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Isaac Newton, 2002.
A look at the scientific discoveries of Isaac Newton.
606 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a brief biographical overview of Isaac Newton, from his birth in England in 1642 to his groundbreaking scientific theories and discoveries. The paper covers Newton's scientific achievements, starting with the fact that he established a unified theory of approach to modern science. It discusses his discoveries relating to the white light, the telescope and to the field of optics in general. The paper also covers Newton's mathematical achievements in the form of calculus and his most famous discovery of all - gravity.
From the Paper
"Newton?s discoveries in optics were offset by his even more groundbreaking discoveries in pure mathematics and the science of mechanics. One of the most important modern mathematical tools ?The Integral Calculus? was the brainchild of Newton. It need not be mentioned that without this mathematical tool the progress that the scientific community achieved in many disciplines would have been significantly delayed. However Newton?s discoveries in the field of mechanics outweigh all his other accomplishments. Though Galileo had already discovered the first law of motion his theory was based on the movement of objects without any external influence or attraction between them. Newton?s three laws of motion explained the hitherto inexplicable behavior of all physical bodies in motion. Still more astounding was Newton?s discovery of gravity. All these four laws put together explained the mechanical motion of all earthly and heavenly bodies. Newton not only proposed these laws but also ratified them by using the integral calculus."
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The Science of Baseball, 2002.
This paper explores the use of physics in the sport of baseball, claiming that the study of physics contributes to the improvement of the game.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with some introductory remarks about the science of physics and by attempting to clear up some misconceptions regarding the way that pitchers throw balls. It then turns to discuss the storage of baseballs in a giant humidor and the effect of humidity on the motion of baseballs. It explores the materials used to make baseball bats and looks at their velocity. The paper concludes with an explanation of the new computer system introduced for the 2002 baseball season and a look at the involvement of physicists and engineers in evaluating this system.
From the Paper
"According to some scientists, pitchers would defy the law of physics if the balls were actually thrown the way they were described. These scientist say a curve ball doesn?t actually curve, just appears to do so. They also say a rising fast ball is mislabeled ?since a ball thrown overhand can?t rise (NPR, 1993).? They say players and announcers are incorrect when they say a ball hops, slides or hisses, since it is scientifically impossible, though they will admit a ball can sink a little. Scientists are quick to point out that a waist-high fast ball doesn?t actually rise when it hits your chin, but the hit occurs because the ball doesn?t fall as much as you predict it will. Announcers and players will disagree with these physicists, however, because they accept these concepts on faith and not science (NPR, 1993)."
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Quantum Mechanics, 2002.
An analysis of the development of quantum mechanics, including an outline of the stages which led to the development.
1,847 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of quantum mechanics, illustrating its background which began with the classical theory of the atom, continued to Bohr?s simple atomic theory, and was developed further with de Broglie?s wave theory, Heisenberg?s uncertainty principle and Schrodinger?s equation. To further investigate the development of quantum mechanics, each of these stages are looked at in more detail, showing the main ideas that each stage added to the understanding of the atom. This paper shows that quantum mechanics is based on the combination of the ideas of many scientists, with the final acceptance of quantum theory occurring when Schrodinger?s equation tied together previous theories and allowed them to be applied to subatomic particles.
From the Paper
"The classical theory of the atom is based on the model of an atom being made up of a positive nucleus containing protons and neutrons with negatively charged electrons orbiting around this nucleus. This model was first proposed by Rutherford in 1911 who described the atom saying, ?Most of the volume of the atom is empty space in which electrons move around the nucleus.? This basic model of the atom has been expanded on and used to determine how chemicals react with each other, the charges of chemicals and the physical properties of chemicals. While this has involved expanding the theory, the basic understanding of the structure remains the same."
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Isaac Newton, 2002.
This paper discusses the life and work of Isaac Newton.
600 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and work of Isaac Newton and how his laws and discoveries have ensured that his name is imprinted in the history of science. The author illustrates how Newton is not only one of the greatest scientists but also one of the most influential scientific personalities.
From the Paper
"Isaac Newton was the greatest and the most influential scientist of all times. Born in Woolsthrope, England on a Christmas day in 1642 Newton was a bright child with an incredible mechanical aptitude. Newton entered the Cambridge University when he was eighteen years of age and soon he mastered the science and mathematical concepts of his time and went on to continue his independent research. It was during this period that Newton laid the foundation for the subsequent discoveries that were to revolutionize the scientific world. Newton was conferred the honorable Fellow of Royal Society of London in 1671."
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"The Life of Isaac Newton" by Richard Westfall, 2002.
This paper is a review of "The Life of Isaac Newton" by Richard Westfall, a detailed portrait of the English mathematician, physical scientist, and theologian.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the book, "Life of Isaac Newton" by Richard Westfall, which tells chronologically the life of a solitary scholar, Trinity College professor, government administrator and elder statesman of the English scientific community by showing his accomplishments and human weakness. This paper tells the story of the "apple" and points out that Newton may have gotten the idea when he was young but it took many years for him to develop his theories.
From the Paper
"For a number of years, Newton did not publish anything and seemed to immerse himself in the study of chemistry and its "occultist" neighbor, alchemy. Avoiding the more mystical areas of the science, there is no doubt he was searching for both knowledge as well as gold . Newton also was delving into some dangerous theological areas, doubting the existence of the Trinity and attributing it to a corruption of the true earlier Christian religion. Despite holding these beliefs until his death, he successfully kept them a secret, and even managed to be appointed to the Lucasian chair of Trinity College without having to take the usual step of taking on the holy orders. He kept his then-heretical religious beliefs a secret until his deathbed, when he refused to take his final communion "
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Nuclear Energy, 2002.
An indepth overview of nuclear energy and its uses.
4,609 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper examines one of the most promising energy resources being currently explored, nuclear energy. It shows that the idea of using nuclear energy is being used to scare mankind, because at the time the only connection one had with nuclear energy was nuclear weapons. In recent years however, there have been efforts to explore the use of nuclear energy for the purpose of sustaining life. While there are questions about its safety and use, it is quickly becoming evident that nuclear energy is going to be the wave of the future. This paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey of the issues surrounding nuclear energy and the positive as well as negative aspects of the topic.
From the Paper
"The first alert came by way of Three Mile Island, in Pennsylvania (Siegel, 1991). The threat of a melt down that occurred there caused a nationwide panic and a first time anger at the fact that law makers had allowed nuclear energy to be used(Siegel, 1991). Just as those concerns finally were laid to rest the incident at Chernobyl occurred. If Three Mile Island was the cake, the accident at Chernobyl was the frosting and after it killed dozens of people, destroyed countless miles of land for the next few centuries and exposed millions to fallout symptoms for the next several generations America firmly put its foot down and began to demand the slow and stopping of all nuclear power activity in the states."
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The Moon Illusion, 2002.
A comprehensive discussion of the moon illusion, illustrating its scientific and philosophic implications.
3,302 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the history of illusions and the effect they have had on the intellectual development of the western world. The paper discusses the roots of the problem of the moon allusion in philosophy and the crossover into psychology. An outline is presented of what the moon illusion is, illustrating the issues of size and distance of the moon. The paper provides some of the common responses to the moon allusion by people like Baird and Wagner, Kaufman and Rock, Parks, and Reed. The implications for both science and philosophy for the various outcomes achieved by the researchers are examined.
From the Paper
"Open up any philosophical text, from the elementary textbook, Does the Center Hold? by Donald Palmer to the Oxford History of Western Philosophy. The first entry in the book will be Socrates. Even as far back as that, and probably further back than that, people have been concerned with the problems of perception. Idealism, realism, skepticism. How do we know what we know when the world can change so frequently, so fast. If our senses sometimes deceive us, and they tend to deceive us often, how can we rely upon them to tell us about the outside world. Perhaps it was when these questions were first posed that the science of psychology was first born."
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Matter vs. Antimatter, 2002.
An explanation of the concepts within the context of physics.
3,287 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper is all about ?matter? and ?antimatter.? Various aspects of the topic of antimatter are explored such as a detailed explanation of its concept, the history of its discovery and subsequent developments. The paper also includes a discussion of the relevant theories of physics that are related to the subject and help us to understand the concept of antimatter.
From the Paper
"Man has for ages called everything that exists on earth as ?matter.? As his knowledge increased over the years, scientists discovered that matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. These atoms, in turn were discovered to have a nucleus at the center, surrounded by a cloud of electrical charges called ?electrons.? Still later, it was discovered that the nuclei contain still smaller particles named protons and neutrons. Latest research shows that even the tiny protons and neutrons consist of even smaller ?fundamental particles? called quarks. Quarks are believed (so far!) to be indivisible. This knowledge about ?matter? is relatively common. What is less commonly known is the scientific discovery that all matter or particles have partners or ?mirror image? having most properties similar to their corresponding matter but with an opposite charge (and other electro-magnetic properties). For want of a better name, scientists called their new discovery ?antimatter.? "
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Comets, 2002.
This paper explains what a comet is and why they continue to circle around the planets.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the composition of comets and clarifies what happens that gives them their shimmering appearance. It explains the various types of comets and elucidates the close link between the orbit of comets and the orbit of meteor showers. It lists the commonly seen features when a comet is near the sun and concludes by looking at factors resulting in a change in the behavior of a comet.
From the Paper
"In outer space there are many things that man is still trying to fathom, and he has been intrigued by many things high up in the sky, but yet has not been able to figure out what they are or what they may mean. The field of astrology is one that began thousands of years ago with the Egyptians being the first known astronomers. They were the ones who created the first map of the North Star that is used till today to trace the movements of our planet and the heavenly bodies around it."
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Schrodinger, 2002.
A biography of the life and works of the physicist Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper details the life of the Austrian physicist Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger. It examines his academic career from its origins from the University of Vienna in 1906 to his faculty positions all over the World. It evaluates his work and his published writings on topics such as electromagnetic theory, color theory and wave mechanics and describes his two most famous equations, crucial to relating wave theory with the energy of a system.
From the Paper
"With the outbreak of the World War I, despite being stationed on the Italian Front, Schrodingerr published a paper. His first work was based on furthering Boltzmann?s ideas. Schrodingerreceived a citation for his efforts in the War. After the war, Schrodinger was sent to Vienna where he continued his research. He published his work on quantum mechanics and later made valuable contributions to the color theory. His work on radioactive decay garnered him an associate faculty?s position in Vienna. Financial constraints (having to care for a family?he had recently married) caused Schrodinger to take up a faculty position in Jena. Later he held chairman?s positions in Breslau, and finally the chair of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich."
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The Atoms in My Hand, 2002.
An insight into atoms - what they are and where they come from.
715 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper gives a brief insight into atoms from the beginning of recognition of their existence by the ancient Greeks, to the ability today to create man-made ones. It discusses the chemical composition of atoms and how scientists can now predict their behavior with great accuracy.
From the Paper
"According to existing theories and experimental results, the Big Bang took place about 12,000-15,000 million years ago. Within the first three minutes of the existence of the Universe, the light elements originated. Atoms came along after about 300,000 years and the stars and galaxies originated during the first million years. However, it took a while for humans to recognize atoms, although they were right before their eyes."
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Underwater Acoustics, 2002.
A discussion on underwater acoustics and acoustic energy used to detect objects in the oceans or sea beds.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses acoustics signals that detect the presence and location of commercially useful fish, map the ocean floor to establish the safest paths for supertankers, explore the earth?s geological formations and discover oil deposits in the ocean floor.
From the Paper
"At a bottom of the permanent thermocline or below it, water temperature is uniform. Here, the pressure of the water column due to the depth takes over. The sound speeds then increase on account of increase in pressure. (Pacific) The deep sound channel axis is between 600 and 1,200 m below the sea surface at low and middle latitudes. This is deepest in the subtropics and come to the surface in high latitudes, where sound propagates in the surface layer. (Pacific)
Sound waves can be ?trapped? in the deep sound channel and propagate in long distances. This is because these waves go through little attenuation beyond that, and this is due to geometric scattering or spread as well as minor volume scattering in water."
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Sonic Study, 2002.
A discussion of the study of sound.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the general study of sound, and, specifically, ultrasonic phenomena. Human versus animal perception of sound is discussed. The use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in humans is outlined.
From the Paper
"One of the greatest tools that man has ever had in the drive to preserve his own body is that of understanding. Particularly, through greater comprehension of the processes and logistics that facilitate our body functions, we can make further gains in aiding them where need exists. Sonic study is indicative of that very fact and, specifically, with the inception of sound exploration into the canon of physics came evidence that sound is more than just what human beings can hear. Rather, we now understand sound as acoustic energy existing in amplitudes of widely varying sizes and intensities. Further, the human ear perceives these amplitudes by translating their frequency. This frequency, a measure of the quantity of sound waves an object (i.e. vocal chords, drum skin, etc.) produces per second, may occur across an infinite range of measurements, expressed in hertz. The human ear, however, has a decidedly finite capacity for sound comprehension that falls somewhere between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Any sound occurring above that frequency is defined as ultrasonic. That is, ultrasonic phenomena are those sounds that exceed ?normal? human hearing capabilities, normal being defined as that hearing which falls within the aforementioned frequency comprehension range."
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Dry?Cell Batteries, 2002.
A technical research report on the definition of dry-cell batteries and their kinetic make-up.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses dry-cell batteries which were invented as an alternative to higher leaking, long lasting batteries. Today?s advanced electronics are demanding more battery power and it is not unusual for a highly developed electronic item to go through two or three sets of batteries in a day. The paper shows that as technology advances, the stronger the battery demand and this brought about the invention of the dry-cell battery. The purpose of this technical research is to define dry cell batteries, their kinetic make-up, and how are they recycled.
From the Paper
"Recycling batteries saves the environment and ensures proper disposal. There are many programs which assist in helping individuals learns how to recycle batteries. There is one program called ?Charge Up To Recycle? which educates people on the recycling process, and the companies that recycle batteries. The objective of this program is to make everyone aware of the available services and encourage them to participate in recycling of the batteries. There are some battery recycle facilities that charge a small fee for used up batteries, but most of these facilities will take the batteries free of charge. The purpose of the battery manufacturers is to get everyone involved in recycling old batteries. Recycling batteries can be very beneficial to the air, eliminating lots of air pollution."
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Einstein?s Theory of Relativity, 2002.
This paper discusses Einstein?s Theory of Relativity and its background history.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The author states that, in the early days, the basic principle of Einstein?s relativity was confusing to the public and to scientists. The paper continues that the theory should not be different from the idea it conveys: Every motion must only be considered as a relative motion. Examples are presented. The paper concludes by reviewing the book, ?Einstein, History, and Other Passions? by Gerald Holton.
From the Paper
"This principle not only maintains that it may equally be well to choose the carriage or the embankment as our reference-body for the description of any event. The principle rather asserts what follows: If we formulate the general laws of nature as they are obtained from experience, by making use of the embankment as reference-body, the railway carriage as reference-body, then these general laws of nature (e.g. the laws of mechanics or the law of the propagation of light in vacuum) have exactly the same form in both cases."
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E Pluribus Unum, 2002.
A study on the big bang theory of creation.
2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper argues the scientific big bang theory and order in the development of our universe. It describes the hierarchy of events and the Great Chain of Being theory. In particular, it discusses the electron atom nucleus universe expands origin universe Big Bang primordial ball creation overall order. This paper is well formatted with intelligent depth to the argument of the creation of life and our planet.
From the Paper
"Electrons circle the nucleus of an atom. Untold trillions of atoms collide together and explode. The universe expands. Electrons race down the copper wires of an electric cable. The sun shines. Leaves digest the sunlight, produce nutrients, live, grow, die, and fall to the ground. The wind bears aloft the leaves, scatters them over earth and sea. The tide moves them, pushes them up into rivers where at last they settle into the mud. Salmon swim upstream; lay their eggs on the muddy bottoms of lakes and rivers. A powerful grizzly bear nuzzles the icy water of a mountain brook. His great paw sweeps into the water and catches a darting salmon. Men come; establish a city on the banks of the stream. They drive the bear off. Their boats coast upon the surface of the sparkling water. Nets plumb the frigid depths, resurface filled with salmon. The men eat the salmon. The salmon are digested, turned into fodder for a thousand other creatures and into the food that builds civilizations. Digested again, these minute particles break down into molecules, and the molecules into atoms. A lone atom floats off in the vast emptiness of space. Electrons circle the atom?s nucleus. These are cycles, yes, but wherein lays their ultimate origin? Is there a connection between all that makes up the universe? Is there a plan?"
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Safety Issues of the Suburban Utility Vehicle, 2002.
This paper discusses the relative risk of buying a Suburban Utility Vehicle (or SUV) as opposed to a standard car automobile from the point of view of a consumer.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 12 sources, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses in detail the safety of the Suburban Utility Vehicle (or SUV). The author uses the science of physics and engineering and the relationship between a car?s relative mass and center of gravity to understand to understand the problems. The author states that increasing the track width is the only way to make the vehicles more stable but that may modify the appearance of the car.
From the Paper
"What can be done to remedy these concerns over the Wrangler?s design? To answer this question, one must do more than simply understand more about the safety features of this particular vehicle or of SUVs in general. One must turn to the science of physics and engineering and the relationship between a car?s relative mass and center of gravity to understand what the risks are for each vehicle and how best to potentially remedy those risk. Or, to put the question in another way, if Einstein were an auto mechanic, what type of Jeep Wrangler would he like to be riding in? How might he modify the vehicle?s design?"
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Maglev Trains, 2002.
The development and use of magnetic levitation (maglev) propulsion systems in North America and around the world as an alternative mode of transportation.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
With air travel and the highways becoming increasingly congested, the need for an efficient, fast and comfortable mode of alternative travel has been felt in many countries of the world. One of the possible solutions is the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System or high-speed trains called the Maglev train (short for magnetic levitation). The recent question mark over the safety of air travel and the fear of flying created among the general public by the events of 9/11 has renewed interest in the Maglev technology. This paper discusses how the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works and briefly overviews its history of development. The different types of designs developed so far, the cost of developing such systems, and the potential for its expansion and use in transportation systems in the United States and all over the world is also discussed. The author uses photographs and plan drawings to illustrate points.
From the Paper
"We all know that the opposite poles of a magnet attract while the like poles repel each other. This is the basic principle on which the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works. In magnetic propulsion systems, powerful electromagnets are used. The three basic components of a maglev train system are: A large electrical power source, metal coils that line the track or guide-way, and large magnets attached to the underside of the train. There is no conventional engine in maglev trains. Instead, the force for propulsion is achieved by a combination of the magnetic fields created by the electrified coils in the tracks (called the guideways) and the guideway walls."
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The Solvay Conferences, 2002.
An paper on the fifth Solvay Conference of 1927 with an analysis of 16 of the attendees and their contributions to physics.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper describes how 16 of those who attended the fifth Solvay Conference in Brussels in 1927 were laureates or went on to win the Nobel Prize. He examines in detail the contributions these attendees made to the field of physics.
From the Paper
"Compton is responsible for the study of the scattering of high-energy photons by electrons-the Compton effect. Besides Langmuir, Compton was the only American at the Fifth Solvay Conference. Compton was also responsible for pioneering work on gamma rays and their interaction with matter. Towards the end of his career, Compton worked on cosmic rays."
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