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Concept of State, 2008.
An examination of the evolution of the concept of state and the ways in which the state can act to solve its collective and individual problems.
2,674 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of the state so that as the goal of a society that would better meet more needs of the individual developed, a civil society evolved, as did did the idea of supremacy and state. The paper discuss this evolution through western tradition. It looks at what is right and wrong and how the state is to appropriately act to solve its collective and individual problems.
From the Paper
"The proletariat is then, according to Marx the very tool that will be used to strike down the bourgeoisie and the market system, just as the bourgeoisie sought and successfully defeated the feudal system that held it down before. The Manifesto clearly states that the working class rising above its captors is the natural progression, simply the next revolution in a long list of those that have come before. Marx had a keen sense of how labor is ignored in the current market, by allowing the human to be removed from it in economic thought, by a system of symbols that remove the individual from the equation, assigning value to his product but not to his actual labor, a labor that is often determined not by the arbitrary exchange value but by nature. In Marx's Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy he states that the separation of the two is inherently misleading and devalues the human aspect of labor."
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Private Confessions, 2008.
This paper studies the book 'The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner' by James Hogg.
963 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the foundations of 'The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner' written by James Hogg is clearly a series of contests of character, of which the narrator appallingly fails through his allowance of piety and the doctrine of predestination to guide his decisions and justify his sins. The writer notes that from the beginning the youth allows himself to lie, cheat and possibly steal to get his way, overcome the truth telling servant and overtake the student who is above him in knowledge and ability. Even though he agonizes over his deeds, he still naively believes that all is forgiven because he has been preordained to be among the good rather than the evil, secondary even to his dubious birth. The writer maintains that his character is duplicitous, as on the one hand he wishes to do good and on the other, believes that if he gets ahead it is justified, as he is a chosen soul.
From the Paper
"The narrator is answered with his recently acquired friend, a mirror of sorts who justifies the thoughts and actions of the other through knowing and agreeing with everything he says. There are clear indications that this clone of the narrator is actually the devil, attempting to bar him from prayer and logical thought and feed the violence he has unwittingly conjured up as the answer to all ills in the world.
"The narrator is led to horrific acts including murder, for which he has no memory, but is the most likely culprit, having been led down the garden path by the devil to act upon the idea of predestination."
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Karl Marx and Walter Rauschenbusch on Socialism, 2008.
An analysis of socialism as a rival ideology to modernism and industrialization according to the ideologies of Karl Marx and Walter Rauschenbusch.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper looks into the ideas of Karl Marx and Walter Rauschenbusch as they promoted the ideology of socialism in the 19th century. The paper posits that both Marx and Rauschenbusch promoted the idea that there must be a return to collective organization - establishment of communes - in order for human society to fully recognize its potential as motivators and movers of the modern development occurring in the society. The paper analyzes these concepts.
From the Paper
"Like Rauschenbusch, Marx developed the belief and theory that a socialist society would best alleviate the detrimental effects that industrialization caused to the working class. Under the socialist system, the working class--people in the society in general--would have greater freedom and equality. Equality in Marx's terms is defined in terms of financial and political independence. Under the socialist social order, the achievement of a "productive life"--a state wherein the individual is able to exercise the conduct of "free activity"--signifies the implementation of higher order of human living, which includes equality and rationalization of the individual, among others."
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The Church and State Weigh in on Abortion, 2008.
This paper argues that abortion is a moral issue and one that does not belong in the courts.
1,366 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that on April 18, 2007, the Supreme Court handed down its decision on 'Gonzales v Carhart', et al. The writer points out that the decision, important to pro-life advocates, supports and leaves unaltered the partial birth abortion law. The writer explains that this makes it illegal to perform an abortion beyond the first trimester of a woman's pregnancy if that procedure to terminate the pregnancy involves the physician bringing the fetus - viable at that point - outside the womb, thereby effectively making that fetus a person residing in the locale into which it has at that moment been delivered. The writer maintains that it is unthinkable that the courts and the public has arrived at this point in time where the Supreme Court must decide the issue of whether or not it is acceptable to terminate a partially birthed life. The writer concludes that abortion is not a matter of constitutionality, but a moral one, and one that does not belong before the Supreme Court.
From the Paper
"For those conservative pro-lifers who would applaud these last few sentences as sentences in support of their conservative views and their right to impose those views on society, the caution is to go forward carefully, because that is not the case. Nor is it in support of the liberal pro-abortion lobby and supporters. The liberals, who in some ways are more mysterious than the conservatives in that they are the very same people who stand outside prison gates with candles in protest of humane administration of a lethal combination of chemicals that ensures the termination of the life of a mass murderer, or another felon whose crime is so heinous as to warrant social intervention in deciding whether or not that individual should continue to draw breath. Do not rally, because this writer finds it extremely odd that this group advocates on behalf of the life which walks the earth, having committed heinous acts of violence, and is at the same time not willing to afford the same support or opportunity for life of a viable fetus whose value to society has yet to be determined. Rather, both groups have driven this writer to the narrow edge of law, considering the law in its legalese only and in its role in the order of society and especially in light of separation of powers."
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A "Fast Food Nation", 2008.
This paper analyzes the conflict theory in Eric Schlosser's book "Fast Food Nation".
2,921 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Eric Schlosser's book "Fast Food Nation" serves to demonstrate the numerous ways in which the aims of the ruling class in American society have ultimately been delivered to the American people, thus homogenizing our way of life. The paper discusses the social conflict theory, referring to Emile Durkheim's beliefs and the works of Marx and Weber. The paper then shows how "Fast Food Nation" portrays the United States as a nation whose choices have almost uniformly been in favor of those holding the most power.
From the Paper
"The central premise of social conflict theory is that individuals and groups within society generally use their power--as much of it as they have--to gain benefits. Essentially, the resultant jockeying for position tends to strongly guide, though not completely determine, the actions of individual people within a society. The manner by which human behaviors are guided is through social controls; these stand as the formal manifestation of the interests of the ruling class. So, in a way, these social controls act as the structural groundwork for conformity and consensus within society--in one way they promote obedience. However, they also promote further conflict by virtue of the fact that they exist to oppressively root out competition and crush the aspirations of those seeking to usurp power."
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"Healing East and West: Ancient Wisdom and Modern Psychology.", 2008.
A discussion of the different methods of psychology applied in the Eastern and Western worlds.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Eastern and Western philosophies have differed in terms of medical treatment and knowledge for many centuries. It goes on to describe how the contents of "Healing East and West Ancient Wisdom and Modern Psychology", by Anees A, Sheikh and Katharina S. Sheikh, explores both the differences and similarities of the fundamental elements of each tradition's methods in the field of psychology, along with how they can be successfully integrated.
From the Paper
"For centuries, Eastern and Western philosophies have differed in terms of medical treatment and knowledge. These differences have been misinterpreted time and time again; however, many of the same basic elements of counseling are found in both traditions. The authors of Healing East and West Ancient Wisdom and Modern Psychology, Anees A, Sheikh and Katharina S. Sheikh, aim to explore both the differences and similarities of the fundamental elements of each tradition's methods in the field of psychology, along with how they can be successfully integrated."
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Cicero, 2008.
An overview of the philosophical theories and literature of Cicero.
1,539 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Cicero put together two rather important philosophical works within the realm of political philosophy: "On Commonwealth" and "On Law". It looks at how, though rarely regarded by modern Western philosophers as one of the most influential thinkers within the tradition, Cicero is nonetheless responsible for bringing the classical Greek perspective back into the Roman school of philosophy. It also examines how Cicero also was one of the first philosophers to introduce the notion of Natural Law into the equation of the ideal society--though he is rarely credited with this achievement.
From the Paper
"At several points within On Commonwealth and On Law Cicero attempts to illustrate the early days of the Roman republic as being far closer to an in ideal society than the age from which he wrote. He appeals to the great leader, Marius, who was the first consul to arise out of the Republic as an individual leader. Out of the struggles of the Punic Wars, from which Rome created much of its early identity as a state in which anyone could live within, the Roman Republic, in reality, began to deteriorate with the naming of Marius as consul. The Punic Wars lasted over a century--between 264 BCE and 146 BCE--but by the time that Rome finally managed to utterly defeat its only major Mediterranean rival, the vast empire that had been accumulated could no longer be stably supported by the Republic as it had functioned until that point. "
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"Sophie's World", 2008.
This paper analyzes the ideas of truth, knowledge and power in "Sophie's World" by Jostein Gaarder.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Michel Foucault's theory of knowledge, power and truth as well as the ideas of empiricism and rationalism. The paper then examines how these values are found throughout Gaarder's "Sophie's World". The paper looks at the characters' interaction with the philosophies that all claimed at one time to be the truth.
From the Paper
"Sophie's World - like many novels and human stories as well - can bring truth to light in the mind of the reader and observer as a link between knowledge and power. The first theory of Michel Foucault ("Knowledge, Power, and Truth") holds that knowledge is always "linked to power" and knowledge has the power to "make itself true." Further, Foucault says, power is not necessarily brutal or "repressive" and moreover the power can be expressed through understanding (knowledge) and cultural values. These values are found throughout Sophie's World. It is Foucault's belief that when speaking of truth, one must understand the cultural context of that truth (i.e., what is believed as being true throughout time in a given culture at a given time); there is an underlying "regime of truth," he explained, based on the setting, and context."
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Theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 2008.
Looks at the life and teaching of anti-Nazi German theologian and philosopher Dietrich Bonhoeffer and reflects on his writings.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, among the first German Protestants to perceive the diabolical nature of Nazism, was implicated in the plot to assassinate Hitler and destroy his Third Reich for which Bonhoeffer was hanged. The author explains that Bonhoeffer taught that ethical behavior was founded on the unification of the reality of the world, God and Christ and criticized other theories for their failure to confront evil directly. The paper reflects upon a major work by Bonhoeffer "The Cost of Discipleship", published in 1948, in which he discussed "costly grace" as the center of discipleship.
Table of Contents:
Life
Teachings
Reading Reflection
From the Paper
"Grace is cheap if the sin is blotted out but the sinner remains unjustified or remains feeling unjustified. No human being can do the job. God's free grace alone can do and does everything. Despite man's best efforts at living well, the world can only go the same old way and sinners will remain sinners. The sinner must feel forgiven if the forgiveness is real. Otherwise, it is only cheap grace and cheap grace is unreal. True forgiveness releases the sinner from the sin and makes the sin leave the sinner. Cheap grace is also only ministerial or external."
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Emile Durkheim and Max Weber on Religion, 2008.
A comparison of the writings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, focusing on their views on religion and society.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the French thinker Emile Durkheim and the German economist Max Weber. The writer discusses how Durkheim was interested in defining and explaining religion as a force that drives people, whereas Max Weber focused on identifying its relationship to other social and economic phenomena. Durkheim believed that religion is the basis of social organization and behavior, while Max Weber did not look at the population as a whole when analyzing its religious aspects, but at each individual. The writer concludes that, although their views differed on how religion influences society, in attempting to establish new rules and view religion from different perspectives they represent, together with Karl Marx, the foundational sociological traditions examining the "institution" of religion.
From the Paper
"Both Emile Durkheim and Max Weber approached religion in order to identify its connections with external forces. While Durkheim looked at religion in terms of a social connection and a social determination, Weber analyzed it from the standpoint of economic development. The approach taken by Durkheim is more complex in regard to the actual religious features as it presents the sacred and profane division of human activities, whereas Weber's approach is more economic and tries to identify a connection between economically emerging countries and the religion practiced by its inhabitants."
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Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, 2008.
An analysis of the sociological philosophies of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the major contributions to the field of sociology of Charles Horton Cooley (1864 to 1929) and George Herbert Mead (1863 to 1931). The paper discusses the sociological viewpoints of both philosophers and provides examples from some of their works. The paper discusses how their philosophies can be applied to the individual and society as a whole
From the Paper
"As a sociologist/philosopher, Mead was also extremely notable for his achievements related to what he calls the "Genesis of the Self," the genesis of human consciousness and the Self "through the gradually developing ability in childhood" to assume the role of another human being and to "visualize his own performance" from the viewpoint of significant others. In essence, Mead is attempting to explain through this genesis exactly how humans become conscious of their own Selves and their own minds. Once again, Mead's symbolic gestures play a pivotal role in the development of the Self, due to symbols arousing "in one's self what it arouses in the other individual" ("George Herbert Mead," 2006, Internet). This has much to do with emotional symbolism/gestures like crying, laughing, smiling or frowning, such as with a child who observes an adult laughing at a another person which arouses a similar reaction under similar circumstances in a social setting. Thus, as Mead understands it, the foundation of the human Self revolves around reflexes as they are generated in relation to society and its environment, for "through the individual's ability to take in his imagination the attitudes" and reflexes of other people, "his own self becomes an object of his own reflection" ("George Herbert Mead," 2006, Internet), something very closely akin to Cooley's "Looking Glass Self.""
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Employee Ethics, 2008.
This research paper discusses employee ethics and looks at how to change the ethical culture within the organization.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The writer of this research paper explains that employees of the company in this work have been observed by a fellow employee who has noted unethical issues in the workplace and specifically that employees are not honest with one another or with customers and moreover, recently employees of the company have sold products and services with known flaws. The writer points out that the company's decision-making appears more focused on avoidance of reprimands than on pursuing the 'right' or ethical behavior. The researcher has spoken with the company CEO concerning this issue in the organization with the CEO asking the researcher in this work what might be done to improve the situation. The writer justifies the need for the ethical response of employees and organization and secondly develops and defends measures that would be effective in bringing about an improvement in the organization's ethics and ethical decisions. Finally, this work also explains how the ethical climate of the company might be improved.
This paper includes figures.
Outline:
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Methodology
Literature Review
Findings of the Study
Recommendations for More Research
From the Paper
"The findings of the foregoing review of literature include the finding that ethical behavior in an organization does not 'just happen' but is intentional, incorporated, integrated, disseminated, communication, and woven into the very fabric of the organizational culture. Ideologically, ethics are demonstrated by those in leadership roles and younger employees are able to follow by the examples set in leadership. Ethics are existent or absent in an organizational culture are rarely in reality in what is commonly known as the gray area of what is acceptable. Ethical or unethical behavior is interwoven into every nook and cranny of the organization including purchasing, and sales, upper, middle and lower management levels. Ethical behavior either 'is' or 'is not' within the organizational behavior framework. Changing of the ethical culture of an organization requires training older and younger employees differently and requires individualization for different types of individuals in the organization. The findings that are considered key in this review of literature is as related that ethical behavior integrated into the organizational culture through leadership role models in ethical behavior. Finally, this work has reviewed the roles of Top- and Middle-management in supporting ethical behavior in the organization's culture as well as has this work related the roles of supervisors, coworkers and employees toward changing the organizational ethical culture."
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Heracles, Theseus, and Odysseus., 2008.
An essay describing the heroism of three characters in Greek mythology, namely Heracles, Theseus, and Odysseus.
1,173 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Greek heroes who were an integral part of Greek society and relates that they were held in esteem just below the gods and demi-gods of the Greek pantheon. The paper states that they were considered progeny of the gods, and as such, were favored by them as the gods and demi-gods who protected them. The paper specifically examines the nature of the heroism of three Greek heroes, Heracles, Theseus, and Odysseus.
From the Paper
"Another characteristic that ties mythological heroes together is their encounter with a femme fatale. Aside from the various monsters encountered along the quest, this femme fatale adds to the difficulties by attempting to attract the hero romantically and detract them from their quest. Odysseus had Circes and Calypso, who caused a considerable delay in his return home (Stewart, "Odysseus"). Theseus had Ariadne who cause delay in his return home when she was kidnapped (Plutarch, online version). Sometimes the femme fatale is hostile, as with Circes and Calypso. Other times the femme fatale is benevolent, as with Ariadne. Either way, the femme fatale causes the hero to stray off schedule and delay his quest."
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Plato on Education, 2008.
This paper discusses Plato's philosophy of education and its application in schools today.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Plato's ideas about a perfect educational system and shows how the educational system today actually incorporates some, but not all, of these ideas. The paper discusses how the education Plato proposes would not keep children up to date in this world we live in. The paper is of the opinion, however, that if we educated more by the ideals which Plato described, that is, teaching students to look beyond the obvious, to the truth and to critically analyze whatever they read, see and hear, we would be providing a better education.
From the Paper
"Plato believed that women were equal to men and that, though some women are smaller, some women are larger than some men and therefore should be allowed to learn the same skills that men do. Plato's Republic describes how male and female "guardians" receive the same education and be given the same duties in society. These guardians are the ones who will be in charge of the city-state which Plato envisioned for everyone, an ideal society, where philosophers are kings. In other words, thoughtful presidents who know how to think in terms of what is the good for all mankind and make their decisions based on that. He believed that politicians could be educated, as well, to think like philosophers. "
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The Divine Comedy and Carl Jung, 2008.
This paper discusses Dante's 'The Divine Comedy' as it relates to Jungian archetypal theory.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the development of Dante's 'Divine Comedy' is a development of self. This individual travels from shallow to more authentic experiences as he or she travels through the different worlds or levels of hell. The writer points out that similarly Jungian archetypal theory demonstrates the same sort of idea. The individual travels through a traditional set of concepts that range in depth from very shallow to much deeper and more authentic, until one becomes what is considered the true self which is steeped in the concept of the old soul and is the mythic combined with the human. The writer maintains that the archetypes associated with Jungian theory are clearly and concisely illuminated in the depths of the 'Divine Comedy'. The writer concludes that each archetype is given its appropriate time and due character while Dante the pilgrim seeks to entertain how he above others can more closely live the life of the wise old man, who he assumed was Virgil but was really himself.
From the Paper
"The shadow coincides with early Dante, when he is drawn by sin and temptation and on the verge of suicide. He is in need of intervention, in this case Virgil (the wise old man) to accompany him and give him guidance as he does not know himself or his place in the world. He is also in need of Beatrice, his lost love to come to him and explain the virtue of the journey and to introduce him to his guide, the wise old man a concept illuminated later that will lead us between the acceptance of the feminine Animus within himself as nothing to fear. For Dante the shadow is really his grief, as he wanders about the world trying to do and say the right thing but not knowing himself well enough to known what the right or wrong thing for him is."
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Philosophies and Greek Literature, 2008.
This paper discusses perspectives and philosophies that are revealed in
Greek literature.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Greek literature reveals much about Greek and Roman culture. From reading ancient poems and epics, one gains a sense of understanding of the people, their culture, and beliefs. The writer discusses that Greek literature provides fascinating insights into people, societal norms, and beliefs. The writer also points out that because the society was an oral one, many of the early epics, such as Homer's 'The Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' are excellent resources as well as monumental pieces of literature. The writer maintains that with this literature one can gain insight into a segment of society's greatest and most mysterious people.
From the Paper
"Will Durant maintains there are essentially five elements that unify Greek society. They are a common language, a common intellectual life, a common passion for athletics, a love for beauty, and partially common religious beliefs and rituals. Regarding the aspect of literature uniting the Roman population, we can see how the belief of gods and goddesses was a prevalent, inviting force. The same can be said about the society's belief in war, heroism, and fighting for one's country. For example, in The Odyssey, one sees the presence of Athena, Hermes, Aeolus, and Poseidon - gods and goddesses that had incredible power and influence over society. In this drama, the gods are perceived as responsible for human fate. In contrast, The Iliad paints more reasonable picture of the gods - one that leaves the humans in control of their own fate. For example, in the Odyssey, the gods controlled Odysseus' journey. This play also shows how the gods conspire and work against each other."
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Rhetoric, 2008.
This paper provides a review of the concept of rhetoric.
2,383 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that rhetoric has come to mean the spoken word, in particular those words spoken by politicians. The writer then discusses that a review of the history of rhetoric reveals that rhetoric is quite different from popular definitions. This paper reviews and critiques what classical scholars and philosophers like Cicero, Plato and Aristotle believed about rhetoric. Their view that rhetoric, ethics and philosophy are interrelated is also presented in this paper, along with the New Rhetoric and instructions on how to properly engage in formal communication, which is also an important aspect of rhetoric.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
From the Paper
"The bigger picture of rhetoric is nothing like the political polemics that play out during campaigns for president. Rhetoric is speaking and writing, hopefully intelligent dialogue or speech making and worthy written narrative. Rhetoric is also a way of healing what hurts inside the heart and the spirit.
"To wit, Payne's points are appropriate because everyone on the planet, no matter what language they speak, no matter the culture or continent, can understand failure. What many individuals do not understand, however, is how to use rhetoric effectively to dig out of the hole created by the failure."
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Sir Isaac Newton, 2008.
A discussion of the philosophical views of Sir Isaac Newton and how they are connected to his scientific accomplishments..
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Sir Isaac Newton's vast scientific accomplishments and his philosophical views are essentially inseparable. Newton rests the entire foundation of his scientific discoveries on the existence of a moral order in the universe, which he believed was tempered and led by an omnipotent and omniscient force. The author points out that one of Newton's more curious philosophical efforts was to extract scientific information about the universe from the Bible. The paper discusses Newton's conception of the moral hierarchy.
From the Paper
"Newton viewed God as the masterful creator of the universe. In the face of the grandeur of all creation, he argued, how is it even possible that man could begin to deny God's existence? God enabled Newton to justify his natural philosophy, thus blurring the line that has traditionally separated science from religion. In explaining his view of astronomy, Newton asserted that it was necessary that there be a force behind it all to make it work."
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Nozick's Entitlement Theory, 2008.
Looks at the issue of distributive justice and evaluates Robert Nozick's entitlement theory.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the meaning of the concept of distributive justice, which guarantees that everyone is supplied with a certain level of material means, can be interpreted based on different philosophies. The author examines Robert Nozick's libertarian three-part entitlement theory and then compares with John Rawls' difference principle. The paper concludes by demonstrating why Nozick's theory fails the test of moral justification.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Distributive Justice
Literature Review
Robert Nozick
Comparing Nozick with Rawls
Nozick / Libertarianism
Nozick / Libertarianism II
Kantians
John Locke
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Like John Locke, Nozick basically believed that an individual has the right to: one, own what he makes; and two, to "appropriate [i.e., take] anything not already owned" with the proviso that in appropriating [taking possession of] the item that person leaves enough for others and certainly leaves them "no worse off" for having appropriated the item. And further, Nozick wrote that in appropriating the item (distributive justice in action) that act does not leave the other person in a lesser position in terms of being able to appropriate something he or she desires."
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