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Alternate Energy Sources, 2007.
This paper discusses how alternate energy sources are important to global economic stability.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to analyze the economic situation of current oil resources, the principles of supply and demand and the need for alternate energy as emphasized by President Bush. The paper discusses how if we want global economic stability, the energy sector requires due attention. The rising demand for oil, its increasing prices and possible depletion of oil resources demand alternative energy sources. The paper contends that other countries should join the US in pushing for economic betterment of their countries and the world in general.
Outline:
Energy Scenario in US and Bush Administration
Economy of Energy Sector
Demand for Energy
Supply of Energy
Demand and Supply Equation
Oil Peak and Search for Alternative Sources
Conclusions
From the Paper
"President Bush has started giving more importance to alternate energy sources. In order to emphasize the need for alternate energy sources he toured advanced energy technology companies in Wisconsin and Michigan. He talked about different energy sources and new options like nuclear energy, solar power and a hybrid gas-electric car. "Overall, Bush's 2007 energy plan calls for a 22% increase in clean-energy research at the Department of Energy. It seeks to invest more in low-pollution coal-fired power plants, solar and wind technologies and nuclear energy" (Benedetto, 2006)."
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Josiah Willard Gibbs, 2007.
This paper looks at the life and achievements of American scientist, Josiah Willard Gibbs.
1,544 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies the character of Josiah Willard Gibbs, a mathematician and physicist. The writer discusses that he managed to achieve great things during his lifetime and lead the world on to greater and better scientific discoveries. The writer points out that Josiah Willard Gibbs has been recognized as one of the greatest American scientists of the nineteenth century. Further the writer notes that it is Gibbs who managed to provide a sound thermodynamic foundation to physical chemistry, to America and to the entire world.
From the Paper
"The second work that Gibbons published in the same year was "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces". From the years from 1876 to 1878, Gibbs published two memoirs, which were later to be combined into one work, entitled, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". Added to this, Josiah Willard Gibbs has contributed to various other spheres, like for example, crystallography, the determination of planetary and comet orbits, and also to electromagnetic theory. The most interesting phenomenon that Gibbs managed to achieve was that he made the practical side of science appealing and fascinating. Gibbs was also recognized as a 'theoretical physicist' of international stature, and he received a patent in the year 1866 for an improved type of railroad brake."
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Hexane, 2006.
An in-depth look at the substance, hexane.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the substance, hexane, otherwise known as n-hexane or Hexyl hydride. According to the paper, Hexane is manufactured by the refining process of crude oil and the correct composition of the fraction depends more or less on the source of the oil that is crude or refined and the limitations of refining. The paper goes on to discuss the toxicity of Hexane to the environment and the effect it has on a human when consumed or absorbed into the bloodstream.
From the Paper
"Now let us understand about the toxicity of Hexane to the environment. The severe toxicity of hexane in human beings remains comparatively low, even though it is a soft anesthetic. (Industrial products: Energizing Business) Hexane can get inside the human body through the lungs in case it is present inside the air one breathes. It has also the possibilities of entering the human body through the stomach as also the intestines in case it is present in the water we drink or food we eat or can pass through the skin in case one comes into contact with it. The quantity that the hexane goes into the human body is dependent on the degree one is exposed and also its amount. While we inhale hexane, it gets into our bloodstream and is transmitted to every other organ of the body. Hexane is broken down by the liver. In case of one gets exposure to high concentrations of hexane ranging over an extended period of time, one of these breakdown products might entail damage to the nervous system of humans. "
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Biangular Reflectance and Elliptometry on the Nano-Scale, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the need for the broader impacts of a scientifically and technologically literate and diverse workforce, and a review of the University of Central Oklahoma's optical/thermal scattering facility research project.
5,846 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how engineering encounters many surfaces that posses vast quantities of irregularities and application of fundamental theories neither proves practical nor precise in obtaining true representations due to these irregularities. The paper further discusses how there exists a need for accuracy in thermo-physical property data in both industrial applications which demand a reliable method of determining data. According to the paper, this need can be met by the establishment of the optical/thermal scattering facility at the University of Central Oklahoma. The paper then reviews the advantages and disadvantages of this research program.
Outline:
Introduction
Importance of the Research
Review of the Literature
Scope of Academic Benefits
Research and Academic
Management Plan and Timeline
Dissemination and Sustainability
Evaluation
Summary and Conclusion
Methodology
From the Paper
"This project also plans to augment the radiative heat transfer science behind this experimentation. The Hemispherical Scatterometer will be constructed based on the most widely used methods for solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and the discrete ordinate method (DOM). Despite the fact that there has been a wide construction of similar apparatuses for BRDF determination [4,15,17,18,33-35,40,43-46] there has not been any device that makes use of the quadrature scheme of the DOM to obtain this property. By using the DOM theory, commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software can be easily incorporated to develop new research and/or mathematical models. These involve heat transfer problems to be compared with standard or previous models. Another aspect where the PI's project will certainly have an impact on the community is in the surface and cataloging of pattern recognition of the mentioned surfaces. Many surfaces in engineering, specially the ones dealt in this project will perhaps contain roughness characteristics similar to the ones shown in Figure 4. Even though is a very smooth material (looked through one's eye) theoretical prediction of reflectance or surface properties is not feasible. However, performing cataloging and pattern recognition is a method that will allow us to recognize intrinsic features of materials and provide a deeper knowledge of material's use and extended applicability. At the same time possible complication while using textbook calculations comes from the fact that they take the surface to be an homogeneous material rather than, say, a layered structure without considering subsurface complications or they are too cumbersome to apply. Therefore, the result is that actual measurement of the reflectance function is the best way to determine this radiative property and measure it in such manner that could also be applied to radiation heat transfer solution method or any other industrial application. This is again, where this project takes the lead."
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Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), 2006.
An examination of the technology and uses of organic light emitting diodes.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the development of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), one of the major technological breakthroughs since the invention of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in providing digital lighting and display. The paper examines how these components display brighter colors, produce faster refresh rates, consume less power, and cost less to manufacture. The paper further discusses how OLEDs are being used in consumer electronics such as cellular phones, personal digital organizers (PDAs), and flat-screen televisions. The paper examines how these can be used in virtual reality, heads-up display (HUDs), and in the military. The paper concludes that the technology looks very promising, and may provide us with a cheaper and better alternative to current LCDs and LEDs in displaying bright and crisp digital images.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction to Topic
History / Background
Current Technology/Implementations/Understandings
A. OLED Structure
B. OLED Operation
C. Advantages
D. Disadvantages
Analysis of Existing Knowledge
Summary of Topic
Short Term Outlook
Recommendations and/or Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"When electricity is applied to the OLED (around 2 to 10 volts), the electrical current is received by the cathode and gives electrons to the emissive layer. At the same time the anode also receives an electric current and it sucks electrons from the conductive layer. This creates "electron holes" between the emissive and conductive layers, which are then filled up. This is the step which creates light. To create brighter light, it is only necessary to increate the electrical current. To create colors, several OLED layers are used which contain color components for red, green, and blue (Freudenrich, n.d.)."
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Nanotechnology, 2006.
This paper describes nanotechnology and its potential for the future.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the concept of nanotechnology. The paper begins with a definition of this term. The author then cites current research and applications of nanotechnology, with a focus on its potential in medicine. The paper concludes with a warning of the possible dangers of this new technology.
Outline:
Introduction
Definition and Description of Nanotechnology
Current Applications
Nanotechnology in Medicine
Future Possibilities
Dangers
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Nanotechnology is important because it has great potential. According to an article entitled "Is Nanotech Getting Real" the technology could allow for the creation of materials that are stronger than steal but do not weigh as much. This would be important for the automobile, airline, and shipping industries and the environment because it could lead to the creation of vehicles that are more fuel efficient ("Is Nanotech Getting Real")."
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Measurement of Angles, 2006.
This paper provides an analysis of why angles are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the notion of the 24-hour period used in the day/night cycle. The writer explains that this cycle began in ancient Egypt, while the sixty divisions of degrees, minutes and seconds is derived from the number system based on sixty (sexagesimal) of the Mesopotamians. The writer examines this approach to dividing the day and night into like segments. Further, the writer looks at ancient peoples' observations about the motion of the sun and discusses how this ultimately results in the system that is used to measure angles today.
From the Paper
"Given its ancient origins, the reason angles are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds today has likewise been forgotten by many modern observers. In fact, the basis for this method was developed almost five thousand years ago in Sumeria based on their use of sundials to track time. In her book, Time's Pendulum: The Quest to Capture Time -- from Sundials to Atomic Clocks, Jo Ellen Barnett reports that the convention of the 24-hour period used in the day/night cycle began in ancient Egypt, while the sixty divisions of degrees, minutes and seconds is derived from the number system based on sixty (sexagesimal) of the Mesopotamians; because the Mesopotamians had not yet invented fractional numbers, they preferred whole numbers which could be divided in several different ways, and the number 60 can be evenly divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30."
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The Atomic Force Microscope, 2005.
This paper describe the atomic force microscope (AFM) and its functions.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are several different types of atomic force microscopes, which are used at very close ranges and without a lens, that operate by measuring a local property, whether height, optical absorption or magnetism, by using a probe placed very close to the sample. The author points out that AFMs constitute a subset within the larger group known as scanning-probe microscopes, which can utilize many different types of tips. The paper relates that the accuracy of the AFM depends on the state of the tip and a worn tip can produce blurred images resulting in the recent development of an automatic tip evaluation system showing when the tip needs to be replaced.
From the Paper
"Kevin Kjoller considers how to measure the true resolving power of an atomic force microscope, noting first that resolution means the same as it does for an optical microscope, meaning the minimum distance between two adjacent objects that a microscope can identify as separate. Kjoller complains that most manufacturers substitute some meaningless term for resolution and ignore the reality. Several issues need to be considered, such as the size of the probe and three types of limiting noise, electrical, mechanical, and acoustic. Kjoller defines electrical noise as "the sum of the thermal and operating noise from all components inside the AFM electronics, including any noise due to cross-talk and less-than-optimal grouping.""
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1956 Noble Prize Winners in Physics, 2005.
This paper discusses the work of the 1956 Nobel prize winners in physics: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain were given the 1956 Nobel prize winners in physics for their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect, which started the development of presnet-day communications. The author points out that William Shockley's speech at the giving of the Nobel Prize stressed that some important segments of United States industry, such as Bell Laboratories from where two of the three Nobel Laureates came, believed in the theory that research of a fundamental character is important from a practical aspect. The paper describes the process of research that led to these discoveries.
From the Paper
"In his own life, he had been asked many times whether the experiment that he had planned was pure or applied research. At the same time, for the research scientist it was probably more important to know whether the particular piece of research will provide some more useful and lasting knowledge about nature. According to his opinion, if any such knowledge was possible, then the particular research should be classified as fundamental research and it did not matter whether the reasons for undertaking the research was purely personal motivation or with any other view."
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Fiber Optics, 2006.
This paper examines the science of fiber optics while also discussing its impact in the field of telecommunications.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the roots of fiber optic technology back to the 19th century when a British physicist first discovered the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light. The writer of this paper clearly details the makeup of fiber optics, which are thin strands of purified glass that transfer information in the form of light. This paper examines the various uses for fiber optics, as well as the advancements made to this particular technology which are constantly evolving. This paper also analyzes the manner in which fiber optic technology has revolutionized the field of telecommunications.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Fiber Optics
Design
Fiber Optics (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advancement of Fiber Optic Technology
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Optical fibers are nothing but thin strands of highly purified glass that transmit data in the form of light. These individual glass strands have a diameter of around 120 micrometers and are bundled together as optical cables that can transmit data upto 50 Km without the need for repeaters. Each optic fiber can be divided into three distinct layers namely the innermost layer or the core, the cladding layer that immediately covers the core and the outermost buffer coating made of plastic that is designed to protect the fiber from weather and other external damages. While the core is the glass medium on which light travels the cladding layer is used to reflect the escaping light back into the core and thus minimize the optical signal loss. The lower refractive index of the cladding material facilitates reflection of light back into the core region. Thus by using total internal reflection, optical fibers can carry data in the form of light pulses over large distances with little loss."
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Relationship Between Science and Philosophy, 2006.
A thorough research study into the relationship between science and philosophy.
3,881 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
The relationship between science and philosophy is predicated on the concept that the dichotomy between the two disciplines were artificially created in order to achieve various desirable ends. It is further contended that this dichotomy now no longer serves mankind and is being replaced by a 'discipline' that not only brings science and philosophy into a relationship, but virtually unifies them. In order to support this assertion, an extensive literature review is conducted in the paper, tracing both the separation and reunification of science and philosophy. In addition, new material is sought from current thinkers in both nominal fields, science and philosophy. In the field of philosophy, additional new material is sought from contemporary metaphysicians. The information is developed as a qualitative study, with emphasis on drawing the parallels between pre-Greek concepts of science and philosophy and today's drive toward recombining the two.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction and Statement of the Problem
Review of the Literature and Research Questions
Methodology
The Relationship Between Science and Philosophy: Return to Unity
The Path Toward a Relationship
Toward the Modern World
References
From the Paper
"For Aristotle, a good man would have the virtues, which were developed by the intellect and thus were 'science', well in hand before he went looking for the 'theoretical virtues'; Aristotle believed he could not have those, could not seek those, unless he first had the 'good life' in place; science, then, in this world, is subordinate to philosophy as far as being symbolic of humankind's advancement. On the other hand, one might claim that science is of greater import simply because, without it, mankind could not "pursue freely the highest things" (Schall, 1998, p. 7)."
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Mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, 2005.
This paper discusses the life and achievements of mathematician Daniel Bernoulli.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Daniel Bernoulli used his analytical skills across a broad range of scientific disciplines including probability, hydrodynamics, the flow of blood and blood pressure and Riccati's differential equations. The author points out that Daniel Bernoulli improved mathematical physics with his recognition of many of Newton's theories and his utilization of the more powerful calculus of Leibniz. The paper relates that Bernoulli's mathematical explanation of the behavior of gas led to Boyle's law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Bernoulli's Contributions to Mathematics
Effect of Bernoulli's Work on Today's World
From the Paper
"Aerodynamics is a subdivision of fluid mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids, and with the forces acting on bodies in motion relative to such fluids. Some of the examples of aerodynamic actions are: the movement of an aircraft through the air, the wind forces applied on a structure and the working of a windmill. Daniel Bernoulli's principle is the main law dictating the motion of fluids, which links an increase in flow velocity to a decrease in pressure. For instance, for the same quantity of air at the entry to the venturi tube below to flow through the restriction in the middle, the air must accelerate."
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"The Universe in a Nutshell", 2006.
A discussion on Stephen W. Hawking's work, "The Universe in a Nutshell" about physical principles.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Hawking succeeds in introducing the average layperson to the physical principles of the material universe. It offers examples from the book to further qualify and express this point.
From the Paper
"Hawking also tries to make his theories funny and relevant to every day life today, as well as introduce speculations of what will happen to the universe, long after his text's first readership has passed into eternity. Hawking even mentions the effect of airline food on human life expectancy, a sobering thing to reflect upon for one who engages in as much air travel as Hawking! But there are also more serious, vital references to how understanding physics can impact human life on earth in the relative short term as well as in space and far into the future. Hawking describes how statistical evidence points to the physical limits of population growth and electricity being reached on earth by the year 2600. But by applying the same statistical principles to knowledge as to population growth, to take a more comforting view of things, predicted human knowledge of how to preserve energy reserves could potentially carry the human race forward, faster to possibly attain solutions to this problem of geometric physical expansion."
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The Chaos Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses the possibility of more accurately forecasting weather through the application of Edward Lorenz' chaos theory as based on James Gleick's book "Chaos: Making a New Science".
2,315 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that James Gleick in his book "Chaos: Making a New Science" reports the work of meteorologist and pioneer of the chaos theory, Edward Lorenz, to computerize the forecasting of weather based on physical laws. The author points out that Gleick explains, even though the straight-forward mathematical attempt by Lorenz to find weather averages was a "failure", Lorenz discovered that the phenomenon of climate instability was related to the chaos theory. The paper relates that Lorenz' two non-linear discoveries are (1) that models of chaotic systems have an exquisitely sensitive dependence on initial dependence called the butterfly effect and (2) that even simple systems can show complex, chaotic behavior proving that the "clockwork" universe doesn't exist.
Table of Contents
Gleick's Belief of the Possibility to Forecast Weather
The Butterfly Effect
Nonlinear and Linear Systems
Similar to Predicting the Motions of Planets
Link between Aperiodic Behavior and Unpredictable Behavior
Thermal Convection
From the Paper
"The very act of predicting weather is "fragile" when it comes to computer modeling, even though the data may be "reasonable trustworthy" and the laws of science are "purely physical" (20). But the computer modeling of weather patterns and air movement and temperatures and all the other ingredients that go into the stew, are only good for a day or two; "beyond two or three days the world's best forecasts" are / were speculative, and "beyond six or seven," Gleick writes, "they were worthless." Why were they worthless? "The Butterfly Effect was the reason.""
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The Anatomy and Function of Vision, 2006.
This informative paper analyzes the human sensory system while also focusing on the primary perception function of vision.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This clearly written paper presents an understanding into the basic physiology of the eye and how it responds to light which in effect begins the visual process. The writer of this paper delves into the anatomy of the eye as well as the brain's association to the concept of light. The writer contends and explains why the human eye is basically a fully functioning, self contained camera with a never ending supply of power. The eye functions mainly by permitting light to pass through the cornea which acts in the same manner as a camera's aperture. The writer delves into the field of evolution by contending that sight and vision are a crucial aspect in mankind's evolutionary progress. This paper also contains three illustrative graphics relevant to this particular topic.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Light and the Sun
Human Eye Anatomy
Vision Function
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Our planet is as it is because of the main function of the sun. The sun is the center and most likely the most critical part of our solar system because of the light it offers to feed our planet and drive all life. There is little doubt from a scientific perspective that our planet would be greatly altered without the sun and most likely would have no life. For living creatures to evolve, expand and thrive, they have had to learn to function on the ideas or concepts of sensing light in some way.
This notion applies to all living creature on our planet and therefore could be considered to be an almost universal law. Consider that all plants utilize light through the concept of photosynthesis to feed themselves and mammals and other life forms utilize light to hunt, mate and preserve themselves through the cycles of light that are present."
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Lightning and the Electrostatic Phenomena, 2006.
This paper details the scientific premise behind lightning and electricity.
1,002 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the positive and negative nature of electricity, which was first identified by Benjamin Franklin. This paper details the basics of lightning, which is a natural occurrence, generated through the two interactive processes of tribo-electricity and electrostatic induction. This paper delves into how thunder clouds are formed by ice and water. This paper also contains an illustration, detailing the origins of lightning, as well as a table listing the dielectric constants of various insulators, relevant to this particular topic.
From the Paper
"In a thunder cloud, the two dissimilar materials are ice and liquid water. Most thunderclouds' bottoms are at about 5km above Earth's surface, where it is usually sufficiently cold to freeze any liquid water. Powerful winds circulate up and down the interior of a thunderstorm, bearing up small drops of freezing water which collide with descending hail stones. Even though these two objects are made from water, the fact that one is large and solidly frozen while one is small and only partially frozen means that they occupy different positions on the tribolectric scale. The hail stones tend to become negatively charged and the smaller particles positively so. The negative charge accumulates at the base of the thunderstorm, and the positive at its top. In essence, thunderstorms act like immense Van de Graaff generators."
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Chaos Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses chaos theory based on James Gleick's "Chaos: Making a New Science" and Ian Stewart's "Does God Play Dice?: The Mathematics of Chaos".
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that James Gleick believes that chaos theory is revolution in thinking, a major shift from the ordered universe of Newton and even the less mechanical universe of Einstein. The author points out that chaos theory says that the universe is decided on the basis of chance to a great degree and that the aggregate of those chances cannot be predicted or even discerned to allow a clear cause-and-effect assessment. The paper relates that chaos theory says that a small change in a system, which takes place all the time and cannot be tracked or even relied upon, can produce more and more changes until something much greater and unforeseen occurs.
From the Paper
"Ian Stewart is trained as a mathematician, while Gleick writes about science for the New York Times. Stewart is British, and Gleick American. They write about the same subject from different points of view. Stewart begins his book noting that the direction for creation has been first from chaos into order, and that physics has now found that order is something of an illusion masking the continuing chaos of reality. He also cites Newton and the Newtonian era as affirming that nature has laws and man can discover what these laws are. The world described by Newton was a clockwork world which operated like a machine, and Stewart discusses the nature of that world and world-view much more directly than does Gleick."
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Stephen William Hawking, 2005.
Examines the life history and writings of this famous physicist and mathematician.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
In the world of science and history there are few great names that can match the name of Stephen William Hawking. Hawking is perhaps one of the best known physicist and mathematicians in history, or at least in modern times. This paper presents a close examination of the life and works of Stephen William Hawking. The writer explores his childhood to help determine how he became what he is today. The writer then examines his adult life, his works and his contributions to the world, as well as some of his more better-known theories and ideas.
From the Paper
"Another difference between Hawking and many other scientists throughout the world is that he understands the world's need for laymen terms. Many scientists are reported to be so scientific and mathematically based that their works and words are boring and over the head of everyone but other scientists. Hawking understands the average person is not going to take time to dissect scientific jargon and he put together a book that explains many of the most mind boggling ideas in history in terms that can be understood by the non scientist."
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Black Holes, 2005.
This paper describes the basic types of black holes and their detection.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in the universe, few elements are weirder than black holes, a celestial body made of material so dense that nothing can easily escape its gravitational field, not even light. The author points out, that for decades, theorists considered them mere mathematical constructs, unavoidable consequences of Albert Einstein's theories of relativity; but there is no reason that they cannot exist in nature and, over the last four decades, evidence has mounted that suggests they actually do exist. The paper relates that, although black holes are totally invisible and there is no way to see them directly, they can be detected indirectly (1) by observing the radiation from the bright-burning accretion disks, which radiate on all electromagnetic frequencies especially on the X-ray bands, and (2) by observing their gravitational effects on other objects.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Black Hole Anatomy 101
Surfing the Singularity
From the Paper
"Another important feature possessed by many black holes is an accretion disk, a torus around the event horizon formed by infalling matter as it spirals toward the singularity. Because of the energetic nature of the infall-think of the whirlpool formed as water drains from a bathtub-accretion disks usually emit all sorts of radiation, including visible light. The only other features black holes are reliably theorized to possess are angular momentum (rotation) and occasionally the odd electric charge or magnetic polarity, a consequence of eating too many charged particles"
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