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Business Ethics, 2007.
This essay explores the issue of business ethics and employee behavior in the workplace.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses that many companies have rules requiring that employees do not date or marry fellow employees. The writer explains that companies have a variety of reasons for this. The writer then points out that some companies believe that when employees date each other, it distracts one or both from the work they should be doing, resulting in lowered work efficiency. There is some concern that dating or attempts to date another coworker can contribute to sexual harassment complaints, and it raises concerns about favoritism, particularly if one of the dating couple has authority over others. However, the writer maintains that a business' concern should be with its bottom line, not managing people's private lives. The writer concludes that a business has a responsibility to keep running as smoothly as possible and such rules can contribute to maintaining an atmosphere that encourages productivity.
Outline:
Introduction
Reasons for the Rules
Ethics of Workplace Romance Rules
Bibliography
From the Paper
"For instance, a romance where the two people hold different positions in the company's hierarchy may reflect badly on the person in the higher position. The person in the lesser position may wonder if his or her advancement is based on personal competency or on the special relationship with a more powerful person. Others may wonder the same thing. If the general culture of the company looks down on office romances, the two people may find that they receive negative feedback from others."
"Business managers look at the issue of office romances and see a variety of potential problems. The existence of the romance could make difficulties for the two within the workplace as they connect with the larger organization. Suspicion by others of favoritism in all sorts of ways, including allocation of resources, may be common. It may negatively affect cooperation among other workers, and raises the question of whether everyone is being treated fairly."
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Art Politics, 2006.
A discussion regarding the question 'What is Art?'.
992 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issues surrounding the question of what is art. According to the paper, this seemingly simple question has been asked for years, perhaps even for centuries. The paper attempts to answer this question.
From the Paper
" The artist brings to the show one of his/her most beautiful pieces of art, but the subject is a naked 10 year old boy in an erotic pose. The artist believes it is a masterpiece, but the owner of the gallery views it with horror. The artist is told that it cannot be displayed. The artist sadly takes the piece away and does not display it. After the artist dies, the piece sells for $1 million and is considered the artist's finest work. This could be an example of the power of the gallery owner or director."
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Ideologies, 2007.
This paper looks at major ideologies of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer maintains that enlightenment is one of those important movements that defined a major part of 17th and 18th century and influenced art, philosophy and literature of the time. The writer notes that enlightenment thinkers shaped the very way political and economy worked in Europe because their enlightened thinking compelled them to shatter old established norms and develop new and better ones. The writer also discusses that the most profound impact of the industrialization revolution could be seen in the area of middle class, which expanded dramatically because of rising demand for professionals in industries. The writer points out that the industrial revolution and the concern for working classes gave rise to the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
From the Paper
"Church was the main bone of contention. It was religion that enlightenment thinkers chose to humanize. They were not interested in accepting a religion that came from aristocratic principles of the Church instead they wanted to make religion easier and more accessible to an ordinary man. Enlightenment influenced different aspects of life including religion, politics, society and history. In each of these fields, they tried to introduce logic and reason and tried to maintain distance from religion. Intellect was freed from the jaws of religion and natural science became one of the most favorite subjects of Enlightenment thinkers."
"Closely aligned with the Enlightenment was the French Revolution. It would not be wrong to claim that French Revolution had its seeds in enlightenment movement which allowed people to see that their wretched condition was not pre-ordained and that they could change it."
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Self-Realization, 2007.
This paper looks at the journey one takes in life and discusses self-realization.
929 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer discusses that the actions one takes spell the difference between how deeply we can manage to see ourselves and be ourselves. The writer claims that it has been said that of all life's journeys, the journey to oneself is the riskiest since this is beset with challenges, obstacles and opportunities. However, the writer points out that the one gift we humans have is choice, and it is in the choices we make that we can make the difference of how we want to be and how we can understand ourselves. The writer concludes that whatever journeys or endeavors one takes, be it college life, professional career, etc., one must keep faith in oneself and God as this will be the strength needed.
From the Paper
"Then in itself, this is the reason we take a journey to oneself-to gain the knowledge we yearn for. To know oneself is the riskiest because we do not know what we might discover. We might not like what we see or we might get disappointed with what we cannot achieve. But if we take a step back and take a closer look, taking the risk is what we have been doing since we were born. We took our first step, we fell and we cried, yet, we never stopped and tried it again until we can fully walk. In life, it is the same, take the step and if we fail, we learn from our mistakes and move on. We cannot "cry over spilt milk" otherwise we will miss more of the action and the lessons it can bring."
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Amillennialism, Premillennialism & Postmillennialism, 2006.
A review of the theories of amillennialism, premillennialism and postmillennialism.
2,975 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the doctrine of millennium is important to the study of Eschatology. The paper discusses how the view relates to the interpretation of the 1000-year reign of Jesus Christ that is mentioned in Revelation 20:1-6. According to the paper, different theories have been put forward from the earliest of Christian times to explain the doctrine including amillennialism, premillennialism and postmillennialism.
Outline:
Summary
Introduction
Premillennialism
a) Historic
b) Classic dispensational,
c) Progressive dispensational
d) Comparison of three types of Premillennialism
Amillennialism
Postmillennialism
Comparison of Millennial Views
Conclusions
From the Paper
"As amillennialists believe Christ is currently reigning in the millennium, some amillennialists prefer to use the term "Realized Millennialism". According to amillennialist philosophy, Christ is ruling at present in His kingdom and Satan is bound. Tribulation is also being experienced in the present period. Jesus will return after the end of the period referred as millennium in Revelation 20:1-6 and all the righteous people will be resurrected and a judgment will be passed on all non-believers, after which the Eternal Kingdom will begin."
"Augustine (354-430 AD) is considered to be the founder of Amillennialism. He used Tyconius interpretation of Revelation 20 to argue that the Catholic Church was the visible form of the kingdom of God. Amillennialism soon became popular with the churches. The Roman Catholic Church adopted Amillennialism as the doctrine of Catholic Church. Protestant reformers Martin Luther and Calvin also accepted Amillennialism as a true interpretation of Revelation 20."
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Martha Graham, 2007.
An analysis of the life of dancer and choreographer, Martha Graham, in terms of Friedrich Nietzsche's description of the emergence of a superhuman in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra."
2,511 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life of dancer and choreographer, Martha Graham. The paper relates her life to the description of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" of the progression and emergence of a superhuman. The paper describes Nietzsche's philosophy and discusses the various aspects of Graham's life in terms of the camel, the lion and the child that Nietzsche discusses.
Table of Contents:
The Camel--The Young Graham
The Maturing Graham--The Lion
The Graham Legacy--The Child
From the Paper
"Martha Graham lived for ninety-six years, and was increasingly criticized for her refusal to stop performing in her own dances. However, Graham's unique physicality combined with her fortitude of mind gave birth, to a unique ideal of American dance. It is hard not to think of the Superman when one hears of Graham's own attempt, like Nietzsche, to harkens back to Greek mythology with dances such as "Cave of the Heart" (1946), which contains no sentimentality or beauty, as was still expected in dance of the day, to tell the tale of a woman who slays her children. Graham was also capable of creating life-affirming works like "Appalachian Spring" (1944), one of Copeland's most famous tunes that told the story of an American pioneer wedding with primitive intensity and love of nature. (Teachout, 1998, p.3)"
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U.S.S.R. in the 1930s, 2007.
This paper discusses whether or not the U.S.S.R. of the 1930s was Communist.
1,891 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this paper, it is argued that, although the goals of Marxist Communism were accomplished, the resulting society in the 1930s was not what Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels envisioned. The writer of this article discusses that although the Soviet Union did accomplish all the goals outlined in the Manifesto--abolishment of private property and laws of inheritance, state owned transportation, a national bank, etc., the result was not the classless society that Marx and Engels pictured, where all workers shared equally the fruits of their labor. Further, the writer points out that nor were communist working conditions better than bourgeoisie workers. The writer concludes that what the people received was empty rhetoric about dignity and equality, neither of which actually materialized during the 1930s. The writer maintains that communism, as a way to organize society, was there, but the rewards were not.
From the Paper
"The question is whether, after the Revolution of 1917 in Russia, true Marxist Communism was established there. Fifteen to twenty-two years would have given the revolutionaries the time required to set up their system. In this paper, it is argued that although the goals of Marxist Communism were accomplished, the resulting society in the 1930s was not what Marx and Engels envisioned."
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Comparing Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard, 2007.
This paper compares the philosophies of Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard through two of their works.
2,832 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard, both early postmodern philosophers, through the use of two of their works, as well as other sources. These works are Foucault's "The Body of the Condemned" and Lyotard's "The Postmodern Condition". In addition to these works, other information about Foucault and Lyotard is used to indicate the similarities and differences between these two works, their philosophies and their beliefs. While the two works are analyzed, the overall philosophies of Foucault and Lyotard are also addressed.
Outline:
Michel Foucault
Jean-Francois Lyotard
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Foucault fits into the general philosophical tradition, but it is the critical tradition, similar to Kant, and most of what Foucault writes about and proclaims is a very critical history where human nature and thought is concerned (Foucault, n.d.). This does not mean that the history of ideas that he discusses is also an analysis of the errors that might be seen when issues are examined after the fact. Instead, it should be taken to mean that Foucault's work is an analysis based on the relationship between object and subject, and what conditions are seen to either form or modify those relationships (Foucault, n.d.)."
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Evolution, Creation and the Full Spectrum, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of teaching evolution and creationism in schools.
1,329 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that for decades now the American school system has struggled with whether or not evolution should be taught in schools. The writer explains that the difficulty arises in that this scientific theory of origin appears to be at odds with the Judeo-Christian tradition of creation, and thus many conservative elements feel that it is a direct threat to the faith of their children. The writer points out that many religious scientists have in fact accepted that evolution and Christianity can co-exist, and moreover such a co-existence is the doctrine of the Catholic church at present. The writer concludes that if students receive proper education about the theories of origin, they will be able to understand that it is important to learn how to understand the world through science without devaluing other methods of understanding and the difference between science and faith-based knowledge will be one with which they are comfortable.
From the Paper
"It is against the foundational principles of the American government and its school system to endorse one religion or denomination over another. Christian conservatives have frequently argued that though schools are not supposed to have a sectarian agenda, American schools in the Colonial era did not forbid Bibles or prayers, and that schools could teach ethics, morality, and creationism without embracing a specific denomination. This argument suggests that there is no such thing as value-free education, and that teaching about evolution is the same as teaching a religion of atheism. This argument may seem valid if one believes that there are only two options, creation or evolution. However, once one realizes that different Christian groups embrace evolution and the old age of the earth to differing degrees, it becomes evident that the issue is in fact on of denomination and sect. Do we want to create strictly Protestant schools, in which the Catholic belief that God may have worked through evolution is denied? Or do we want to create strictly Catholic schools by actively teaching children that God worked through evolution and gave special souls to men when they had sufficiently evolved? The idea of providing both ideas with "equal time" reduces the school to a forum for religious and denominational debate."
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Abortion and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses both sides of the abortion debate.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the underlying ethical arguments of both sides of the abortion debate, using Ronald Dworkin's "sanctity of life" principles. In this article, the writer includes all forms of abortion, from early fetal abortion through the RU46 drug to late-term abortions, from abortions out of "convenience" to abortions in cases of rape and incest. The essay evaluates how the anti-abortion crusade has framed its campaign on the personhood and the rights of the unborn fetus. The second part looks at the pro-abortion movement, which has framed its issue as a campaign for women's rights to privacy and reproductive freedom. The writer concludes that both pro- and anti-abortion factions have a common interest in seeing a society with no abortion, where the stigma and economic concerns attached to unwanted pregnancies no longer apply.
Outline:
Abortion and Ethics
Anti-Abortion Arguments
Pro-Abortion Arguments
Works Cited
From the Paper
"All these scientific arguments about fetal heart rates and brainwaves serve to tie abortion to a greater and more clear-cut moral issue - murder. At issue is what Ronald Dworkin terms people's belief in "the sanctity of life," a multidimensional value measured in several factors. First, life itself has an instrumental value, because everyone's life can contribute to the interests and well being of society as a whole. Second, life has a personal value, a good or personal worth to the living individual. Finally, beyond the instrumental and personal, life also has an intrinsic value. This intrinsic value exists independently of other people's valuation, regardless of the beliefs of its possessor or other observers."
"By proving that a fetus has a heartbeat, distinct DNA and brainwaves, through graphic films showing how a fetus reacts to shock and pain, the anti-abortion camp is focusing on what Dworkin identifies as the intrinsic value of life."
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Altruism, 2007.
A look at the modern debate over the existence, nature and desirability of altruism.
4,164 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the degree to which pure altruism, untainted by the selfish issues of group identity or personal gain, may indeed exist. The paper discusses the difficulty in attempting a definition of altruism and illustrates the differences between practical altruism and pure altruism. The paper looks at human activity towards animals and contends that we are not being altruistic for alternative reasons. The paper maintains that there is a uniquely inexplicable altruism at work present in those who have dedicated their lives to volunteering with animal rescue, caring for sick or injured animals, or otherwise sacrificing personal time, money and effort for animals.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Design
From the Paper
"The recent events with Hurricane Katrina sparked a nation-wide charitable reaction. Individuals and private organizations rushed to the rescue with a speed that put the tax-payer supported local and national governments to shame. While systems specifically designed to serve and protect their citizens struggled to do so, thousands of altruistic individuals moved immediately to the rescue. People across the country opened their hearts to those displaced by the hurricane in a truly spectacular way, many times crossing the usual borders of race and socioeconomic status to volunteer their efforts and their money."
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Dada Art, 2006.
This paper describes the Dada movement and the artists Marcel Duchamp and Francis (Francois) Picabia.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Dada movement, whether a painting, book or treatise, was intended to make the viewer think, to reconsider every one of his or her opinions, to break through the old boundaries and begin to look at the world in a new way. The author points out that Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain", an ordinary urinal, was his manifesto about the society for which the "artwork" had been made because, in this still nearly-Victorian age, Duchamp committed the unpardonable sin of making public that which should never even be mentioned. The paper relates that Francis Picabia's "painting" "Sainte Vierge" or "Holy Virgin", which is no easier to identify with than Duchamp's "Fountain", is an inkblot; the importance of which is the viewer's initial reaction to this Dada art. The paper includes several long quotations.
From the Paper
"Whether in New York or Europe, Dada was a "movement" of the avant-garde. In order to understand the Dada, one must look into the conditions that gave it form and substance. The First World War was only an immediate cause - it was the spark that caused people like Duchamp and Picabia to search for a radically new form of expression. But Dada was more than paintings. Drama and literature could as much be expressions of Dada as any of Duchamp's or Picabia's works. By the time, Duchamp and Picabia had begun, independently, to create the style that would become Dada; the avant-garde had already established itself as a synthesis of the radical and the rebellious."
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Plato and Aristotle, 2007.
An examination and comparison of Plato's 'Republic' and Aristotle's 'Ethics.'
1,477 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that there are many similarities between the works of Plato and Aristotle, yet there are also differences that are so significant as to render some of their works almost opposites. The paper explains that both men analyzed many aspects of life looking for truth, beauty, the reasons behind life itself and the reason for the universe and its creation. The paper relates that the main difference is that Plato looked at things from a very grand scale while Aristotle examined more minute issues of human nature.
Outline:
Introduction
Aristotle
Plato
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Much can be learned and understood from both Plato and Aristotle, but some of what they discuss is difficult to understand in today's world of technology and fast-paced living. Both of these men looked for the deeper meaning in things, instead of only seeing what is on the surface, like so many people do today. In order to understand either man, it is necessary for one to slow down and really read what they are writing, allowing the messages that they are sending to actually sink in and make sense."
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Origin of Satan, 2007.
This paper offers an examination of the origin of Satan.
2,121 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first discusses the origins of the name of Satan. The writer then explains that one of the most widely debated aspects concerning the origin of Satan revolves around the question as to exactly what extent the power of evil is manifested in Satan. The writer maintains that perhaps the most powerful image of Satan in today's world is linked with the concept of Armageddon, a time in the distant future, or in the distant past, when Satan and his evil minions will gather together to battle God and Christ for the ultimate and supreme control over man and the universe. The writer concludes that Satan remains an elusive yet easily recognizable figure, due to the fact that this personage of evil and destruction has survived untold numbers of revisions for more than three thousand years and continues to pervade the minds and hearts of believers and non-believers alike.
From the Paper
"However, other theological scholars and students of ancient religions have devised another path toward associating evil with Satan via non-canonical Hebrew literature which supports the idea that not only is Satan a true adversary of God but is also the leader of the fallen angels, contained in such works as The Book of the Secrets of Enoch and several Islamic texts. Yet also Satan eventually evolves into the ultimate symbol of evil, the ancient Hebrews offered "no suggestion of any dualism, neither temporal, spatial or ethical," meaning that Satan was either pure evil or was not. Additional apocalyptic literature maintains this stance but it was only in later Judaism when Satan was viewed as being a dualistic figure. Tom Radcliffe points out that as the Jewish church became established and grew in prominence, many of its enemies were linked to Satan, such as heretics and the Syrians."
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Responsibility, 2007.
This paper discusses vocational and ethical responsibility as portrayed in the movies.
2,213 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses ethical responsibilities in the workplace and examines how this subject is portrayed in various films. For this purpose, the writer studies the following movies: "Broadway Danny Rose", "The Conversation", "The Hospital" and "Things Change" . The writer points out that if one does not strive to live according to one's personal sense of morality, then one is likely to be haunted by one's own sense of moral inferiority. The writer concludes that "Broadway Danny Rose" and "Things Change" show that taking on more responsibility than one can handle might be dangerous, but the humor of the first film and the compassion of the second film in comparison with the brutal misery of the lives of the characters of "The Conversation" and "The Hospital," make the risks of Danny and Jerry seem like blessings in comparison.
From the Paper
"The Conversation" as directed by Francis Ford Coppola, depicts a man who might not seem to be a conventionally responsible individual even in his personal life. Harry Caul has no family ties. He lives entirely alone, in a small apartment in a city where he seems to know no one other than the persons he works for as a spy. Yet despite the potentially immoral nature of occupation, that a professional surveillance expert, Harry becomes haunted by a sense of moral responsibility for the consequences of listening to other person's conversations."
"The film begins after Harry has left the East Coast because his wiretapping caused the death of three people. Although Harry was just doing his job, and did not want to hurt these people, these individuals died as an unintended consequence of Harry's actions. Harry cannot even bear to confess the action to a priest, even though his evident loneliness conveyed by the starkness of his dwelling-place and his monotonous routine makes him seem haunted by guilt in the eyes of the viewer."
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Zen (Chan) Buddhism & Daoism (Taoism), 2006.
A comparison between the philosophy of Zen (Chan) Buddhism and Daoism (Taoism).
2,596 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Zen (Chan) Buddhism and Daoism (Taoism). The paper reviews these respective philosophies and draws attention to the differences and similarities between the two. The paper further explores how Zen Buddhism differs from Taoism in the focus and trajectory of its emphasis on radical non-dualism.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion: emptiness in Taoism and Zen Buddhism
Zen Buddhism, non-dualism and Satori
From the Paper
"However, while there are more similarities than dissimilarities in the foundational views of Taoism and Zen, yet there is a difference in emphasis. On the one hand, as can be seen in the first Taoist painting, the human figure still exists in nature and the world of opposites. Another aspect of Taoism is the theory of continual change and non - stasis. The opposites of the Yin and Yang remain as an important part of the ethos of Taoism. These opposites are completely and more radically denied in Zen Buddhism."
"Nevertheless it is equally important to realize that both philosophies are based on the basic principle that true reality cannot be grasped or 'pinned down' by human conceptuality and rational thought. The second Zen painting makes this point sharply clear in that there is only the circle - a symbol itself of the denial of opposites - depicted against a an essentially blank background which represents the true nature of reality. Here there is no reference at all to nature or man and the origin of the Origin is suggested in its obvious and non-dual entirety. "
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Kant and Nietzsche, 2006.
A comparison between Immanuel Kant and Frederick Nietzsche.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the thoughts and ideas of Immanuel Kant and Frederick Nietzsche. According to the paper, Nietzsche struggled with Christianity and deism, while Kant took a rather rational, existential tack toward many of his assertions. This paper focuses specifically on how each philosopher derived his concept of morality.
From the Paper
"These systems of morality, Nietzsche asserts, are in essence a way for society to control the behaviors of men. Instead of the Kantian view that man forms systems of morality to pursue the good will and the individual good of each man, Nietzsche's assessment of why these systems are created is so that a small group of aristocrats and powerful interests can control and regulate society. The differences between each thinker's conceptions of the roots of morality demonstrate the differences in each man's understanding of the nature of mankind. Kant saw man as a creature endowed with reason and ration, and that he could use these tools to discern the good will. Nietzsche saw the systems of morality which were imparted to individuals as constructs of society whose ultimate aim was control and regulation of behavior, not a good will or greater good."
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Value of Life, 2006.
A review of the economic methods and methodologies used in valuing life.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the monetary value of life from an economic perspective. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the literature examining various methodologies used to calculate the dollar value of human life. The results of the paper suggest that it is impossible to define an exact statistical value for human life, however estimates can be made contingent on an individual's lifetime earning potential or the value one places on adding years to their life and improving their perceived quality of life.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Overview Monetary Value of Human Life
Utility Models Human Life
Summary of Literature
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Most economists according to Morin (2006) measure the value of life using an economic model defined as "willingness to pay measures" suggesting that one may calculate the value of life based on how much a person may have earned during an extended life period. This theory may apply when seeking damages in wrongful death cases, when family members may calculate how much a person may have earned had they lived their life to a finite period of time. This model however, does not consider the value for individuals that are not earning a defined income, suggesting that those individuals have no economic value. Many suggest it is important to also consider what an individual might pay to avoid death compared with how much they would pay to compensate for wrongful death (Morin, 2006). "
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Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, 2007.
A discussion on Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics", focusing on voluntary actions and responsibility for character.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" which argues that one is responsible for one's character because character results from voluntary actions. The paper outlines Aristotle's main argument and discusses his view on actions done in ignorance. The paper concludes by suggesting a case where an agent did not know that her actions would harm her character and discusses whether, according to Aristotle,
she would still be responsible for her character.
From the Paper
"A good and virtuous person (that is, a person who practices and perfects virtues through moral education) will strive to behave both rationally and virtuously, whatever his or her conditions and circumstances; the person has, in essence, trained himself or herself to remain both rational and virtuous. Virtuousness means to not demean ones self or others, and to avoid descending into pettiness; jealousy; or meanness (vices). Therefore, one who harms her character due to ignorance is not virtuous, although still rational. Moral education can put that person on the path toward virtuousness, and toward achieving happiness based on virtues, morals, and ethics rather than on practicing vices."
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