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Lightning, 1999.
Examines the physics of this natural phenomenon, types, structure, theories, flash and thunder.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder
From the Paper
"Lightning is a natural phenomenon that is dramatic, often beautiful, and yet deadly and dangerous at the same time. A bolt of lightning involves the rapid discharge of a massive amount of electrical energy producing both the bright flash of light and the sound of thunder. There are a number of different kinds of lightning produced by different conditions, and new information on lightning is discovered all the time. By its nature, lightning is an ephemeral phenomenon, making it difficult to study under all conditions and explaining why new types of lightning have been found as man makes his way higher and more often into different regions of the upper atmosphere. Lightning is an extremely common natural phenomenon. Since Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the electrical nature of the lightning bolt, lightning has been subjected to many scientific studies."
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Plants & Electricity, 1997.
Negative effects of electrical fields on plant development & growth. Dicussing root elongation, electrotropism, flowering and more.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" Recently there has been considerable public concern and scientific interest over the hazards associated with exposure of plants to extremely low frequency electrical fields (60-Hz), particularly those related to high voltage electric transmission lines. Using specific examples, this paper discusses the detrimental impact of such electric field on various aspects of plant development and growth including root elongation and electrotropism, phloem transport efficiency, species susceptibility and flowering rhythms.
Each plant cell consists of a highly conductive cytoplasmic core surrounded by a thin insulating plasma membrane which is in turn surrounded by a porous - but rigid - cell wall. The insulating plasma membrane plays a prominent role in the electrochemical balance between the cell cytoplasm and the.."
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"The Tao of Physics" ( Fritjof Capra ), 1997.
Reviews work on practical & conceptual connections between modern science & mysticism, Western & Eastern approaches to reality, focusing on the need for balance between the two.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"The search for knowledge in the West today is based very much on the scientific method and on rational inquiry, and this is often contrasted with the way of knowing in Eastern mysticism. The two means of ascertaining knowledge are normally considered to be far apart, but in Fritjof Capra's book The Tao of Physics, parallels are found between the two approaches which show that the insights of modern physics actually offer more explanation for certain elements of mysticism. The conclusion is that as the people of the world try to educate themselves in the sciences, they would do well to educate themselves in and to practice spiritualism and mysticism as well and so to gain insight from both ways of knowing.
Different cultures produce their own particular way of structuring the world they see around them. They use religion.."
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The Production and Control Of Electromagnetic Fields, 1997.
Reviews current information regarding the production of electromagnetic radiation (EMFs), links to human health problems and engineering solutions designed to control these problems.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The Production and Control of Electromagnetic Fields
Abstract
This article will review current information regarding the production of electromagnetic radiation (EMFs), links to human health problems, and engineering solutions designed to control these problems.
Introduction
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), also known as electromagnetic radiation, consist of two distinct types: ionizing and non ionizing. On the EMF Spectrum, above visible light and starting in the ultra violet frequencies, ionizing radiation has sufficient capacity to break a chemical bond and thereby ..."
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"A Brief History of Time" ( Stephen Hawking ), 1996.
Critical review of theoretical physicist's explanation of theories of origin, structure & fate of universe.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" One of the foremost theoretical physicists, of our time, is Stephen W. Hawking. He states, in the acknowledgments of his book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, that the purpose of this book is to describe the "basic ideas about the origin and the fate of the universe . . . in a form that people without a scientific education can understand" (vi). Stephen Hawking does not give a clear thesis statement for this book. An implied thesis of this book would be that humans have always sought to understand how the universe was created and works; with continued development of the Grand Unified Theory (GUT), complete understanding begins to be possible. He poses the age old questions of: "Where did the universe come from, and where is it going? Did the universe have a beginning . . . what happened before then?" (1). Breakthroughs in physics and.."
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Fluid Mechanics, 1996.
Study of behavior of fluids. Fluid statics, kinematics, conservation of mass, momentum, energy, potential & viscous flow, more.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The engineering definitions, methods of analysis, and significance of many elements of the study of fluid mechanics are presented.
Definitions and Fluid Properties
Fluids can be either liquids or gases, and fluid mechanics "refers to the study of the behavior of fluids, either at rest or in motion." Nunn elaborates that there are "two main physical properties defining a fluid: density and viscosity." Nunn then subdivides fluid mechanics into three major categories of ideal fluid flow, in which density is constant and viscous effects are negligible; compressible flow, in which density varies from place to place throughout the fluid and viscosity effects are trivial or..."
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Black Holes, 2002.
An introduction one of space's greatest phenomenons, black holes.
577 words (approx. 2.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper defines black holes and explains what they are made up of. The paper explores common misconceptions surrounding black holes, as well as other mysteries. Finally the paper examines theories regarding how black holes eventually end.
From the Paper
"Black holes, one of space?s greatest phenomenons, appear to be tremendous concentrations of matter, usually at the center of a galaxy; however, smaller back holes are possible. The matter is in the form of neutrons, protons, and electrons, tightly packed together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The beautifully descriptive name comes from the fact that light cannot exit from a Black hole. They are suspected to form in the death and collapse of a star that began with more than10 times the sun's mass (those with less mass become white dwarfs or neutron stars)."
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Albert Einstein, 2001.
Discussion of what makes him a modern hero; his scientific methods & achievements, his humanitarian efforts; early life & shaping of his character.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss what makes Albert Einstein a hero. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary gives several definitions of a hero, most of which apply to Einstein. According to Webster's a hero is a mythological or legendary figure endowed with great ability; a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities; the central figure in an event, period or movement; and an object of extreme admiration and devotion. These definitions can be readily applied to Einstein who was indeed a hero of the world community. Unlike heroes of legend, however, Einstein was a modern hero.
In naming Albert Einstein A Person of the Century@ TIME Magazine wrote for Einstein to become a modern icon, especially in America, required a total revision of the definition of a hero."
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Steven Chu, 2001.
Life & work of Nobel Prize winning physicist; his major scientific contributions.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The Nobel Prize is perhaps the most coveted recognition of excellence in a given field. In 1997, the Nobel Prize in Physics was given to Professor Steven Chu of Stanford University along with two of his colleagues, William D. Phillips and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji. The contributions of these three men mounted over the span of more than a decade of research and experimentation, culminating in the development of groundbreaking new methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
Steven Chu has been an avid Physics enthusiast ever since his high school days in Garden City, New York, where under the tutelage of his Advanced Placement Physics teacher he was given his first taste of genuine lab experience(College Board Online, 1998)."
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Black Holes, 2002.
A discussion on the existence of black holes.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how black holes are created. It studies the ideas of physicist John Mitchell, his discoveries and how Isaac Newton's physics ideas helped lead to his discoveries on black holes. It also covers white dwarfs (stellar corpses), the most famous being Sirius.
From the Paper
"The black hole was first named by the English physicist John Mitchell in 1783, more than two hundred years ago. But what are these black holes? Do they really exist? Based on planet movement studies made by Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, John Mitchell deduced the existence of a force that made the Sun, the Earth, the Moon and everything contained in the cosmos."
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Astronomy, 2002.
A study of the origins of the universe, the planets and stars, and a look at the astronomer's tools of trade.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explores methods used by astronomers to measure the universe, the dual nature of light, origins of the universe and the solar system and types of stars. It also discusses planets and other celestial bodies.
From the Paper
"Another way to measure the universe is using shadows. Some astronomers observe ?dark silhouettes cast by distant clusters of galaxies (Glanz,1999)? against the ?cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) (Glanz, 1999)? The glow from this radiation provides a back light that helps measure the size of the shadows. The CMBR was formed back when the cosmos were only 100,000 to 300,000 years old. Because of the CMBRs? age, ?everything in the visible universe lies in front (Glanz, 1999)? of it. When the radiation started out, it had hot temperatures due to the universe just being formed. However, as the universe expanded, the temperatures cooled. This gives astronomers additional information to aid them in their measurements."
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Heat Transfer Mechanisms, 2002.
An introduction to heat transfer, including a description of convection, conduction and radiation.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes the different forms of heat transfer. Heat transfer is a process that occurs on the molecular level. The basics of the process are defined, with three heat transfer mechanisms identified-- conduction, convection and radiation.
From the Paper
"In metals, thermal energy is transported by conduction band electrons. This is based on understanding molecular orbital bands. This refers to solids that form a lattice, including metals. These lattice metals are understood by looking at the lattice itself as one large molecule rather than looking at it as individual atoms. The electron orbitals of the atoms overlap, creating a continuous band covering a range of energies that extends throughout the lattice (Shriver, D.F., Atkins, P.W., & Langford, C.H. Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 91)."
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Calculus and its Application to Aerodynamics, 2002.
This paper explores some of the different applications of calculus to the field of aerodynamics.
2,525 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the field of aerodynamics could not exist without calculus. The author discusses the most prevalent and widely used equations. The advent of the computer has greatly improved the use of these equations in the field and allowed the field of aerodynamics to become more precise.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Myth about Bumblebee Flight
Turbulence
The Bermouli Equation
Continuity Equation
Navier-Stokes Equations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Math is the language of science. The different disciplines of math relate to different areas of science. Science needs math in order to be understood. Algebra allows us to create sentences using numbers to describe an event. Geometry and Trigonometry help us to describe shapes, and Calculus is the tool for describing change. It can be a change in angles as in vector calculus, a change in rate, a change in speed, or almost any other change."
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Nuclear Radiation Shielding, 2002.
A detailed report of an experiment testing the shielding of radiation by various materials.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Discusses an experiment of the shielding of radiation. The experiment uses fluid flow measurements and the method of continuous flow to determine the coefficient of viscosity. Includes the calculations and results of the said experiment as well as diagrams. Discusses the conclusions and several human errors that happened when carrying out the experiment.
From the Paper
"There are two different ways water can flow this can be either streamline or turbulent. When a liquid has a streamline its particles flow in regular and smooth paths called streamlines. In this type of motion the viscous drag opposing the flow is proportional to the average velocity of the liquid. In turbulent flow, the particles have irregular motion therefore the viscous drag is proportional to the square of the velocity. "
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Auroras, 2002.
A definition of the natural phenomenon - auroras, otherwise known as "Northern Lights".
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the term 'aurora' and explains what causes these luminous arcs and swirls of light to appear at different times during the year. It explains the difference between the auroras of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere and the effect that the sun, in the form of solar wind, has on auroras.
From the Paper
"One of the reasons that the auroras seem so mysterious to us is that they are a product of magnetism, which is a force that most of us are at least generally familiar with but one that is also, of course, invisible. Because both magnetism and the plasma field around the earth (which is simply a cluster or layer of charged particles) are invisible, we cannot see the physical underpinnings of the auroras, making them seem highly mysterious to us."
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Discoverers of the Physical Sciences, 2002.
A paper which discusses how the discoveries of 6 scientists overlapped and influenced one another.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
A paper which considers how the work of Kepler, Newton, Copernicus, Brahe, Ptolemy and Galileo overlapped, how one discovery influenced another and how the work of these scientists helped form the foundation of modern scientific knowledge of the physical sciences. The paper studies the life histories of each of these scientists.
From the Paper
"Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at Padua, his duties included to teach the geometry of Elucid, and geocentric, astronomy to the medical students. However it is noted that he discussed more natural philosophy and forms of non standard astronomy, this was also carried out in a public lecture in reference to a New Star that had appeared, now known as Kepler's supernova. Galileo also wrote personally to Kepler stating that he was a follower of the Copernican theory, however there was no outward evidence of this until many years later (Field, 1995)."
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Solid Propulsion, 2000.
An essay outlining the history and modern use of solid propulsion in comparison to other types of propulsion.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines the history of solid propulsion and black powder and discusses how it was used. It also looks at the advantages and disadvantages of solid propulsion in relation to its liquid counterparts.
From the Paper
"The first solid propulsion engines were invented by the Chinese early in the 13th century in use of fireworks. These homemade rockets were propelled by black powder. The first recorded military use was in 1232 in a military siege where the powder propelled rockets were used to set fire to tents. It wasn?t until years later around the early 15th century when they started becoming used in Europe and equipped with a payload. Gunpowder started being used as it burned slower than black powder. The two have same the same ingredients but in different proportions. A large step forward was when the solid propulsion rockets were used to carry rope from distressed ships to shore in stormy conditions. The sailors would use the rope as a lifeline in their rowboats. However this relied on the fact that the shore could only be as far away as the longest rope."
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Engineering Experiment on Friction, 2002.
This paper tests the co-efficient of friction and how it differs when weight and surface type are changed.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The folowing paper aims to find the force required to move blocks of different weights across different surfaces, thus finding a value for friction and comparing the results with that of a textbook and recording any differences. The conclusion found in this paper is that friction is directly proportional to the weight force applied and is measured in terms of the coefficient of friction, represented by the Greek letter mu (m).
From the Paper
"The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force present and the normal reaction to the mating surfaces and is represented as,
m = Ff ? Rn
Rn = Normal reaction, weight force
Fn = Frictional force
But may also be worked out by dividing the force required in Kg by the weight of the object. Eg the force required to move a 25Kg object is 5Kg so to work out the coefficient of the object we would divide 5 by 25 to give a coefficient of 0.2.
Because of this the surface area of the block is independent to that of the coefficient and is not needed when determining a value for friction.
The coefficient of wood against wood is 0.35 giving a relatively low value for friction whereas rubber against concrete is 0.8 meaning it would be hard to slide rubber on concrete. The coefficient can be greatly reduced if a lubricant of some sort is applied in between the surfaces as it forms a layer preventing the bumps on the surfaces rubbing together making it easier to slide the objects past each other."
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Black Holes, 2002.
This paper presents a detailed look at black holes, providing the reader with a description of this phenomenon as well as evidence that it exists.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes a look at the historical discovery of black holes, the current mindset about what they are and how they relate to the universe. The writer asserts that while the evidence is circumstantial at best, it is becoming more unified with each new discovery.
From the Paper
"Since the advent of science fiction the Black Hole theory has been used to add dimension and character to many books and movies. The space ships are sucked into Black Holes never to be heard from again, aliens are believed to emerge from them and they are used as portals to new universes according to fictional history. The use of the theory of Black Holes in fictional works is something that allows artistic license about what they are and what they aren't and what scientists believe at this point to be true."
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