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Energy, 2007.
An analysis of the methods in which energy forms and the various types of energy.
1,494 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the different types of forces that operate within this world and the many different methods in which energy forms. It specifically focuses on analyzing mechanical, chemical, atomic and nuclear energies. The paper then further groups energy into two broad general categories - kinetic energy or the energy of motion and potential energy or the energy of position. It analyzes these sub-categories of energy.
From the Paper
" The use of modern energy sources to supplement traditional energy supplies such as coal and oil have naturally turned to nuclear energy. In theory, nuclear energy is the most sustainable method of energy production available to our society. However, the implicit risk of a power plant meltdown and possibility of both nuclear explosion or radiation leakage prevents nuclear energy from becoming extremely mainstream. This is evidenced by the Chernobyl accident, in which hundreds of thousands of Russian civilians suffered and died at the hands of the worst nuclear accident in world history. The impact of Chernobyl is that it has caused a massive social stigma to be attached with the use and development of nuclear energy. Although it is currently still not as popular as traditional forms of energy, the eventual scarcity of resources will increase the popularity of nuclear power as a clear alternative."
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"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"--A Review, 2007.
A review of Thomas Kuhn's influential book, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions."
2,744 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Thomas Kuhn's book about scientific advances entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The paper focuses on several key elements and definitions in the work, with an emphasis on the concept of the scientific paradigm. The reviewer then discusses the role of paradigms in scientific revolutions, citing Kuhn's theory that revolutions appear when an old paradigm is substituted by a new one. Finally, the paper presents Kuhn's view of the past, present, evolution and future of science. The reviewer further describes Kuhn's view of the importance of crises in facilitating the evolution of science. The review concludes that Kuhn 's theory of paradigm and paradigm shifts gives a revolutionary description of scientific progress.
Outline:
Thomas Kuhn's Concept of Paradigm
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Past, Present, Evolution and Future of Science
Reference List
From the Paper
" First of all, Kuhn (1996) introduces the notion of "normal science", that is, according to him, the science that bases its research on previous research which is recognized as valid by a scientific community. (p.10) It is the structure of normal science that the book proposes to investigate. Furthermore, Kuhn (1996) argues that the most salient aspect of scientific evolution in time is the fact that science does not progress through leaps or through unrelated sets of investigations. On the contrary, scientific research is always conducted under a paradigm, or, to put it differently, all research is based on previous scientific data. The scientific paradigm can be defined as a certain common pattern in scientific research, or a certain set of accepted world views that are held as true for a period of time. The paradigm is thus a set of common beliefs about the world, based on past research. "
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Renewable Energy in the Middle East, 2007.
This paper discusses the potential use of renewable energy technologies in the buildings of Arabian Gulf Countries.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that renewable energy is playing a large role in Middle Eastern countries' infrastructure building in the public and corporate realms. The paper discusses how solar and wind energy are at the core of their current interest in renewable energy, as such resources are available in the majority of the region. The paper concludes that the foundation of the Middle East region is as dependent upon the realization of a balanced energy system as is the rest of the world.
From the Paper
"In the literature regarding the Middle East and the utilization of renewable energy there is a great deal of evidence of interest and even application. This is despite the region's critical interest in fossil fuels as a resource for change, as oil has been for the last 20 or so years for some countries and longer for others. (Cordesman 1997) Over 80 percent of the natural oil reserves are found in the Middle East. (Borowitz 1999) It seems that renewable energy, and especially photovoltaic technology and wind energy, partly as outsiders have been a big part of modernization in many Middle Eastern nations as a result of relatively new found wealth, allowing infrastructure building in the public and corporate realms, and the historical fear of the potentially fatal rate of decline of oil reserves in any one region."
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Eco-Fuels, 2006.
A discussion regarding oil and possible alternative sources of energy.
1,443 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at oil as a finite energy source. The paper discusses the need to find alternate energy resources of both renewable and non renewable natures. The paper reviews the different sources currently available like hydropower, solar energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy, coal.
Outline:
Thesis Statement
Introduction
Background
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Alternatives: The drawbacks in bio diesels made environmentalist concentrate on cheap and easy to make eco fuels. Eco- fuels are touted as the free energy that is not only renewable but is also harmless for the environment as they do not cause any emissions. These eco fuels can generally be made and stored at home meaning that consumer just by incurring some cost on machines and systems can fulfill their energy needs. Today technology can be used to make convert simple products like turds into methane. Some of these technologies require only some efforts on consumers' parts as they are mostly do-it-yourself ventures. There are methods available that make use of hydrogen per oxide to increase the fuel efficiency of the engines of the vehicles. Not only vehicles can be run but using these eco fuels home heating and cooling and power production can also be done. Even alcohol can be used to heat up homes and to cook food. There are organizations and individuals working for the cause and they have developed different easy to implement techniques and methods to use cheap and easily available materials to fulfill different energy needs."
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Black Holes, 2007.
An analysis of the history and theory of the existence of black holes.
2,823 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the phenomenon of black holes and how the theory of the black hole evolved. It begins by defining black holes and providing a detailed history of them. The paper then discusses whether black holes are just a theory or not and it discusses the evidence that black holes exist even though they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Are Black Holes?
History of Black Holes
Are Black Holes Just A Theory?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The authors further explain that at the Schwarzschild radius, the coefficient of the time interval in the Schwarzschild metric is zero (Hawley and Holcomb 1998). As a result, the time interval itself becomes infinite (Hawley and Holcomb 1998). Likewise, radial intervals decrease to zero, which is the definitive length contraction. These effects occur as a result of the choice of coordinates, and these coordinates are not ever absolute even as it relates to Newtonian physics. Nonetheless, the length contraction, time dilation, and other relativistic effects that are dependent upon the metric coefficients, are actual physical occurrences and can be calculated with the right type of instruments (Hawley and Holcomb 1998). In addition the gravitational field in the vicinity of the black hole is more significant at small radius than it is when it is at some distance away, and as a result light moving from near the object endures a gravitational redshift (Hawley and Holcomb 1998)."
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A Tendency toward God, 2007.
A discussion on Man's tendency to lean towards God or some other presence in this world.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the natural tendency of human beings to lean towards God or some other force or presence in the world. The paper describes the infinite nature of God. It discusses this concept as it relates to the concepts expressed in quantum physics and then discusses it from the point of view of Christianity and spirituality.
From the Paper
"If God is Mind and infinite, there can be only one Mind. Human beings are turning to it all the time for good ideas. It is logical that human beings would sense and want to know intimately the source of their existence. Religions and rituals have sprung from this natural desire. I believe that all human beings wonder at one time or another about the nature of existence. Some have more confidence that they can eventually understand it than others do, and that accounts for those who seem disinterested. They may have given up, or they think and wonder about God rarely. Or they have come upon an explanation for existence that satisfies them, at least, superficially, but doesn't include a concept of Creator. Even so, these same disinterested people are sometimes "converted" as a result of experiencing God's presence, and they end up turning to a whole new way of life."
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Lunar Effects on Behavior, 2006.
A discussion regarding the influence of the moon on the earth.
1,084 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the influence of the moon on the earth and how it has fascinated mankind throughout history. According to the paper, prior to the present scientific age the moon was considered to have strange and occult powers that could influence human behavior and events in a multitude of different ways.
From the Paper
"The question therefore arises as to why certain behaviors have been ascribed to the phases and changes of the moon. The answer to this question in fact reveals the falsity of many lunar myths. One answer is that these myths have their origins in ancient folklore and legends that have been continued in various forms to the present time. For example, the myth about the way that the moon can influence human birth rates can be traced back to the ancient Assyrian and Babylonian beliefs which state that, "A woman is fertile according to the moon." (Carroll R. T. 2005) These views are therefore based on unsubstantiated and pre-scientific opinions of the world and nature and can therefore be seen in the same context as the belief that the world was flat and not round. "
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Mysteries of the Universe, 2006.
A review of science versus religion, as a tool to explain the mysteries of the universe.
902 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issues of science versus religion when trying to unlock the mysteries of the universe. According to the paper, religion and science are often at odds, especially regarding core issues such as the nature of time, the origins of humanity and the nature of religion itself. The paper goes on to discuss how, rather than be at odds with one another, science and religion should cultivate a shared interface, complementing each other in their mutual endeavors.
From the Paper
"One of the most pressing questions in both religion and science is the nature of disease. Geneticists have been trying to unearth so-called founder mutations: one original genetic mutation that subsequently caused generations of people to carry and/or suffer from a serious illness like sickle cell anemia. Unlike many other mutations, founder mutations can be traced to one original ancestor. The discovery and study of founder mutations allows anthropologists to research the general patterns of human migration, providing a more complete understanding of history. Religion views genetic mutations in a different light. Many fundamentalist Christians, for example, might propose that disease is God-given. Yet if Mary Schweizer, an Evangelical Christian scientist, can unite religion with science then anyone can. Her devotion to fundamental Christian thought is not at odds with her scientific endeavors, according to Yeoman. In fact, Schweizer views science as a spiritual endeavor, as a means to discover the meaning of life, death, and seeming anomalies. Religion and science share common goals and objectives even when their theoretical underpinnings are in conflict with one another."
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The Question of Reality, 2007.
A discussion on reality as perceived in quantum theory, specifically holographic theory.
1,142 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how beliefs on the nature of reality have a direct impact on what one brings into her experience. The paper explores how what we "see" all around us is an interpretation of what really exists. The writer argues that, from a Christian standpoint, God is perfect. People have to learn to see perfection. The essay discusses quantum theory (specifically holographic theory) and argues the probability that human beings literally create an objective sense of reality.
Outline:
Introduction
New Science
Holographic Theory
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Eventually, he found that the physical senses perform a frequency analysis to construct a sense of solid reality. The "solid" image is a hologram. The brain receives input, which it fits together to form a perception of the world. This discovery led Pribram to question the nature of reality. He asked, which is reality--the objective world we seem to experience--or interference patterns perceived by a holographic brain that converts frequency patterns into three-dimensional images? He concluded that we live in a frequency domain. It doesn't become the "world" until after our senses perform an analysis and construct an image!"
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"Tesla: Man Out of Time", 2007.
A book review of "Tesla: Man Out of Time" by Margaret Cheney.
1,776 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Cheney proves that Tesla's work and pioneering research on rotating magnetic fields paved the way for the existence of the current, illuminated world. The paper asserts that Cheney's work is pioneering, because it rewrites invention history in many respects, stressing that the commonly embraced brand names of Edison and Marconi may need to be questioned by historians to give a full picture of history. The paper shows how this biography is an important reminder that history does not always give full credit to genius and innovation.
From the Paper
"To list Tesla's innovations in scientific research would almost take more space than could be accorded by the length and span reserved for this review. Tesla's work and pioneering research on rotating magnetic fields paved the way for the existence of the current, illuminated world, more so than Edison's, according to Cheney, and gave the world everything from radios to X-rays. However, Tesla proved out of step, or out of time, with the need to establish close friendships in the technical community. He also lacked the necessary flexibility within his personality to make use of the structures of funding of American business and federal funding in an effective fashion."
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Albert Einstein, 2006.
A review of the life of one of the most famous physicists of all time, Albert Einstein.
2,452 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Albert Einstein. Specifically the paper discusses Einstein's life and his scientific achievements. The paper reports that Einstein discovered the 'Theory of Relativity' and is often known as the "father" of the atomic bomb. The paper further discusses how Einstein's life is a model to scientists and physicists today, and a valuable lesson in what one person can accomplish in his lifetime.
From the Paper
"Einstein also helped to develop Quantum Theory, which "deals with the laws that describe how matter is built out of these elementary particles and what the forces are between them as revealed in spectral lines, in radioactive phenomena, or in the process of fission. The story of modern physics is in great part that of quantum theory" (Infeld 85). The use of Quantum Theory and continued study into it by other scientists eventually led to the development of atomic fission, and later, the development of the atomic and bomb. Einstein always regretted the part he played in the development of the bomb, as he was a lifelong pacifist. In fact, he co-wrote a famous book, "Why War?" with Sigmund Freud in 1932 that became classic anti-war literature. Another writer states, "The 'Why War?' letters, organized by Einstein, were written at the behest of the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, a committee of the League of Nations" (Dunn 112). Einstein saw the potential of harnessing atomic principles to create nuclear power, but always felt regret over his role in the atomic arms race. He spent the remainder of his life studying many different projects. One however, eluded him. Another scientist writes, "Einstein, who had already united space, time and gravity in his theories, certainly believed this and spent the latter half of his life seeking--unsuccessfully--'a theory of everything' that would combine quantum physics and relativity" (Mckie). That work today is evolving into another theory of physics - string theory, which shows his influence is still felt around the world today."
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Stars, 2007.
An overview of the structure and characteristics of stars.
996 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how a star is a huge, shining ball in space that produces a tremendous amount of light and other forms of energy. It looks at their physical makeup, the different types, and the recycling effect of star evolution on the rest of the universe.
From the Paper
"Stars have many variants such as age, size, mass, and luminosity, but one thing they have in common is that "about 75 percent of all stars are members of a binary system, a pair of closely spaced stars that orbit each other" (Green, 2005, p. 1). Stars are also grouped together in galaxies such as the Milky Way which hosts more than 100 billion stars. "Three-dimensional computer models of star formation predict that the spinning clouds of dust may break up into two or three blobs; if true, this would explain why the majority of the stars in the Milky Way are paired or in groups of multiple stars" (science@nasa, p.1). Clearly, the structure and formation of individual stars mimics the structure of other important elements of the universe."
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Thomas Edison, 2006.
A discussion regarding Thomas Edison, who lit up the nation and therefore the world.
1,683 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the life of Thomas Edison and how he changed the world with the invention of the light bulb. The paper explores the importance of the light bulb and credits Edison with single-handedly changing the world through its invention.
Outline:
Introduction
Biography
Exploring His Inventions
Why He Succeeded
From the Paper
"Edison's childhood was one of constant, almost relentless curiosity. It was a trait that would serve him well when he eventually went on to hold a world record for having more than 1,000 patents, but while he was still a child it sometimes caused him a great deal of stress. One example of this was the time he accidentally burnt down a family barn in his quest of experimentation. He was charged with the crime of arson at the tender age of six for that mishap but it didn't slow him down. There were also questions about his intellectual abilities at one point. Stories are told that a friend of his drowned while Edison was playing with him at a creek and Edison failed to show any emotion. In addition he had a teacher tell his parents that he was "dumb" and would never be able to learn(American Heroes: Thomas Alva Edisonhttp://www.mccsc.edu/~jcmslib/mlk/edison/biography.htm) . "
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Energy Sources, 2006.
A review of the world's sources of energy.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
A discussion regarding the world's current dependence upon fossil fuels as the primary source of energy. The paper discusses other alternative types of energy such as wind power, solar power, nuclear power and natural gas.
From the Paper
"Safe, efficient, reliable, and less environmentally damaging than traditional energy resources, natural gas is generally perceived as the most likely choice for the near future. Natural gas utilizes both a steam and gas cycle to generate power, and therefore, releases far fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than coal or oil. But, "Even though air pollution concerns are much lower with gas fired plants, there are other environmental concerns including water use and water pollution. Combined cycle plants use about 10 million gallons of water per day, consuming 7 million and putting 3 million gallons back into nearby rivers," (Power Frontiers). Nevertheless, natural gas does contribute to global warming--less so than other methods but more so than nuclear energy. Both are comparably cheap and sustainable, but natural gas is considered to be safer to the public. All things considered, natural gas is economically viable, relatively safe, relatively clean, and sustainable: it poses the most realistic option for electric companies with its most serious competition coming from coal, and perhaps, nuclear power."
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John von Neumann, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical and scientific contributions of John von Neumann.
2,009 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses John von Neumann's contributions to the fields of quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, economics, computer science, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics, statistics and other mathematical fields. The paper also discusses his contribution to the creation of the hydrogen bomb. It goes on to describe some of his most influential achievements.
From the Paper
"John Von Neumann inarguably contributed a wealth of knowledge to the development of computers, and without his contributions the face of technology today would be primitively underdeveloped. However, Neumann may have canceled out the "good" he did in an act of self-fulfilling equivalent exchange with his work in the realms of math and science with the contributions he made to warfare and massive weaponry. The name Von Neumann is associated as much with the Atomic Bomb as it is with computer programs (Wilson), and Neumann may have had even more devastating projects on the horizon at the time of his unexpected death from cancer. During the Second World War, von Neumann worked as a consulted to both armed forces and civilian agencies that were involved in wartime projects. Neumann's genius was in high demand, and he was able to design an implosion method for bringing nuclear fuel to explosion, as well as playing an integral part in the development of the hydrogen bomb. (Cabrera) According to one of Neumann's biographers, "It has been stated that von Neumann's electronic computer hastened the hydrogen bomb explosion on November 1, 1952." (Bochner)"
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Energy Trade, 2007.
An analysis of President Bush's advanced energy initiative to reduce the need for energy trade with the Middle East.
1,576 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the energy trade in the United States. It discusses the increasing need for energy compared to the consumers' decreasing knowledge about where energy is coming from. The paper then discusses President Bush's State of the Union Address for 2006, in which he outlined his new advanced energy initiative, with the overall goal of reducing dependence upon Middle Eastern oil. It then addresses this goal to further advance the use and technology of solar and wind energy resources.
From the Paper
"Renewable energy has been used in various, yet mostly private applications for many years, with ah classic example of the farmer using a solitary windmill to provide energy to a pump that provides water to his fields or livestock or the application of several solar cells on the roofs of homes, either in remote locations where other sources of power are to expensive to obtain or in the city where the novice environmentalist wishes to "get off the grid." Yet, these applications are very limited and the much larger possible applications and the technology that drives them can be rather expensive, in comparison to other forms of energy attainment, especially with regard to initial investment. One of President Bushes stated goals is to reduce the cost of these investments through the development of less costly technologies. Though is a relatively simplistic look at the actual numbers, wind energy, on its own has increased in capacity significantly in the last few years and the same can be said of solar renewable resources."
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James D. Watson and DNA, 2006.
A review of 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA' by James D. Watson.
3,083 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most significant scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, the discovery of the helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). According to the paper, Watson revealed this discovery in his book, 'The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA'. This paper reviews Watson's book and the fact that DNA was not discovered by a single person, nor by a group of scientists. The DNA discovery was the result of a complex series of advancements, discoveries and inspirations by many independent groups.
From the Paper
"Watson next goes on a series of European excursions and vacations; including being able to finally listed to Pauling. When he returns to Cambridge in the fall, Watson exhibits less preoccupation with DNA, and hears of the discovery by some bacteriologists that some bacteria actually reproduce sexually. This causes Watson to muse that the microbial genetics of them could be understood within a few years after DNA's structure is discovered. In the meantime, Watson writes that Franklin's X-Ray data "were getting prettier and prettier," (Watson 148). Furthermore, he credits her with obtaining the data indicating that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA was actually on the outside of the molecule; still, "She gave no sign . . . of liking helices any better," (Watson 148). Watson continues to explain his faith-based understanding of DNA when he writes, "The idea of the genes' being immortal smelled right," (Watson 153). After this leap of inference, however, Watson learns that Pauling is about to unveil another discovery regarding DNA; this worries most everyone at Cambridge. "
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Martin Heidegger, 2007.
An analysis of Martin Heidegger's theories of nothingness.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories of Martin Heidegger which he presented in a book called "Being and Time." The paper describes his theories of nothingness and human "dread" and compares them to Deepak Chopra's similar quantum physics theories. The paper describes the basic meaning of the theories and concludes that had Heidegger possessed Chopra's gift for simplifying language, his concepts of nothingness might have been recognized sooner.
From the Paper
"Heidegger's theory of human "dread" is interestingly at the core of what he believes to be our deep-seated awareness of "nothing." The fact that humans are deeply aware that we will perish into nothing is what gives defineable value to our human experience. In other words, while we know consciously that everything in our human world will change and die, we also know that this concept does not apply to a world of nothing. Heidegger evidently had no faith in the possibility of an afterlife that might include any thing relative to our human existence. In his view, the inescapable loss of somethingness is at the bottom of the human "angst." (Philosophypages)."
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Albert Einstein, 2007.
A discussion on the life and works of Albert Einstein.
1,772 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a detailed history of Einstein and the effects his works have on the world, including nuclear energy. It discusses his many theories and explains that often times these works were of religious motivation. The paper also discusses Einsteins effect not only in the science arena, but also on art and the development of Modernism and Post-Modernism in particular.
From the Paper
"In more theoretical terms, Einstein postulated several theories that challenged the nature of time and suggested both its relative nature depending on how it is measured and the possibility that it is reversible, something that clearly went against the traditional view. Einstein is really the figure around whom the changes in both the sense of time and of space swirl, for his theories challenged both and suggested ways in which both time and space could be changed, bent, twisted, and made into something different than people had once believed."
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