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Nuclear Waste Storage, 2006.
A look at the pros and cons of a proposal to store nuclear waste in Nevada.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at a proposal to store nuclear waste in Yucca Mountain in Nevada. It examines the supposed advantages of such a proposal as well as its disadvantages and points out that, while the residents of Nevada may benefit economically from an arrangement with the federal government to bury nuclear waste in their state, the benefits would be negligible, especially in comparison to the potential health risks that such a proposal poses.
From the Paper
"The power of nuclear reactions was demonstrated in the most conclusive and drastic way possible in 1945, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. But nuclear reactions can be harnessed for peaceful, no-military uses, as well. Namely, nuclear power can be used as a source of energy. One side effect of energy generation by nuclear fission is that waste is produced and this waste is itself radioactive. The storage of the radioactive waste is, therefore, a problem, and one, in fact, with both scientific and political aspects. One state which has been repeatedly mentioned as a place within which radioactive waste could be stored is Nevada. Storing nuclear waste in Nevada has both positive and negative aspects for the state's population. Although Nevada would receive many benefits from storing nuclear waste, in actuality it poses many possible threats to the people living there."
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The Big Bang, 2006.
An explanation of the big bang theory - how our earth was formed.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper shows the scientific progression of the creation of earth from tiny particles through to the earth we know today. The paper explains that, once enough atoms gathered together, stars were formed. The writer explains that our earth was the result of the explosion of a star which was too small to sustain the thermo nuclear reactions, so it eventually cooled and became a solid mass. The paper describes two theories of how DNA was created. The writer concludes that the seeds of life, containing DNA, from which all living creatures on earth grew, came from outer space.
From the Paper
"How life originated is one of the most debated and most sought after question. Life as we know it requires water and, until one billion years ago, the earth was too hot to sustain liquid water, so we know that life on Earth must have formed within the last one billion years. There is evidence that shows that the oldest life we can detect occurred 500 million years ago. "We now understand that all life on Earth contains DNA, which is a long complex carbon-based strand consisting of billions of molecules. Every plant and animal on Earth has DNA. This DNA contains the instructions of how to grow and replicate itself, thereby creating more life. A single strand of DNA is unbelievably complicated, even in the smallest organisms. How is it possible that such a complicated thing was created in the short span of only one billion years? "According to the "Big Bang" theory, who maintain the belief that life on Earth was created in some primordial soup. Somehow a soup formed consisting of water, carbon and other elements and by chance eventually some of these elements came together in a form, which reproduced itself. The key feature of life it is that is able to create a duplicate of itself. The problem that scientists have faced with this theory is that they have never been able to replicate this primordial soup."
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Renewable Energy and Electricity, 2006.
A look at the options for renewable energy and electricity.
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the sources available to create power and electricity. He looks at how technology is used to take advantage of the forces of nature available. The paper highlights how up until recently only the power created by falling water has been explored and used successfully in a number of applications. Sun, wind, waves, rivers, tides and the heat from radioactive decay in the earth's core are all looked at as being renew ables, in other words they give continuous sources. The paper concludes with a look at all of the environmental aspects of using these renewable sources, the arguments for and against each one including the aesthetic issues that arise. Introduction Solar Energy Wind Energy Rivers Geothermal Relating Renewable to Base-Load Electricity Demand Environmental Aspects
From the Paper
"The main role of solar energy in the future will be that of direct heating. Much of our energy need is for heat below 60oC - e.g. in hot water systems. A lot more, particularly in industry, is for heat in the range 60 - 110oC. [2] Together these may account for a significant proportion of primary energy use in industrialized nations. The first need is readily supplied by solar power much of the time in some places and the second application commercially is probably not far off."
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The Telescope, 2006.
An overview of the revolution of the telescope.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the origins of the telescope. It includes a brief history of the magnifying glass and the first spectacles from which the beginnings of the first telescope evolved. The writer discusses Galileo's part in the development of the telescope and explains the changes from the Galilean model through to the reflecting telescope developed in the mid 1700s. In summation, the paper explains that the telescope has led to other important inventions such as the microscope.
From the Paper
"The cost of quality glass had come done enough by the end of the thirteenth century and the quality was reasonable enough that it was becoming a real possibility for people to be aided in their eyesight problems as they reached their middle years. It was discovered by spectacle makers that they were able to enhance vision for people by shaping and polishing glass in such a way that the words were enlarged. This is what is known today as the magnifying glass and had become common by the middle of the thirteenth century. From here came the invention of the spectacles and as the glass lenses were made smaller and it was learnt what could be done by altering shapes and polishing the glass in various ways the beginnings of the telescope evolved."
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Radar and How it Works, 2006.
A review of the history of radar's development and an explanation of how it works.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by explaining basically what radar is and for what it's used. Then the paper recounts the history of radar's development, both theoretically and practically. From the history of radar the paper returns to the question of how it works, but analyzes the physics in depth, and breaks down the operation of each of a radar system's components. The paper finishes with a review of modern applications of different types of radar systems.
Table of Contents:
The History of Radar
Robert H. Rines - American Father of Radar
How Radar Works
The Radar Transmitter System
The Oscillator
The Modulator
The Transmitter
The Antenna
Types of Radar
Simple Pulse Radar
Continuous Wave Radar
Phased-Array Radar
Secondary Radar
Modern Radar
References
From the Paper
"Parallel developments occurred in a number of countries. The highest frequency at which then-current technology allowed substantial power to be generated was about 30MHz, the top end of the HF band. UK radar development proceeded rapidly from 1935 so that by 1937 the first operational (HF) radars of the Chain Home series were demonstrated. These frequencies were in place at the outbreak of World War II and played a decisive role in the air defence of Britain during the War. Wartime radar development quickly moved on to shorter wavelengths as devices were developed to allow generation and control of the power, but the Chain Home radars remained in service, as originally installed. The Chain Home radars, operating between 25 to 30MHz, on occasions indicated returns from extreme ranges, due to ionospheric reflection beyond the horizon. But they were intended as line-of-sight radars and long-range returns from the distant ground via an ionospheric reflection were generally only a source of confusion. During the War some attempts were made to use the ionospherically propagated signal for long range detections of convoys but no success was achieved (or could be expected) and tests were dropped."
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Nuclear Energy, 2005.
This paper discusses that the risks of nuclear energy and its uses can be complicated and frightening; however, there are clear benefits as well.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the explosion of Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the Ukraine in 1986, has left a legacy that the risks of the using of nuclear power are so negative and so intense that it is often overlooked as the powerful tool. The author points out that the public concern about the use of nuclear power is that an uncontrolled accidental nuclear chain reaction can create so much heat that it resembles some of the most destructive bombs ever made. The paper relates that, although nuclear weapons are certainly the most commonly perceived use of nuclear power, nuclear science also is used to power nuclear vessels and for medical uses such as tumor treatment and tracer techniques.
From the Paper
"Of course, there are other medical uses. The benefits must be weighed in relation to the risks when deciding whether to use these medical tools. Although these benefits are clear to some, the effects of nuclear power and their resulting health hazards cause confusion for others. For example, radioactive waste is extremely toxic and is so poisonous that it can affect people 1,000 years into the future. It can damage the kidneys or lungs, and children are especially vulnerable because their cells divide rapidly as they grow. In pregnant women, it can cross the placenta into the bloodstream of the fetus. In plants and animals, the effects can be passed through the food chain. Humans take in these radioactive materials chiefly from drinking water and from plant and animal foods, including milk. Many fallout isotopes that reach the sea and inland waterways eventually end up in concentrated form in the bodies of waterborne animals and plants, becoming a source of concern when they are part of the human food chain."
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PET Imaging, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to reduce the need for exploratory surgery and other invasive techniques and to target better radiation therapy in cancer patients.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.
Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments
From the Paper
"Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."
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Early Transportation in the United States, 2005.
This paper discusses the development of transportation in the United States between 1815 and 1850.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the invention of the steam engine, which led to the steamboat and the steam locomotive, began mankind's technological leap forward that continues today. The author points out that, secondary to the invention of the steamboat was the locomotive steam engine, which allowed direct transportation from cities on the Atlantic Ocean to cities on the Pacific Ocean without having to traverse the Cape of Good Hope in the extreme southern hemisphere, making it more affordable to ship goods and farm products. The paper relates that public transportation was not available in the United States until after the Civil War; its availability was responsible for the creation of the suburbs.
Table of Contents
Transportation Prior to the 19th Century
The Steamboat
The Steam Wagon
Conclusion
From the Paper
"How did the invention of the steam engine change the face of American history? The United States was rich in rivers, most especially the Mississippi Rivers that connected the Great Lakes (eventually connected by the Hudson River through the Erie Canal from Chicago to Louisiana. The Louisiana Purchase would have been a poor bargain if it did not include access through the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Until the steamboat became practical, large river barges were poled by hand and smaller boats such were paddled. Both methods were highly labor intensive and slow. Sailboats were not practical outside of the oceans and Great Lakes. Even then, the vessels were dependent on prevailing winds (or lack thereof)."
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Nuclear Energy Policies, 2006.
This paper discusses the production of electricity using nuclear energy and analyzes the policy approaches of England and France.
4,140 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the variables that must be considered in the decision to develop nuclear power capability such as (1) the actual location of a nuclear power plant, (2) the question of security and (3) the compatibility of entering into a nuclear program within the context of the country's long-range energy plans, international policies and aspirations and their level of scientific and technical education. The author points out that the critical gap in plans to expand British civil nuclear programs, which is widely recognized both by promoters and opposers of nuclear power, is the problem of managing radioactive wastes. The paper relates that the French policy differs from from the British policy in that it has gone beyond the concept of "nuclear substitution", designed to diversify and stabilize energy-producing capacity, into a policy of "nuclear electrification" under which the growth of electricity consumption has been deliberately encouraged.
From the Paper
"The lack of progress in the British industry reflects a number of fundamental differences between the two nations. One is relatively energy-rich while the other is energy-poor, and the insecurity experienced by the French has been much less marked on the other side of the Channel. On the contrary, the British have enjoyed a flexibility in energy options that is enviable. But beyond commercial questions, and beyond questions of energy supply and demand, lie the differences in institutional power and control and differences in political planning processes that expose the actions of the British industry to far more democratic scrutiny. The anti-nuclear lobby, though less volatile than its French equivalent, is stronger and more consistent. Faced with the luxury of choice, the decision-making process slows to the point of meandering and energy planning wallows in incoherence. This has two, sometimes, conflicting, consequences. Precipitate action on a major scale is checked, but the price of these checks may be slackening technical impetus and loss of commercial advantage."
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The C.T. Scan, 2005.
A discussion on the development of the C.T. (Computed Tomography) scan, which was developed between 1957 and 1972.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the C.T. Scanner is a sophisticated type of x-ray machine, which rather than sending out one wide single x-ray sends out a number of beams from various angles simultaneously. It compares the C.T. Scanner with the M.R.I. Scanner, which uses magnets and radio waves instead of radiation and discusses how the M.R.I. Scanner gives greater detail for soft tissues; whereas the C.T. Scanner gives a clearer picture of the bones.
From the Paper
"Research also shows that Robert Ledley was the first person to devise a scanner that was able to scan the whole body. This was to revolutionize diagnostic medicine. The first model, that was actually used for diagnosis and built by Doctor Ledley was called an A.C.T.A .Scanner and was used clinically at Georgetown University Hospital in the USA from 1974 - 1978. This machine is now a part of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac, 2003, the mathematical base of CAT screening was devised in 1963-64 by Allan Cormack of the United States and the first C.T. scan machine was built in 1972 by Godfrey Hounsfield of the U.K.."
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Imaging and Optics, 2005.
This paper discusses the way imaging and optics technologies are revolutionizing the way businesses communicate their products to the consumer.
6,020 words (approx. 24.1 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that imaging and optics technologies have provided a wide range of industries with the ability to label, track and prevent bad documentation to their products in a more efficient and economically sound business. The author points out that "automatic identification", the means of identifying a product mechanically and entering the data obtained automatically into a computer, includes bar codes, optical character recognition (OCR), magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), magnetic stripes and voice systems. The paper relates that a problem with voice recognition applications is that it can be affected by environmental factors such as background noise; however, this technology has been the focus of considerable efforts on the part of the telecommunications industry and the U.S. government's intelligence community, which continue to work on improving reliability. illustrations
Table of Contents
Purpose
Thesis
Audience
Introduction
Overview and Background
Introduction to Topic
Why Imaging and Optics are Important
What Imaging and Optics has done for Different Industries
Imaging and Optics Technology
Automatic Identification and Data Capture
Character Recognition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Optical Mark Recognition
Current Technology
Bar Codes
RFID
Card Technologies
Non-Mainstream of Imaging and Optics
Introduction
Overview
Why these Technologies are not yet Mainstream
Emerging Biometric Technologies: Three Common Ways of Identifying an Individual
Voice Recognition
Recognition Types and Modes
Problems with Voice Recognition
Fingerprint
Pattern Extraction/Pattern Matching
Iris Code
Advantages/Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By the beginning of the 1980s, various optical character recognition (OCR) technologies became available that made it possible to convert text to electronic form without the need for manual keyboarding. The scanner's ability to translate typewriter characters into bit-mapped image into ASCII text depends on a number of factors, including the sensitivity of the device itself and the legibility and method of preparation of the original document; however, improvements are being made all of the time and even formerly graphic-based scanning systems such as Adobe's notoriously slow PDF applications have incorporated character recognition systems that allow for textual scanning. Some of these character recognition systems incorporate features that provide output options to convert the text into a format used by common word-processing programs such as RTF, Word and so forth. According to Dry and Lawler, the term "scanning" is frequently used today to describe the process of creating digitized images; in this approach, a graphic picture of the page, rather than an actual transcription of the text itself, is stored in the computer."
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Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2005.
This paper discusses why the disposal of nuclear waste is a contentious issue that is often the subject of heated debate.
3,421 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problem of nuclear wastes and how it presents a particular dilemma on various fronts including health and security issues. Nuclear energy and technology has become an endemic part of modern society. The paper points out that concomitant with the significant advances in the production of nuclear energy as well as its application to the areas of medicine and defense has been the escalation of the problems of nuclear waste disposal.
Includes several graphs and tables and diagrams.
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Types of Nuclear Waste
3. Sources of Nuclear Waste
3.2. Storage of Low Level Waste
3.3 Long-Term Storage of High Level Waste
3.4. The Storage of Plutonium
3.5. Transmutation
4. Conclusion
From the Paper
"This debate emphasizes the dilemma and the importance of finding a permanent and less environmentally hazardous solution to the problems of nuclear waster. All of the methods discussed above provide some solutions to the problems - but they do not as yet present a permanent and fully acceptable means of waste disposal and many of the methods have significant drawbacks and are often manpower intensive and open to the vicissitudes of human error. The answer to what to do with nuclear waste has not yet been adequately answered."
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Coordinate Measurement Machines, 2005.
This paper discusses coordinate measurement machines used in mass production of components such as gears.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as gear-manufacturing technology became more complex, it was more difficult to perform gear measurements with the degree of accuracy required; thus, precision in the field of gear-manufacturing began to suffer partly as a result of this declining precision. The author points out that the demands of total quality management systems, such as Six Sigma and ISO 9000, continue to raise the level of expectation to a defect-free manufacturing, which is being addressed by adding new multi-sensor units to coordinate measurement machines. The paper relates that coordinate measuring machines are not yet able to completely replace CNC generative gear testers, but demands from the automotive industry, new technologies and globalization are creating an environment where these machines will continue to improve in efficiency, precision and cost effectiveness.
Pictures.
Table of Contents
CMM Introduction
CMM History
The CMM Culture
Management Strategies
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To understand how we got to where we are today, an understanding of CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines may help to clarify the improvements on Coordinate Measurement Machines. CNC generative gear testers are nothing more than computer controlled and fully automated machines that can used to carry out various analytic tests on manufactured gears. The true difference between coordinate measuring machines and the CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines is that the latter are specifically for testing gears. Of course, many in the industry feel that CNC generative gear testers are the most accurate way of measuring axis gears. Coordinate measuring machine offer different options. For instance, coordinate measuring machines have the ability to plot and record many more axis positions. Once recorded, these axis positions serve as the necessary data points to create either two or three dimensional models of a gear or part."
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Cycle Ergometry, 2005.
Examination of the validity of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) prediction equation to estimate submaximal VO2 during cycle ergometry in cyclists and aerobically-trained non-cyclists.
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This study examines the validity of the ACSM prediction equation for estimating oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling in aerobically trained males. The alternate hypothesis of this study is that the estimated vs. actual VO2 during submaximal cycle ergometry would be similar from 50-200 W. A secondary focus analyzes and compares the accuracy of the equation between two distinct groups of subjects (trained male cyclists vs. aerobically-trained male non-cyclists).
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The results of this study suggest that the ACSM cycle ergometry prediction equation is most accurate at moderate workloads (~100-150 W). Furthermore, training status has no effect on the predictive value of the equation. Further studies on the effects of training habitus should be fashioned to include a larger sample with greater distinction in training volume, i.e. cycle ~200 miles/week vs. sedentary. Based on the current sample size, subtle differences are very difficult to observe. However, this study provides a strong basis for the direction of future research in this area."
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Earth's Moon, 2005.
A brief explanation on the earth's moon.
1,487 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes the functions of the moon. It looks at the magnetic forces and fields and how these impact the solar system. It also discusses the history of the development of knowledge that scientists have about the moon.
From the Paper
"The lunar crust is composed of a variety of primary elements, including uranium, thorium, potassium, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, titanium, calcium, aluminum and hydrogen (Korotev, 2004). When bombarded by cosmic rays, each element bounces back into space its own radiation, in the form of gamma rays. Some elements, such as uranium, thorium and potassium, are radioactive and emit gamma rays on their own. However, regardless of what causes them, gamma rays for each element are all different from one another - each produces a unique spectral "signature", detectable by a spectrometer."
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The Gaia Hypothesis, 2005.
An overview of James E Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis and its plausibility.
2,927 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines looks at by James E Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis whose premise is that the entire planet evolves over time because of the interaction of living things with their surrounding environment. It describes the hypothesis in some detail and provides background information. This is followed by a discussion contrasting Lovelock's claims with those of his critics and proffers an approach toward reconciliation.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Earth's atmosphere is not in a state of chemical equilibrium. It is full of gases that have an affinity for each other. Oxygen, nitrogen, and methane exist in sizable quantities, and left to their own devices, would quickly interact to form a new atmosphere of inert gases, very much like Mars' atmosphere (Margulis and Lovelock, p. 13(2)). So the persistent presence of uncombined methane, nitrogen, and oxygen in the atmosphere is strong evidence that something is replenishing these gases as fast as they naturally interact."
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The Light Bulb, 2004.
A discussion of the invention of the light bulb and ways it changed the world.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the myriad of changes brought about by the invention of the light bulb. The paper presents issues of safety of light bulbs as opposed to candles. The paper also claims that the light bulb has changed the face of travel, enabling safe passage whether by car, boat, airplane or walking. It has also greatly increased productivity worldwide by allowing longer hours of work.
From the Paper
"The light bulb was perhaps the most significant invention since fire; although fire was never truly invented. Nevertheless, the light bulb has impacted our lives on a scale similar to that of when our ancestors first harnessed the flame: it has altered the way people live their lives so drastically that it is difficult to even imagine life in its absence. Thanks to its invention, the night is open to far more activities than the candle or even the lantern could ever have provided. Its likelihood as a fire starter is much less than its predecessors, thus increasing the safety of people and their property. The light bulb has changed the face of travel. It has also greatly increased productivity worldwide."
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G-force and Pilot Physiology, 2005.
A look at the effects of G-force on pilot physiology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
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The Gender Gap and Science, 2005.
An examination of the issues concerning women and science.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the causes revolving around the exclusion of women from science, math, and technology educational programs and looks towards suggesting remedies.
Outline
Introduction
Summary
Evaluation
Mentoring
References
From the Paper
"For quite a number of years researchers have delved deep into the gender equity in science, engineering and technology educational programs. These studies have utilized for interalia raise the consciousness of gender discrimination; convey regarding policy decisions; as also as a drive to tackle instances of gender discrimination. At the moment there is paucity at the national level of computer scientist, engineers and programmers and its effect has fallen badly on USA. The Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development reports which indicate that in spite of the growth in science, mathematics, and technology jobs, the representation of women in both the jobs is less."
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