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Precision Farming & Global Positioning Systems, 1996.
Use & effectiveness of satellite technology in development of modern agricultural techniques.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the impact of global positioning systems (GPSs) on precision farming. In the discussions that follow both GPS and precision farming are defined, non-agricultural applications of GPS are reviewed, the development of precision farming is traced, contemporary applications of GPS to precision farming are examined, and the future relationship between GPS and precision farming is considered.
Defining GPS and Precision Farming
Global positioning systems use satellite technology (Precision farming offers, 1995, p. 15). The primary system now in use is a network of military satellites that is used to determine ..."
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Teak Timber Industry, 1996.
Harvesting, pricing, impact on host countries' environment, competition, regulation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research reviews the harvest and pricing of teak timber. Teak is a tropical hardwood that varies slightly in appearance according to the country of origin (Kaiser, 1992, p. 44). Burma teak characteristically has a yellow-brown sapwood with a dark golden-brown heartwood. All teak darkens after exposure to the air. The grain can be straight, wavy or fiddleback. Teak has a coarse texture and is naturally oily. Teak has medium bending strength, low stiffness and shock resistance, high crushing strength and moderate steam bending rating (Kaiser, 1992, p. 44).
Teak grows naturally and also on plantations (Kaiser, 1992, p. 44). Teak has been transplanted to East and West Africa and to the Caribbean. The true, or..."
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European Community & Agricultural Reform, 1996.
Argues for reform of EU's Common Agricultural Policy to standardize equilibrium price & eliminate market inequalities.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The European Community needs a policy for agriculture to standardize the method of establishing an equilibrium price for agricultural commodities. Countries choose not to allow free-market pricing of agricultural commodities in order to ensure what the country perceives is a greater public good in the form of farm employment which remains stabilized, to increases in production, preservation of the country's agricultural heritage. The problem is that attempts to regulate the price of any commodity, arrives at a price schedule which is not efficient. This is the case with the prices set by the European Community on farm produce.
Inequalities exist in any market where the price paid by the consumer does not equal the cost of the producer to produce the item. Inequalities may also exist if their is substantial public..."
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The Ethical Treatment of Animals, 2001.
A paper which discusses the issue of factory farming.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The ethical treatment of animals in today's society has come to a crucial standoff between those who oppose any use of animals for testing along with the mistreatment of factory farm animals, and those who believe that the use of animals for such activities are important to protect and feed humans. The paper reflects where the line should be drawn - should animals have the same rights as humans, or are they of a lesser life-form and be used as a resource? This paper discusses the far extremes of this matter, being the absolute disregard for animals having any rights, versus the belief that animals are capable of feeling emotions and pain.
From the Paper
"A small rat sits alone in a cage. On an hourly basis a chemical is pumped through the air supply. This is a project that will eventually kill the rat, but it might just save millions of humans. "Every day, consumers in more than 140 countries purchase P&G (Proctor & Gamble) products - from deodorants and shampoos to laundry detergents and household cleaners. They take for granted that these products will be safe when used as instructed. " Five chickens are crammed in a cage so tight they cannot turn around thus, their energy is stored in the body to create more flesh. Their beaks have been removed by heated blade so that they do not peck each other to death. Their feathers have been rubbed off and their skins chaffed. These chickens are deprived of light so that they will eat larger amounts of food. They will provide more poultry meat than any free range chickens. This isn't Old MacDonald's Farm."
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Brazil and the Orange Industry, 2002.
An in-depth research paper which analyzes the role of oranges in the Brazilian economy.
5,616 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role orange growth and marketing plays in Brazil's economy. The Brazilian citrus industry, production, growth, processing, the various differences in production, trade, prices, tariff, industry structure and key strengths and weaknesses of the Brazilian industry are discussed. The paper also focuses on the production of frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and underlines those factors that have led to the development of this industry, including government initiatives, key drivers, success factors, the structure of the industry and its current state.
From the Paper
"The world wide market for citrus fruit juices has been growing very rapidly and is expected to grow further in the years to come. These expectations are based on the changes occurring in the: ? Geographic variables ? referring to the urbanization of the population all around the world, ? Demographic variables ? higher income, better education levels, working women outside, ? Psychological and Behavioural variables ? gradual shift towards a natural and healthy lifestyle, convenience which fits very well in the juice consumption. Of the citrus fruit juice trade, the frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) is a commodity whose consumption has been increasing steadily in the past 30 years. FCOJ is traded worldwide, with vast markets in U.S., Europe and Canada. Today, the world's largest producers of oranges and FCOJ are Brazil and the U.S. Brazilian production is mostly in Sao Paul, where about 95 % of the citrus trees are grown. Brazil is the world?s largest orange producer and exporter of FCOJ, a commodity that earned almost US $ 1.2 bn in trade revenue in 2001. During the marketing year 2000/01 Brazils orange production represented around 28% of the total world production. The domestic market in Brazil generally prefers fresh oranges, which are then squeezed for juice. Oranges that are processed for FCOJ are usually destined for export markets in the U.S., Europe and Asia."
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Isoproterenol's Effect on Chick Embryos, 2002.
An experiment which studies the effects of isoproterenol on 48-hour chick embryos.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper hypothesizes that Isoproterenol will increase the heart rate of a chick embryo heart, in which the chick was incubated for approximately 48 hours, when topically applied. The author of the paper shows that the reasoning for this hypothesis is that Isoproterenol acts as a sympathetic stimulant by stimulating the beta receptors found in the heart, and these kinds of stimulants (hence the name stimulant) tend to speed up actions. Especially since this chemical mimics norepinephrine?s effects, I deduced that this would speed up the heart rate. An experiment was performed on 48-hour chick embryos and the results are discussed in the paper.
From the Paper
"Description: An egg was incubated for approximately 48 hours. I am approximating 48-hours based on the comparison of my embryo to pictures of the different stages. Once removed from the incubator, I made an incision around the circumference of the egg and removed the roof, exposing the interior. The embryo with all structures still attached- in situ- (yolk, egg white, etc.) was poured into a dish of saline solution. The egg remained in the same position for a couple of hours, blunt-end up, so that the embryo conveniently lay on top. The temperature of the water was measured as 32?C and the normal heart rate of the chick was recorded as 76bpm."
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Genetically Engineered Crops, 2001.
Looks at the development & growth of genetically modified food. Examines results and safety standards; proponents & critics.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"For thousands of years, farmers have bred crops and animals to produce better outcomes in terms of crop yields, pest or drought resistance, speed of ripening, or growth rate. Now they are doing it with the aid of biotechnology by using genetically modified organisms to produce their desired results (Maynard, 2000). For instance: a stalk of corn that breeds pest-resistant corn, a potato that becomes resistant to the protein beetle, a strawberry that can withstand frost, and a soybean whose DNA is spliced with that of a petunia to produce a plant engineered to survive otherwise toxic doses of herbicide, are all products of genetically modified plants.
Traditional crossbreeding in plants requires the mixing of thousands of genes in the hopes of developing a plant with the desired trait. With biotechnology, characteristics can be ..."
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Genetically Engineered Tomatoes, 2001.
Technical discussion of genetic transformation of tomato plant to inhibit production of ethylene and modify ripening process to create longer shelf life.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The shelf life of fruits and vegetables is economically important to anyone in the farming of these goods or in the grocery business. It is also important in terms of transportation of these goods. Timing of harvest and arrangement of transportation are dependent on the rate of ripening of produce items. For this reason, genetic engineering may become an important asset in the produce industry. This paper will look at the genetic transformation of the tomato plant to inhibit the production of ethylene, a chemical known to be involved in the ripening process.
Genetic engineering has many applications, and it is beginning to play a significant role in agriculture. Introducing certain genes into plants can afford them protection against pests and against adverse climatic conditions."
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Agricultural Trade, 2001.
Discusses development of agricultural sector; issues; trade patterns; impact on International trade of GATT & AOA. World food problems.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"With the increase in international trade , it is now possible, and in some cases necessary, for food grown in one country to be exported to another country. In some cases, this has given rise to specialization with particular countries focusing on raising particular goods. In other cases, countries have been unable to produce necessary foodstuffs and are highly dependent on imported food products. As international trade has become more commonplace in the agricultural sector, trade patterns have emerged. These patterns are subject to the influence of domestic as well as international politics, and factors entirely unrelated directly to crops can affect the trade of agricultural products. This research considers agricultural trade and trade patterns, including considering the situation of agricultural trade in Africa.."
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Genetic Engineering, 2001.
Use in agriculture, methods used. Example of genetically engineered rice.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is being used more and more in agriculture to produce plants which are resistant to disease and thus increase crop yields. This research paper will examine methods used to produce transgenic plants and an experiment which produced genetically engineered rice with resistance to sheath blight.
"Transgenic plants are produced for three major reasons. (Glick and Pasternack, 1998, p. 427). Firstly, transgenic plants often improve crop yields by inducing resistance to pests and other factors which affect the yield, or improving the ornamental value of plants by developing new colors, or strains resistance to certain climactic conditions. Secondly, transgenic plants can be used to produce medically and commercial important proteins and metabolites in large amounts under..."
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Process Paper On Plants, 2002.
A creative essay discussing the process of gardening.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
A detailed and effective story of the process of gardening and plants. It describes the process in which nature prepares the earth for the birth of plants.
From the Paper
"A glider swings back and forth as a young man and his grandmother reminisce on the porch at the beginning of spring. Her garden drips with apple red and Easter egg pink tulips. They each remember when he was a small boy, and she taught him exactly how to plant a tulip bulb. Now that the grandmother is older, the young man plants the garden on his own. However, they both enjoy its simple and peaceful beauty that symbolizes they beginning of spring and new life. A tulip flower?s growth and bloom follows the seasons. In the fall, a gardener plants and tends the bulbs; in winter the ground freezes, and upon spring?s arrival, the stalk, leaves, and bud grow."
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IPM for Tsuga Canadensis ? Eastern Hemlock, 2002.
A basic summary of all the available methods of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that can be used to combat the pest "Hemlock Woolly Adelgid" (Tsuga canadensis) which attacks the Eastern Hemlock tree.
3,300 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the ways to combat the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. It goes into detail for all methods of IPM that are available, including chemical, cultural, and biological. There is also details about the Hemlock plant and the uses for them and why we need to save them from this adeglid.
Table Of Contents
Introduction
Adelges tsugae Information
Value and Use Impacts
Monitoring/Detection
IPM Methodologies ? Chemical Control
IPM Methodologies ? Cultural Control
IPM Methodologies ? Biological Control
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendices
From the Paper
"When you think of great trees for the landscape, one of the main ones you think of is the Eastern Hemlock. They are great for their ornamental aspects like drooping branches and delicate needles, their ability to get 60 to 70 feet tall and live for up to 600 years (Dirr 1998). According to Michael Dirr in his Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, Tsuga canadensis is ?the most commonly planted of the hemlocks? and ?one of our best evergreens? (Dirr 1998). If you have ever seen one of these plants, you really cannot argue with what Dirr has said."
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Farm Subsidies, 2002.
This paper discusses an article on farm subsidies by David Hosansky in the "CQ Researcher."
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
A reaction to the Hosansky article on Farm Subsidies in the "CQ Researcher" which discusses the Farm Bill implemented by President Bush on May 13 2002. The author illustrates how although the report contained sufficient information on the issue, it had an inward-looking bias and did not adequately emphasize the global impact of the U.S. Farm Bill. Furthermore the report is said to lack an international perspective of the issue and does not take a clear-cut stand on the merits or demerits of Farm Subsidies.
From the Paper
"The signing into law of the US Farm Bill in May 2002 has serious and profound international implications. These effects have only been mentioned in passing by the author and have not been analyzed or explained in sufficient depth. For example, the subsidies that have been built into the Bill (a massive 70% hike over the current levels) would result in overproduction of such food products as corn, wheat, cotton, rice and soybeans. This would drive down the market prices of these commodities and create huge surpluses in the United States. These products would then be exported to the poor countries of the world where the farmers cannot possibly compete with such low prices."
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Technology and Agriculture, 2002.
An explanation of the "science of agriculture" - how it developed and how it has advanced through the years with the help of technology.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the concept of farming and agriculture first became an organized practice about 10,000 years ago. It looks at how the practice developed over time and how technological advancements of the past changed the face of agriculture altogether. The paper shows that previously farming was a one person operation, but how, through the development of certain tools, methods and ideas, the communal farming effort took hold.
From the Paper
"What is technology, and how does agriculture fit in with the concept of technology? Technology as applied science and engineering clearly presents a relevant but limited view. It is, perhaps, a better definition of 'technique'. The notion that what designers do with technology is to simply apply scientific knowledge would be to misunderstand both what science and technology is. While the issue of science will be addressed below, suffice it to say that because design cannot be value free, neither can technology in the hands of a designer. Missing are the realm of consciousness and judgment; value and 'will' remain untouched. However, it takes a combination of will, curiosity, and perhaps just the ability to notice something another did not know in order to introduce a new type of technology into the world. This proves to be true of one of the greatest technological inventions of all time; agriculture. While who invented agriculture is a bit hazy, scientists do feel that women were the first to notice the natural process about 10,000 years ago. As soon as humans began to form permanent settlements and gave up wandering in search of food, agriculture was born."
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Wild Land Fires, 2002.
A discussion of the mechanisms for coping with wild land fires in the U.S.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of wild land fires. Means of managing the fires, including controlled burns, the use of technology for pattern prediction and the development of protective gear are outlined.
From the Paper
"Americans have spent the last few months watching wild land fires burn out of control in several states. Arizona, California and Colorado have all been ravaged with devastating and extremely expensive fires that went out of control and destroyed homes, property and wildlife. While firefighters from across the nation rushed to aid the local firefighters in those areas, the public watched the coverage unfold on television news channels. Wild land fires can be devastating for many reasons. They not only cause financial devastation and property destruction but they interfere with the ecological process by destroying wildlife and plant life. This paper attempts to explore wild land fires and the steps that are being taken to lessen their damaging impact by getting them contained more quickly."
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Forest Management and Timber Supply, 2002.
A discussion of the implications for the future of forest management on NIPF (Non-Industrial Private Forest) lands.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issues surrounding timber supply in Southern U.S.A. The paper illustrates factors which contribute to timber supply, such as environmental constraints, demographic trends, public opinion, land owner objectives, slope, water availability, lack of access roads, urbanization, urban sprawl, and stands which are too small to harvest in an economically profitable manner. The paper brings another factor to be considered, that being that many municipalities have restrictions that do not allow timber harvest within their boundaries.
From the Paper
"The subject of NIPF land has received much attention from both the academic world and the United States Government. Recent studies indicate that the demand for timber will overtake that supply sometime before 2020. Extensive studies have been conducted in the southern states concerning the motivation behind usage of NIPF land, its impact on the regional economy and environmental factors. The counties chosen for this study are the counties, which had the highest reported income from forest products in 2000. (Mix, 2000). The six counties chosen were Clarke, Marengo, Pickens, Monroe, Hale and Wilcox. These counties located in highly forested areas and have a high amount of NIPF land. "
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"Money Now, Death Later" - Genetically Engineered Products, 2001.
A looks at the risks and dangers involved in genetic engineering.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the dangers of genetically engineered food products in the marketplace. It traces activities of anti-genetic engineering groups and their relationship with biotech corporations. Legal and political implications of the industry are also studied.
From the Paper
"The new biotechnology of genetic engineering initiates thoughts of a glow in the dark bunny, plants that eat poison, plants that contain pesticides and some medicines. New cures for diseases or solutions to problems that plague the world, such as starvation, are the promises made by the many supporters of this technology. However, many people are skeptical, because they know little of the potential side effects it may have on the people who eat or use the genetically modified products. An article printed in the Christian Science Monitor entitled ?Europe Invites Biotech Debate? by Peter Ford on September 11, 2001, explains the position of the public and the European Commission concerning genetically modified products while keeping his view of the issue from influencing the way that he writes. Karen Charman, on the other hand, lets her views of government control give her a clear agenda as to how she states the United States? position in this debate in her article, ?Spinning Science into Gold.? Comparing the biotech issues between ?Spinning Science into Gold,? and ?Europe Invites Biotech Debate,? one sees that, unlike European nations, corporations in the United States maintain exclusive control over genetically engineered products. Clearly there is a need for government intervention to regulate corporations."
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Portuguese Farm Policy and the European Union, 2002.
This paper discusses the effect of the European Union (EU) policy on Portugal?s agriculture.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the European Union funding programs did not improve Portugal?s ability to competitive with other European Countries in the agriculture market. The paper details the EU Common Agricultural Policy, the current Portuguese agriculture situation, the food retailers and the character of Portuguese Farms. It concludes that agricultural policies will not be enough to slow the transition of the younger generation from farmers into other areas.
From the Paper
"When Portugal entered the EU, it did so from a position of lagging far behind other countries in technology and production methods. Its chief agricultural exports are grain, potatoes, olives, grapes, sheep, cattle, goats, and poultry, beef and dairy products. Only 10% of the country is engaged in agriculture as compared to 60% in services and 30% in industry. As of 1999, Portugal imported more agricultural products than it produced (Eurostat, 2001)."
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Free Trade and Nicaraguan Coffee, 2001.
An analysis of how free trade in Nicaragua would improve the lives of coffee farmers.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the potential financial and social benefits that free trade would have on Nicaragua's coffee bean farmers. The paper shows that free trade coffee in Nicaragua is an important part of ensuring the livelihood of the Nicaraguan coffee grower and the continuation of the coffee industry. The paper provides a brief history of this coffee growing industry and economic statistics.
From the Paper
"On the average Saturday afternoon in Bellevue, WA, the door of the Starbucks at Lohemans Plaza is almost impossible to get through- not because there is a rush on frappiccinos or lattes, but because protestors are blocking the entrance (Ahlers 2002). This small yet dedicated group of protestors is disappointed in many aspects of Starbucks business practices, yet their major problem lies with the issue of fair trade. While this phenomenon is not a common occurrence throughout the country, awareness of fair trade practices, specifically in the coffee industry, has caught the attention of political activists of all ages."
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