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Radioactive Waste, 1991.
This paper discusses radioactive waste: Types, handling requirements, problems of disposal and contracting.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"As nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants have proliferated over the last ten years, the need to safely dispose of the nuclear waste associated with them has grown, as well. In addition to these two sources of radioactive waste, there are other, less dramatic sources. Complicating the issue of radioactive waste is the not-in-my-backyard-syndrome: while most individuals agree that something has to be done about radioactive waste, few individuals are willing to have a radioactive waste site in the immediate area. This research examines the various types of radioactive waste and the progress toward establishing long-term waste sites for them.
According to the U.S. government, there are four categories of radioactive waste: uranium mill tailings, which are what is left over after uranium is extracted from raw uranium; high-level ... "
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Solar Energy, 1991.
This paper discusses the advantages of solar energy: Cost factor, inexhaustible source, alternative to oil, pollution-free and non-monopolistic. Types & applications.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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"Energy is a crucial building block for civilization: Without reliable sources of power, modern technology would not exist. Reliability does not always equal availability, however, and the search for renewable or inexhaustible energy sources that also are relatively inexpensive, nonpolluting and available to everyone has become of paramount importance - enter solar energy. This alternative to fossil fuels has all of these advantages and comes in several forms and applications, adaptable to most uses, and as part of the earthos domain (rather than one person's - or one country's - oil field), it is nonmonopolistic.
Solar technology operates on different principles, depending on the type of system used. For example, active solar systems use mechanical means such as solar collectors, pumps and fans to ... "
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Nuclear Energy, 1991.
This paper discusses the pros and cons nuclear energy and examines safety, efficiency, oversight, waste disposal and radiation.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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"One of the most pressing problems facing humankind today is the lack of long-term assurance of energy supplies. Most energy resources in use are finite; there are only so many coal, oil, and natural gas reserves that can be tapped-and those reserves are not bottomless in quantity. The limit is fast approaching, as technology demands higher and higher levels of what resources are available. One of the most controversial sources of alternative energy is that of nuclear power. The mere mention of the phrase brings immediate response, whether of the enthusiastic or the (more common) hostile variety.
The idea of nuclear power as a viable source of energy has been around for at least half a century now. Yet, general acceptance and usage of this potentially constant resource is no closer today than back when it was regarded merely as a science ... "
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U.S. Energy Policy & Solar Energy, 1991.
This paper reviews the potentialities of solar energy as an alternative fuel and discusses the need for federal funding into research and development of the relevant technologies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"U.S. energy policy is a matter of ongoing concern. Our society makes use of massive amounts of energy of various types, and the need for energy is growing. Energy policy is tied to a number of other policies, from the economic to foreign affairs. The costs of energy have an impact on every aspect of society, and energy policy relates to foreign affairs in that the dependence of America on foreign energy sources creates a situation whereby the nation can be held hostage to the whims of external powers. In such an atmosphere, more and more concern has been raised that the United States discover a source of renewable energy, something that will not be depleted as will fossil fuels, something that is cleaner and safer for the environment than are fossil fuels, and something that is still economically viable, producing sufficient energy at a cost ... "
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Nuclear Fusion, 1990.
This paper discusses ucelar fusion: Process, effects, applications and problems. Diagrams.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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"Process--Energy has always been an important ingredient in the development of civilization. Large amounts of energy are necessary for sustaining industrial nations and bringing forward Third World countries. An adult human requires approximately 2500 food calories or about 100 watts of power, to sustain life (3:1). In the United States, the per capita consumption of all forms of energy is approximately 100 times this basic sustenance rate. For the entire world population, energy consumption is about 15 times the basis rate (3:1). A number of questions continue to arise. Is enough energy available? How long will the energy supply last? When will new sources be required? What world events will disrupt the flow of raw energy material, and what countries will suffer? Clearly, an inexhaustible supply of energy is required. This inexhaustible supply of energy may be ... "
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Nuclear Power Hazards, 1990.
This paper argues against the continued planning and construction of partially completed nuclear facilities: Types, causes and dangers.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 12 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Nuclear power is no longer a relatively new phenomenon which impacts both on culture and society. Since the early 1960s, companies have searched for an inexpensive way in which to generate power for the increasingly demanding American society. Indeed, the debate over nuclear power shows just how much the illusions of the nuclear age are "rooted in the economic and political institutions of our society. The system for threatening nuclear war - the designing, making, deploying, explaining of nuclear weapons - serves so many short-term interests that as a society we are crippled in confronting out most basic interest: physical, economic and spiritual survival".
In the 1980s, however, nuclear power has become an even greater political issue that has been thrust into national, and ... "
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Nuclear Generating Plants, 1990.
This paper examines arguments about the benefits and hazards of nuclear generating plants: Energy crisis, safety factors, thermal pollution, nuclear waste and meltdown possibility.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Nuclear power plants, or using nuclear power to generate electricity, are a controversial topic in contemporary society. Proponents of nuclear power believe that the amount of inexpensive energy derived from nuclear power plants far outweighs the danger, while critics of the industry often point to the extraordinary dangers that could occur if an accident happened. For instance, imagine that a nuclear power plant is located on a natural geologic fault. The fault produces a powerful earthquake of a higher magnitude than the designers of the plant ever envisioned. During the earthquake, the reactor core is cracked, and poisonous radioactive particles are released into the air forming a dangerous cloud. As the prevailing winds push that cloud over a larger area, it drops poisonous debris over the land, killing and changing the ecological balance of the ... "
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Nuclear Power, 1983.
This paper presents a step-by-step description of the various stages in the creation of nuclear power, beginning with a description of atomic particles through the creation of nuclear fission.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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"Atoms are the basis of matter. At the center of the atom, unchanged by the physical and chemical transformations of the whole, the nucleus is found. The nucleus is comprised of protons, positive particles, and neutrons, uncharged particles of the same mass. Since the nucleus is positively charged, the protons repel one another. Despite this negative attraction, a short-range nuclear force holds them together. This has been described as an "immensely powerful short-range attractive force acting equally between the protons and the neutrons" or as a "new kind of short-lived nuclear particle, called meson". Whichever image is used, this force holds the nucleus together. Lighter nuclei, containing fewer numbers of protons and neutrons in equal number are more stable than heavier nuclei, which require more neutrons than ... "
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Newton and Einstein, 1974.
This paper discusses the Newtonian conception of physics and evaluates Einstein's special and general theory of relativity.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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"Newtonian or classical physics pre-supposes a definite present in which all matter is simultaneously present. Posited against the importance of space and time, two distinct entities, is the notion of enduring organisms, of which man is a member. Endurance means that a pattern that is apparent in one event is also apparent in the parts of that event, and can be distinguished by a certain rule. Endurance pre-supposes a meaning for the lapse of time, where space consists of space only, time only of times, and where points and movements are limits.
In the traditional view, space and time are both experienced the same by most people; with space being characterized by extension in all directions and time characterized by duration."
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The Black Hole: An Enigma of Time and Space, 2002.
An insight into the phenomena of the black hole.
3,696 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth treatise on the subject of black holes (it does not contain any sophisticated math). A black hole is a region of space where matters collapses in upon itself toward an infinite density, thereby endlessly increasing its mass and gravitational pull. It details the evidence for their existence both theoretical and empirical and describes the debates concerning their fundamental nature (how they warp time and gravity). It evaluates theories by Einstein and Stephen Hawking as well as related phenomenon such as white holes and wormholes.
From the Paper
"Man has always looked into the heavens and questioned the nature of the universe around him. Through the science of physics he has created such seemingly basic and ubiquitous concepts as time, mass, weight, and gravity. Held to be absolutes, these conceptual building blocks allow him to define, categorize, and relate the objects he discovers in the vastness of space. And without argument, his definitions and equations intercalating these abstractions hold true - except in one specific locus of space. A region of mystery possessing infinite depth yet of finite size, detectable in space yet emitting no electromagnetic radiation, an enigma of nature that beckons to be resolved. An entity first described as a ?frozen star? but then later dubbed a ?black hole? by John Archibald Wheeler. What is this black hole?"
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Gas Chromatography, 2000.
A definition, general principles, apparatus used, sampling, types and conductivity detectors.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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"Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.
General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."
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Forensic Radiology, 2000.
The uses of x-rays in medico-legal contexts. Includes physical abuse, examples, neuroimaging, interpretation, identifying human remains and archaeology.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 19 sources, $ 79.95
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"The purpose of this research is to examine the emerging field of forensic radiology. The plan of the research will be to set forth a working definition of the discipline of forensic pathology and then to discuss the ways in which the discipline is developing, not only on account of methods employed in recent years to exploit the technical capabilities of x-ray technology but also (and more crucially) on account of the enlarged range of medical and legal applications implied by improved technical capabilities.
What must be understood first about forensic radiology is that as of late 1998 it is not a term in wide and common use in the professional literature. To be sure, forensic medicine has long been a part of scientific discourse, associated in both the popular culture and in scientific, professional, and law-..."
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Sir Isaac Newton, 2000.
The impact of the discoveries and writings of the English mathematician on the evolution of scientific thought and practice.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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" Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was one of the greatest scientists in history and, after an initial period of resistance, his discoveries, theories, and methods proved to be a major force in the emergence of modern science. Newton became the best-known scientist in the world and, even though most of the eighteenth-century public understood little of his work, his fame eventually provided the impetus to elevate scientific research to a new level of respectability. Other seventeenth- and eighteenth-century scientists participated in the general move away from the Aristotelian paradigm of science that had dominated the Western world for two millennia. But Newton's inspired work resulted in what has justly been called the Newtonian Revolution in science. Ironically, however, Newton's progress in mathematizing science and opening it up to the full play of scientific method meant..."
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Vision and Night Flying, 2000.
An examination of the nature and function of visual perception and its role and significance in night flight, focusing on autokinesis (visual illusions).
8,550 words (approx. 34.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 135.95
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"This study examined visual perception issues associated with night flying. While several visual perception issues were examined, an important focus was placed on the issue of autokinesis.
Autokinesis and other visual perception issues associated with night flying are elements of the broader concept of spatial perception. Spatial perception involves the ability to estimate depth or distance between points in one's field of vision. The human eye is optimized for daylight vision. At night, human vision is much less acute than in the daylight. Depth perception, which is of critical importance during the landing of a..."
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Big Bang Theory, 2000.
An examination of the arguments attempting to support or discount the theory of the origins of the universe.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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"Background
The Big Bang Theory is an explanation for the beginning of the universe. The universe today is expanding, as can be seen in the way all matter is moving outward. Tracing this movement back through time takes all matter to a single point, leading to the view that at one time all matter was concentrated in a singularity which for some unknown reason exploded, throwing all material now seen in the universe outward from that central point. There are various corollaries to this theory, such as the issue of whether the expanding universe will continue to expand forever or will eventually reach an end point and fall back on itself. There are also various consequences of the Big Bang which can be used to determine if the theory has validity. A number of researchers have examined aspects of the Big Bang theory and developed ideas..."
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Black Holes, 2000.
A definition, creation of, theory, methods of discovery, observation and analysis.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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"Black Holes
Background
Many areas of astronomical research are inter related so that knowledge gained in one area causes a rethinking of other issues and provides evidence to solve old and new problems. One area of research that offers information useful to astronomers and physicists on many different issues is the search for black holes, an ongoing process that has been enhanced by the creation of the Hubble Space Telescope, and a central location for studying black holes is the Space Telescope Science Institute, the nerve center of the Hubble.
Black holes are theorized celestial bodies with a surface gravity so strong that nothing can escape from them, including light. If a star more massive than the Sun should undergo gravitational collapse at..."
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Electricity, 2000.
An examination of the history of discoveries and inventions related to electricity and its practical applications, from the 16th century to nuclear energy, fiber optics and superconductors.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 95.95
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"Electricity is such an integral part of daily living that it is difficult to imagine a time when it did not "exist" a time when there were no lights, no computers, no phones, and no appliances. A time when everyday tasks like laundry, cooking, and vacuuming were not made easy with mechanics run by electricity. However, such a time did exist. But with the observations and experiments of curious and intelligent scientific figures, electricity was discovered and harnessed.
Awareness of electricity dates back to the Greeks who discovered that amber, when rubbed, attracted lightweight particles such as straw (Dunsheath, p. 1). However, the value of this force was not determined until much later when scientists began to study it in more depth and invent equipment that could measure and capture it."
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Taoism and Science, 1999.
Examines similarities between Eastern religion and Western science, ways of knowing, faith & revelation, mysticism and physics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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" The search for knowledge in the West today is based very much on the scientific method and on rational inquiry, and this is often contrasted with the way of knowing in Eastern mysticism. Indeed, even in the West there is a strong contrast made between scientific inquiry and the knowledge of faith and revelation. Taoism is one Eastern philosophy which has elements that mirror certain findings of modern physics and so which brings into question the supremacy of the Western way of knowing. This has been indicated recently by an analysis offered by writer Fritjof Capra, but others as well have noted the parallels between Eastern and Western thought in terms of results if not method. Taoism might thus be viewed in a new light as a source of insight that would be valuable in the West as in the East.
Taoism is a Chinese doctrine that made up for the lack of..."
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Lise Meitner, 1999.
A discussion of the life and career of the 20th Century Austrian physicist.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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" Lise Meitner (1878-1968) overcame extraordinary odds to become one of the great physicists of the twentieth century. At a time when Austrian women were denied higher education and during a later time when Jews were persecuted and murdered, Meitner managed to obtain her doctorate and lead an extremely successful professional life. Her private life centered around her friends, many of them colleagues, and she did not marry or have, so far as is known, any romantic involvements. Politics and other circumstances denied her some of the rewards and the professional continuity that her achievement entitled her to enjoy. And, late in life, she was also distressed (even after having failed to get full credit for her role in the discovery of nuclear fission) to be identified with the development of the atomic bomb. Meitner, however, always said that she was very..."
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