paper then looks at the one power that is safe and abundant - nuclear energy. The paper contends that nuclear energy be realized as a fuel for the future and be developed enough so that the world can thrive in its abundant energy.
From the Paper
"It has been said that the power to regulate is the power to destroy. This has certainly been the experience of the nuclear industry. Regulation of many industries increased rapidly during the 1970s. In 1970 when Maine Yankee was being licensed, there were 91 permits to be obtained including, for example, a permit to discharge sewage. By 1975 this had risen to over 400 permits per plant (Duffy 165). But there are only two regulatory authorities of importance: the Federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the various state Public Utility Commissions. The NRC regulates safety, including radiation safety, although that is often delegated to the states. They are sensitive to public opinion and have often been very assertive of their power and their duty. "
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Bagasse Cogeneration in Belize: A Business Plan, 2007.
This paper presents a business plan for sugar cane cogeneration in Belize.
1,954 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the plan for a sugar cane cogeneration plant to create an alternate energy source for the citizens of Belize. The paper explains how the sugar cane residue, bagasse, can be converted to electricity through cogeneration. The paper describes the company's goal to sell low-cost energy to Belize Electricity Limited, the sole electricity provider in Belize. The paper includes a diagram, maps and financial statements.
Outline:
Objective
Executive Summary
Company Description
Belize Background
Sugar Industry
Conversion of Bagasse into Electricity
The Market
Management Team
Production Plan
Action Plan
Financials
From the Paper
"One of the smallest countries in the world, Belize boasts agriculturally fertile lands. These lands are mainly used to grow sugar cane which is exported to the world. An untapped reservoir of energy is going unused from their sugar cane production. Sugar cane residue, called bagasse, can be converted to electricity through a process called cogeneration. Our team plans to build a cogeneration plant to generate electricity for the country of Belize using bagasse. This electricity will provide an environmentally safe and low cost alternative to all of the citizens of Belize while still allowing the sugar cane producers to export their product."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2004.
This paper discuses the development of the atomic bomb and the effects of dropping it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."
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Desalination Processes, 2008.
This paper explores Perth, Australia's reverse osmosis desalination plant.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today: electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination and reverse osmosis. The paper discusses how the preexisting water supply was not enough for Perth, Australia to handle all the new people moving to the city. The paper describes how Perth began using the desalination process of reverse osmosis to treat its seawater. The paper examines the problems of costs and energy sources as well as their solutions. The paper concludes that Perth's new reverse osmosis plant has proven to other parts of the world that desalination can be a clean, efficient and cost-effective process.
From the Paper
"Desalination is a mechanical process by which saltwater from oceans can be converted into drinking water for human consumption by removing the salt. There are three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today; electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination, and reverse osmosis.
"Electrodialysis reversal is the most intricate and cost effective desalination system of the three commonly used processes. Electricity is used to ionicly charge the salt in the seawater molecules, and then it is passed through an ion permeable membrane filtering the charged salt molecules. On the other side of the membrane, the water is clean and safe to drink. This process is problematic because of its extensive use of electricity, which is expensive and sometimes unavailable."
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Nuclear Power in Australia, 2007.
This paper explores the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia.
2,585 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In order to make a judgement of the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia, this paper explains how nuclear energy is produced, disposed of, sourced, and maintained in light of Australia's unique environment and population distribution. The paper discusses the efficiency of using nuclear energy as well as Australia's huge availability of uranium and its ample waste storage space. The paper concludes that nuclear energy is definitely a viable method of energy for Australia but recommends that stringent laws and regulations be made to enforce adequate training of nuclear staff to minimise the risk of disasters. The paper includes a diagram of how nuclear power is produced and a map of mining locations in Australia.
From the Paper
"Nuclear energy is generated by the fission of the uranium 235 isotope. U-235 is the ideal fuel for power generation because it is able to sustain a chain reaction and release energy. Uranium for fuelling nuclear generators is mined in Australia as low-grade ore. Only 0.3% of this ore is pure uranium, and after crushing, chemical treatment and concentration, only 0.7% of this residual is the required U-235 isotope. In order to ensure an induced chain reaction is sustainable, this nuclear fuel needs to be enriched (i.e. concentrated) so that the U-235 concentration is approximately 5%. (Rapkins, Rossiter, Walding, 1999)"
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The Quantum Theory, 2007.
An analysis of Planck's procedure and its theoretical statistical meaning to quantum physics.
3,765 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fundamental contribution of the quantum theory to theoretical statistics. The paper presents and discusses the key moment of the first quantization. It looks at the relationship of the mean and the variance to energy. It then describes and analyzes Planck's procedure. Finally, the paper discusses the statistical meaning of the procedure to quantum physics.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
First Example of Quadratic Variance Distributions
Introducing Correlations: an Interpretation of Quantum
Formal Description of the Quadratic Variance Ensembles
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The fact that statistical physics can be taken as a particular type of statistical inference does not seem to play too much of a theoretical role in physics today. It is perhaps the strong suggestion of subjectivity associated with the concept of inference that determines physicists to rely mostly upon kinetic basis of statistical laws. However, recognized or not, the statistical inference has played a very important part in such fundamental problems like building physical concepts. One illustrative example is the concept of quantum. Originally related to the frequency property of light, it was in time explained as associated with its particle properties, then with the temperature of light. All these properties can be traced logically back to the particular type of statistics which is fundamental for the ensembles characterizing the black body radiation. More than this, that very type of statistics is essential in the contemporary sophisticated descriptions of the squeezed states and their related concepts. This essay presents details of the statistics involved in the history of quantum, and the essential points of this history."
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The Life of Isaac Newton, 2006.
This paper describes the life and achievements of Isaac Newton.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a detailed biography of Isaac Newton, including his major accomplishments and their impact on society. The paper discusses how he revolutionized science, physics and celestial mechanics. The paper relates that he has proved to be one of the greatest scientists of all times.
From the Paper
"Isaac Newton is recorded as being born on Christmas day in the year of 1642, though with our current Gregorian calendar, which was not adopted in England until 1752, his birthday would be January 4th of 1643. Newton was born in Lincolnshire at the Hamlet of Woolsthorpe, a manor house near Grantham. Newton was born prematurely and therefore was a small child. Newton was named after his father, Isaac Newton. Newton's father, an ill-educated farmer who owned property (which made him wealthy) but could not sign his own name, was a sickly man. He died three months before his son was born, in October 1642."
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