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Aristotle, Change and Stability, 2007.
An analysis of the philosophical doctrines of Aristotle as they relate to
change and stability.
843 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the doctrines of Aristotle, as they relate to change and stability and how they are superior to those of Plato, Parmenides and Heraclitus. It also examines his astonishing ability to realize the true nature of physical reality some two thousand years before it was officially recognized and understood.
From the Paper
"One of Aristotle's specific categories of explanation is related to "origin of movement," or what we commonly refer to as "change." This is a subject which the Greek philosopher Plato, Aristotle's mentor and teacher, often thought about when contemplating the mysteries of time,
space and reality. According to Plato, "real things (being forms) do not change" except in the realm of appearances, i.e., the physical world. In contrast, Aristotle insisted that "there must be three basic ingredients in every example of change--a pair of opposites and an underlying subject of change," something which Plato wholly disagreed with, for he was convinced that a pair of opposites were all that was necessary for change (Cohen, Internet)."
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Oregon DWDA, 2007.
This paper looks at the Death and Dignity Act in the state of Oregon.
5,628 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
The writer notes that today, with advanced technology and medical care, most terminal cases in hospitals, and greater involvement of legislation with privacy issues, dying has become complicated. In this article, the writer discusses that Oregon with its Death and Dignity Act (DWDA), permits terminally-ill state residents to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose. The writer maintains that this issue presents a valuable opportunity for individuals to decide while they can how to react to end-of-life issues before they become too prominent. The writer concludes that it is hoped that people can be objective and look at both sides of this issue for themselves and others to determine what is best for most people in the long term.
From the Paper
"Implementation of the Oregon "Death with Dignity Act" was delayed by a legal injunction. However, after proceedings, which included a petition denied by the United States Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lifted the injunction in October of 1997. In retaliation, at the upcoming November elections, the voters were asked to repeal the act through a general ballot. This time, when they rejected the repeal of the law by a wide margin of 60 to 40 percent, Oregon became the only state allowing legal physician-assisted suicide."
"The Death with Dignity Act permits terminally ill Oregon residents to obtain and use prescriptions from their doctors for self-administered, lethal medications. Under the Act, ending one's life in accordance with the law does not constitute suicide."
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The Future: Promising or Foreboding?, 2007.
This paper presents a picture of an optimistic future for humanity in spite of the many negative outlooks.
2,517 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how it is relatively easy to be pessimistic about the future in our modern world. The paper notes the daily reports about wars, terrorism, increasing poverty, the spread of HIV/AIDS and many factors that suggest that the future is a very bleak one. The paper suggests, however, that there has been an overemphasis on the negative view of life in modern society. The paper looks at phenomena such as global warming, the energy shortage, the advent of the Internet and the field of science and technology in a positive light and maintains that civilization has potential for a positive future.
Outline:
Global Warming and Climate Change
Energy Resources
Communications
Science and Technology
Education
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is relatively easy to be pessimistic about the future in our modern world. One only has to glance at the news to find aspects of our world that portend a gloomy and depressing future. There are daily reports about wars, terrorism, increasing poverty, the spread and HV/Aids and a host of other factors that suggest that the future is a very bleak for humanity on this planet. The recent announcement from the scientific community about the increase in global warming and climate change suggests that the entire human species might disappear in the future. One could easily fill an entire book with dire and pessimistic prophesies about event that bode ill for the future of humanity."
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Henry Greenwood Bugbee's "The Inward Morning", 2007.
This paper is a personal reflection on the philosophy of Henry Greenwood Bugbee as presented in his book "The Inward Morning: A Philosophical Exploration in Journal Form".
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Henry Greenwood Bugbee in "The Inward Morning: A Philosophical Exploration in Journal Form" states that meaning is found in "the rhythm of daily life" when people attend to ideas as they come along. The author feels that moments of insight come from looking at the whole and spotting a pattern instead of breaking experiences down and analyzing each little bit. The paper relates that, when a person becomes so absorbed in his or her work that he or she completely forgets everything else--the time, personal problems and sense of self or ego--then he or she has found his or her "calling" and feel most authentic.
From the Paper
"Bigbee (1958, 1976) compares reflection to tilling the soil and turning it over and over. He is in favor of reflection, of course, but he warns that "a sense of estrangement from the truth that is one's own" can be the result if we go about it the wrong way. It reminds me of something my grandmother told me. She had Freudian psychoanalysis when she was young, and she said it was like stirring a big pot of garbage over and over and calling it soup. She was old when she said that. I think the problem is analysis itself as a method for getting at the truth."
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Doctor Assisted Suicide, 2007.
This paper discusses doctor assisted suicide, including the legal aspects.
906 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that California once again has written a bill to legalize assisted suicides. The writer points out that the proposed law is modeled after the one that passed in Oregon, which in 2006 resulted in 46 residents, most of them suffering from cancer, killing themselves after their physician gave them a prescription for a lethal amount of drugs. The writer discusses whether such a law should become national. Given the Supreme Court's recent ruling and some of the studies that have been conducted, the writer argues that people should have the right to decide if they one to have an assisted suicide, but it is necessary for the patient to talk with more than one doctor when making the decision.
From the Paper
"The issue of assisted suicide became newsworthy in 1990 when Dr. Jack Kevorkian helped Janet Adkins, a 54-year-old Alzheimer's patient, take her life. He met Adkins in a Volkswagen van he had outfitted with a "suicide machine" consisting of three chemical solutions fed into an intravenous line needle. Dr. Kevorkian is not the only one who supports doctor assisted suicide. The Hemlock Society is a group committed to promoting the legalization of euthanasia. In 1994, Oregon passed the "Death with Dignity" act, which allows the terminally-ill to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician."
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Empowerment, 2007.
An analysis of the ways in which schools can empower their students.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the interrelationship of knowledge, power and culture. The paper specifically discusses how, as primary social institutions, schools have the ability to not only educate students, but to empower them as well. It discusses Marxist and humanistic theories and describes how these philosophies fit in with the empowerment of students at school. It describes how schools can most effectively empower their students.
From the Paper
"Students are empowered when they are respected for their individual differences and their unique backgrounds. They are empowered when they are challenged without being belittled. Educators empower their students by encouraging active inquiry and creativity, refusing to squelch either in the name of curriculum requirements or assessment standards. Students are empowered when their teachers recognize their talents and abilities and encourage their students to maximize them. Schools can become agents of empowerment by allowing teachers wider girth in their curriculum and their pedagogical approach. Agents of empowerment allow a large degree of freedom and show students how to develop personal responsibility. Ultimately schools are agents of empowerment when they teach students the real tools they need to thrive and succeed in the dominant culture, revealing the codes, norms, and mores of that culture. Empowerment is unbiased and egalitarian. No school can be an agent of empowerment if it fails to question why some social groups continue to have more wealth and political clout than others. Students need to question those overarching social realities and educators need to help students ask those questions."
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Socrates, 2007.
An analysis of Socrates' philosophy relating to the intellectual good.
1,019 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Socrates' philosophy, particularly as it is used in Plato's writings to further his own philosophical goals. It describes Socrates' belief that hypotheses are necessary to explain his ideas relating to the intellectual good, as the visible reflects the invisible. The paper presents examples of how his philosophy is explained in his writings.
From the Paper
"In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle criticizes the Platonic hypothesis of ideas in two respects: on the one hand, the idea that goods are pursued and loved for themselves, and on the other that they are referred to as good in "reference to a single Form". Aristotle argues that no good can be pursued simply for its own sake. The reason for this is the fact that all human life is integrated with the world around it. Nothing, not even the good, can exist separately from their points of reference. Intelligence and sight for example are enjoyed as good because they enhance the human experience of areas of knowledge and physical beauty that can be seen. Aristotle then argues that, to call something good simply to relate to the Idea of good, would make that very idea empty, because it is meaningless."
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Egoism, 2007.
This paper discusses ethical and psychological egoism.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer identifies and describes the theories of ethical egoism and psychological egoism. This work identifies and explains the fallacy of psychological egoism. The paper also discusses the strong and weak version of ethical egoism. Furthermore, the differences that exist between ethical egoism and psychological egoism are discussed and the doctrines of motivation for each theory are contrasted. This work concludes with a brief discussion on the differences between selfishness and self-interest.
Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Egoism and Psychological Egoism Defined
Strong and Weak Version of Ethical Egoism
Identify and Explain the Fallacy of Psychological Egoism
Contrast of Doctrines of Motivation
Discussion on Difference between Selfishness & Self-Interest
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The hedonistic view is that only intrinsic pleasure is really desired while the eudemonistic view is that the only intrinsic good is derived from happiness. Finally, the pluralistic view is that a requirement for achieving intrinsic satisfaction that is good is that these things are comprised of a variety of good things. Psychological Egoism holds that in order for an individual to act on a voluntary basis then the individual's motivation must come from personal desires and that the individual's satisfaction is solely through fulfillment of those desires. This view holds that the individual actions are at all times driven by personal achievement of pleasure that is centric upon self."
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Kant and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics.
762 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics is grounded in deontological principles. In such theories, rules are of utmost significance in deciding a moral dilemma. However, the writer points out that Kant was not an ordinary deontologist and he was in fact highly critical of ethical theories and moral philosophies that preceded his work. His theory is known as critical theory because of the errors that Kant identified in theories presented by previous thinkers. Kant's ethical theory begins with the definition of good will. The writer agrees with Kant that one must be autonomous in his moral decisions and act only if he feels that such a law is universal in nature.
From the Paper
"Moving ahead with this, he explained that good will was not bound by duty. In other words, while duty might compel many people to have a good will but a genuine good will should never be dependent on duty. When something is dependent on something else, there is always room for personal desires, prejudices and biases taking over. But a genuine good will is something that stays closely connected with one's personal sense of morality and is neither governed by a sense of duty nor by conventional morality. However since man has his limitations and is often moved by his personal desires, duty is the only thing that would force him to act on good will and good will alone. This is an interesting paradox but one that is largely based on reason. Ideally, good will should be free of duty but man cannot attain good will without having some law or sense of duty binding him to act on it."
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Racism and the Rise of Multiculturalism, 2007.
This paper discusses whether multiculturalism is progress or produces a pitfall.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the foundation of the American nation are several concepts that have become fodder for propaganda that builds a case for social diversity and at the same time contradicts the actions of the collective nation and the feelings of many individuals, about race and diversity. The writer notes that conflicts over race are as old as the nation itself and the debate seems everlasting as some social reformists lay the groundwork for inclusion and multiculturalism while others still fight the hard fight for assimilation and racial dominance of the majority culture, which in the United States has consistently been the white English speaking culture. The writer points out that the United States will consistently and effectively develop answers to the debate concerning multiculturalism as a product of necessity and not surprisingly because of its continued and growing diversity.
From the Paper
"The 1990s proved to be one of the most strikingly public eras for social conflict based on race and events during the 90s seemed to add more fuel to the fire on both sides. With one side saying we have not come far enough in the bid to establish a multicultural society, a melting pot, and the other side saying we have conceded too much in that direction and that is why there is so much crime, violence and destruction. The overriding principle in both arguments is that tension exists, often racially motivated and occasionally comes to a boiling point that is dramatically displayed in the public eye, allowing all to form opinions and eventually express those opinions in the debate, in both a public and an individual manner."
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Herbert Spencer vs. Andrew Carnegie, 2007.
A comparison of the theories of Herbert Spencer and Andrew Carnegie regarding their views of social Darwinism.
1,039 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of social Darwinism. It specifically discusses the philosophies of social Darwinism theorists, Herbert Spencer and Andrew Carnegie with regard to their views of social Darwinism. The paper details each of their theories and then compares them, particularly with regard to how they view the amassing of wealth.
From the Paper
"Carnegie stresses that the Gospel of Wealth is one that makes the amasser of such wealth completely and totally responsible for what he has created. After minimal accommodations to ensure that your most unprotected descendants are supported through your life and death, where he stresses helping wives and daughters the most and giving little if any nominal support to sons, who hold the social responsibility and ability of creating their own wealth in life and are often simply corrupted by freely given inheritance, the cream of the crop must dispense his surplus wealth himself, while he lives, on good works. The best possible social action of the successful Social Darwinist is to give what you have amassed through the wisdom that you have gained building said fortune. Spencer and Carnegie do not outright disagree, in the natural order determining the success and progress of man in these two works yet, Carnegie caries the idea to an extreme, making it the responsibility of those who have risen to the top to offer such opportunities to the new generation of people, who through natural selection will succeed the present. (Carnegie, 1889) (Spencer, 1857)"
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Inner and Outer Morality, 2007.
This paper discusses inner and outer morality in Plato's 'Republic'.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that, according to Socrates in Plato's Republic, morality is one of the four elements of goodness in a community. The writer notes that inner morality was the rule of reason over other parts of the mind whereby a person lets reason and rationality rule. The writer points out that Socrates argues that when there is harmony between all elements of a community, morality will emerge. The writer explains that this is outer morality. The writer concludes that for morality to exist, it is important that every single part of the community and mind must be allowed to function properly within its own limits. The writer maintains that this would create harmony and peace and these two are the essential components of inner and outer morality.
From the Paper
"The third part is self-discipline. Socrates explained that it is not easy to allow oneself to be ruled. But when every section of a community accepts its rulers and understands that some people rule while others are the ruled, they are exhibiting self-discipline. This is needed for a community to function smoothly. When all these elements are found, we realize that the ability to a community to allow every person to do his job without creating conflict is morality. This is the outer morality that helps keep a community intact."
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HP Pretexting Scandal, 2007.
This paper discusses the Hewlett-Packard ethical dilemma.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that when looking into how a big corporation should properly conduct its business behind its own brick and mortar walls, a good place to begin would be to examine what mistakes have been made by big corporate players. The writer points out that there is no better place to begin than by studying and investigating the drama that continues to unfold at the Hewlett-Packard (HP) Company. In this case, there was pretexting at HP, and the use of this unethical, illegal procedure allowed certain persons to obtain phone records of reporters and board members who were possible suspects in the leaking of inside HP information to the media. The writer discusses the ongoing power and legal struggles associated with the Hewlett-Packard scandal in Silicon Valley.
Outline:
Introduction
The New Yorker Article
From the Paper
"The true background of this confusing and twisted tale of corporate ethical lapses is becoming a must-read for students in Ethics classes around the country. Indeed, when David Packard and Bill Hewlett launched HP in a Palo Alto garage in 1957, little did either of those men realize what a giant and powerful technology corporation HP would turn out to be - with revenues in excess of $90 billion annually."
"Nor did they, or could they, have known that corporate leaks from power-hungry insiders would lead to an embarrassing and very public scandal in 2005 and 2006. Certainly they couldn't know that the corruption inside HP would be so serious and have such enormous implications for the company (and the technology world) that it would require congressional hearings to delve into its mysterious and evil plots and subplots, along with the willing and innocent participants. "
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Franz Kafka and Modernism, 2007.
This paper explores the central meaning and intention in Kafka's works and relates this to the Modernist movement.
2,515 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at how Franz Kafka is one of the most enigmatic and interesting figures in literature. The writer notes that Kafka's work has left an enduing impression on world literature as well as on popular culture. The writer discusses and explains the term "Kafkaesque", which has entered into ordinary vocabulary and conversation. The writer concludes that the works of Franz Kafka are representative of the central ethos and tents of the Modernist movement in literature. Further, the writer points out that Kafka's central themes, which emanate from a critique of his contemporary world, are the dislocation of identity and meaning and modern despair and confusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Modernism
Kafka, Alienation and Modernism
From the Paper
"From the point of view of world literature, the works of Franz Kafka have created a specific genre or literary niche. Much of the value of his writing lies however in the fact that it forms part of a general trend of literature in the 20th century. This is the Modernist movement in thought and art. Many critics are of the opinion that Kafka is closely aligned to the central movements in thought and literature during that period associated with Modernism; such as existentialism. In essence, the writings of Franz Kafka have become an integral part of the body of work written in the first half of the Twentieth Century that has become known as Modernism."
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What is American Literature?, 2007.
This paper discusses the characteristics and complexity of American literature.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the more broadly, deeply, objectively and honestly one reflects on the question of what is; or is not American literature, the more complex the issue becomes. The writer then provides a definition of literature before examining the issue of American literature. The writer concludes that aspects of American life and character that often, although not always, get left out of literary works often have to do with politics and/or political processes perhaps because their bad effects, while known, are probably hard to describe in terms of tangible effects on an individual hero or life situation.
From the Paper
"The question of what it means to be an American is an even more complex one; and it brings my cynicism to the surface. When I read Walt Whitman's gigantic, beautiful, exuberant ode to America these days that was first published in 1855, when being an American was obviously a whole different experience than it is for Americans today, I wish I could feel half as enthusiastic about being an American today as he obviously did back then. Nowadays, I think that to be an American (in general) just means to be an overly materialistic; chronically-shallow thinker; who is (therefore) gullible to bad political influences and the wrong kinds of "peer pressure" (e.g., to smoke; to drink; to deface public property with graffiti); and whose only real religion is materialism and whose main reason for even being alive is just to buy more and more material stuff, and to be entertained (mindlessly) mostly by television."
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Termination Process, 2007.
This paper looks at the debate regarding total parenteral nutrition treatments.
3,009 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that when there are patients receiving treatments or interventions that keep them alive, one may face the decision of whether to discontinue treatment. The writer offers the example of an adult male patient at the HIV Treatment Center on dialysis for acute renal failure and mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. The writer notes that in this case the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) treatments are no longer of benefit, even though the patient's family wants them continued. The writer maintains that if life expectancy can be prolonged with additional chemotherapy, it may be reasonable to give TPN to allow the patient to enjoy that benefit. However, the writer concludes that in the case where additional chemotherapy offers no substantial increase in quantity or quality of life, TPN could become another burden for the patient without any meaningful benefit, and ought to be withheld.
Outline:
Transference and Counter transference
Futility Judgments
Debating Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Resuscitation
From the Paper
"Transference and countertransference are both normal phenomena that may arise during the course of the therapeutic relationship. Transference is the tendency on the part of the patient to "transfer" past feelings, conflicts, and attitudes into situations, circumstances and present relationships. According to psychoanalytic theory, transference evolves from unresolved or unsatisfactory childhood experiences in relationships with parents or other important figures. From a behavioral orientation, patients may have developed habit-forming patterns in how they relate and interact with others. These habits involve development of attitudes and ideas based on the learning and retention of information from past relationships. The habits learned from past relationships may create behavioral and thought patterns in subsequent relationships, even though the actions and attitudes may be inappropriate for the current relationship. As caregivers have frequent contact with patients, the potential for caregivers to be objects of transference is significant."
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Ancient Buddhism, 2007.
A discussion regarding ancient Buddhism and it's philosophical impact on the aesthetic values of the period.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of acient Buddhism and how its philosophical position impacted the aesthetic values of the period. The paper explores the Buddhist faith to understand what the aesthetic values were at that time and then relates them to that period in society and how they correlate.
Outline:
Introduction
One Man's Tale
Bringing it All Together
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Years ago when the Mafia was in its height it was rumored if one received the gift of a black rose in the mail or in person it signaled the receiver's impending death. The color of White in the Buddhist ancient faith has to do with rest and thinking. It is interesting to note that this still carries true across geographic and societal boundaries. Marketing companies have capitalized on this belief through the use of marketing products such as "White Linen" as being restful and peaceful as well.
The Buddhist faith believes that the color Yellow has to do with restfulness and nourishment."
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Free Will, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical considerations surrounding the existence of free will.
1,091 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper challenges the naturalists' critiques of free will. It begins by describing the naturalists' arguments against the existence of free will. The paper then discusses the opposing position that free will does exist. The paper also discusses the opposite end of the philosophical spectrum from free will which is fatalism, or sometimes determinism. It discusses these concepts from an ethical standpoint and particularly focuses on moral responsibility.
From the Paper
"It would seem, then, that free will is not only necessary from an ethical standpoint, but that it is entirely consistent with the world that we experience around us. Free will can be influenced by the outside causes, but these causes are not the end to the story of choice and volition as the naturalists would claim. Rather, the individual possesses the ability to interpret and choose based on those influences--and any other internal or external factors--and make decisions wholly independent of the world. That is the basis for free will, which will remain the core of ethical and moral responsibility for human beings."
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Traditional Naturalist Claims: The Problems Therein, 2007.
A discussionon the philosophical position of naturalism.
993 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the concept of naturalism. According to the paper, naturalism believes that the world is constructed and ordered in purely material terms, but there is little evidence to suggest that this is the whole story. The paper goes on to say that naturalism fails as a useful, empirical explanation of the universe because it imagines itself to be somehow above and outside of the influence of wishful thinking.
From the Paper
"In the same vein, naturalists imagine that all situations and circumstances in the universe have a mechanical explanation; i.e., it is possible to provide a natural explanation of every phenomenon (Dubray par. 3). Worse, this obviously ideological position is not supported by anything but the naturalist's wishful thinking. For example, though evolution is the source of heated debate, no self-respecting scientist would argue that contradictory evidence or poor understanding is a challenge to the eventual discovery of the mechanisms of evolution (Johnson par. 8). There is never a doubt in the head of the naturalist that evolution, or any other complex and poorly understood subject, has a natural explanation that can be reasoned out through an examination of possible natural mechanisms. But, of course, this position is not a function of empirical fact, and it would be a stretch to definitely state that macroevolution is well documented at the empirical level. Rather, the faith in evolution as a mechanism of species change is based on the philosophical presupposition of naturalism, not evidence that such a mechanism actually exists (Johnson par. 3)."
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