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JFK and Farm Policy, 2005.
This paper discusses the farm policies during the years of Eisenhower and Kennedy.
4,520 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 30 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies the farm policies in America during the Eisenhower and Kennedy years. The writer places primary focus on the specific moves of President Kennedy in this field. The writer discusses President Kennedy's actions, including raising farmer income, improving supply management and using farm surpluses to augment other programs.
From the Paper
"...... American agricultural production grew dramatically while the number of farm workers declined by nearly one-third. What some historians have described as nearly miraculous agricultural productivity was achieved. This was accomplished as a consequence of greater crop specialization, intensive use of fertilizers and increased mechanization of farm work itself. The decline of the family farm and the growth of what came to be called agri-business changed the environment in which agricultural production in the United States took place. Larger farmers benefited ... "
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Landscape Gardening, 2005.
A discussion of landscape gardening from an art history perspective.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of landscape gardening from an art history perspective.
From the Paper
"Landscape gardening is an art form that is often used to compliment the architecture of buildings and to provide outdoor spaces for individual and public benefit and pleasure. Andrew Jackson Downing helped pave the way for landscape gardening in American society when he established a number of nurseries and began designing landscape gardens along the Hudson River above New York City. As one historian notes, no American has built for himself a more permanent monument than Downing the landscape gardener (Elliott)."
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Potato Storage Temperatures, 2004.
A paper on the effects of storage temperature on anthocynanin in colored potatoes.
3,390 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at potatoes - specifically red, blue and purple potatoes. The paper looks at anthocyanin concentrations in some fruits and vegetables, such as strawberries, blueberries, carrots and potatoes. The paper also examined the health benefits of anthocyanins, and the effects of storage temperature on anthocyanin concentration in colored fruits and vegetables, especially colored potatoes.
From the Paper
"Potatoes are nutritious and versatile, providing an energy source from carbohydrates and providing protein and important vitamins B and C and minerals including potassium, copper and manganese.
Potatoes-Why eating the potatoes with the skin provides a substantial helping of fiber. The average American consumes many pounds of potatoes per year, and they are consumed in higher quantities than any other vegetable making them the leading source of vitamin C in the American diet. The only drawback is that most of them are not sold fresh..."
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Genetically Engineered Foods, 2004.
This paper discusses the bio-technology of genetically engineered crops and food.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of genetically engineered crops and food. The author argues that they have a potentially negative impact on the ecosystem and human health.
From the Paper
"While the twentieth century may be known as the century of chemistry and physics, the twenty-first century may well be known as the century of biotechnology. Current technologies enable scientists to create genetically engineered organisms by using the basic building blocks of living matter genes. This ability offers the world a number of advances from curing diseases to human cloning. One of the biggest advances according to some is already here --- genetically engineered crops and foods Genetically engineered crops are new kinds of ..."
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Artificial Flavors, 2005.
This paper examines the manufacturing and utilization of artificial flavors.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper about artificial flavors gives examples of different chemicals and the flavors they produce. The author also relates how McDonald's got their french fries to have a distinctive taste. The paper includes the dangerous side effects of some of the chemicals used in artificial flavors.
From the Paper
"Artificial flavors are added to manufactured foods to change or augment its taste. Flavouring Nature-identical flavorings are the chemical equivalent of the natural flavor but, instead of being extracted from the source, they are synthesized chemically."
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Broiler chicks, 2005.
A discussion on the diet of broiler chicks.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at potential experiments for broiler chicks and why high fat diets should be given in their first few days of life. It reviews some previous experiments in the field as a guide to what experiments could be performed at present and in the future.
From the Paper
"Poultry need high quality feed because it passes quickly through their digestive system. When the feed is balanced for energy and essential nutrients the amount consumed will determine the growth rate. Much of the energy is obtained from the grain and ..."
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Farm Welfare Program, 2003.
Examines the history of federal support for farming and its effectiveness.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of federal support for farming and analyzes how effective it has been. The historical and economic background of the current crisis in American farming is also examined. The paper looks at the impact of the Grange movement, the Dust Bowl catastrophe, poor farming and land management methods and federal subsidies to farmers.
From the Paper
"We tend to think of the current crisis faced by American farmers in which each year farmers are forced to leave a profession and a calling that their families have often practiced for generations sometimes ..."
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Manure and Groundwater, 2003.
Examines the extent to which manure is a threat to groundwater supplies.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the extent to which manure is a threat to groundwater supplies (which are a source of much of the nation's drinking water), looking at what farm practices lead to the current levels of pollution and how those methods might be changed so that the groundwater supply can be kept safe in the future.
From the Paper
"This paper examines the extent to which manure is a threat to groundwater supplies which are a source of much of the nation's drinking water looking at what farm practices lead to the current levels of pollution and how those methods ..."
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Hunger in Industrialized America, 2004.
This paper discusses issues of hunger in industrialized America.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, while hunger is considered to be a topic of third world countries, hunger exists in the United States despite the countries long history of food production. The author points out that part of the hunger problem is the lack of real nutritional value in processed foods that are popular and readily available in the United States; sugary, heat-and-eat processed food are cheap forcing many families, including the hungry, to purchase this type of meal instead of the necessary staple foods children need to grow into healthy adults. The paper stresses that American families, who are going hungry from lack of money, are not only the poor living from government assistance but also working families, who fall below the poverty line, but earn too much to be eligible for available assistance.
From the Paper
"Advances in agricultural science and techniques, food processing technologies, and storage systems have impacted our society both in positive and negative ways. On the one hand, we can now feed more people from less land than ever before. But on the other hand, food processing and the manufacture of snack food, junk food, and the sales of the fast food industry have created a nation of fat, but still yet hungry individuals and families. Unfortunately, even in the most advanced civilization the world has ever known and with grocery stores and restaurants on every corner, there are still those in America that are going hungry several nights of the week."
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EU Enlargement to Eastern Europe, 2006.
A look at some of the challenges and issues of the European Union's expansion to Eastern Europe.
2,062 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
When the Eastern European countries led by Poland decided to join the European Union (EU), the assumption was that they wanted to share the blessings of the free market being enjoyed by existing EU members. This paper discusses how economically, the Eastern European countries are a low-income region and how they are fighting issues such as unemployment and a low standard of living. It also examines how other EU members can show them how to potentially stimulate the growth of their own economies.
Outline:
Introduction
Poland's Problems
Migration
Agriculture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eastern Europe is a low-income region of about 100 million people whose combined income will raise the GDP of EU by a mere 5 per cent. This is very much less than the result of previous EU expansions to the North and South. It is not only their low income levels that may bring deleterious effects to EU but also the fact that these countries are in the middle of a transition phase from a centrally planned to a market economy. In addition, the new members will have to cope with more EU regulations than before because of the recent creation of the Single European Market concept. "
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Demand and Supply, 2006.
This paper illustrates the foundation of economics, the concept of demand and supply, by examining the milk production and wheat industries in United States.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that both demand and supply represent the two ends of a transaction in the economic market thereby illustrating consumer behavior and supplier or manufacturer behavior respectively and, because of this, there is a strong connection between the two variables. The author points out that a change in price never shifts the demand curve for that particular good because the factors that influence a shift in the demand curve are determined by an increase or decrease in the consumer good, a change in the consumer preference or a change in the prices of substitute goods. The paper relates that a shift in the demand curve to the left will lower the equilibrium price and a shift to the right will increase it; however, a shift in the aggregate supply curve to the left will increase the equilibrium price and a shift to the right will lower it and, if such shifts do occur, then the consumer and supplier will probably rethink their decision making process.
From the Paper
"Milk is definitely one of those basic commodities that has an impact and drives the American economy. It is the reason for the existence of a dairy product industry offering quite an array of other related products. The World Bank has identified a set of driving forces that are considered to have an important influence on the development of the livestock sector world-wide over the next two decades. These important factors are growing demand for meat and milk, shifting consumer perspectives, changing functions of livestock, structural changes, and evolving international and national socioeconomic frameworks. Due to these points, milk, as an economic commodity can be used to estimate and to show a constant rise in demand thereby affecting the overall economy in quite a few ways."
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Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico, 2005.
A look at different solutions to the problem of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how fishermen, agriculturalists, scientists and legislatures are all major players in the issue of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. It looks at how numerous legislatures have been passed and acts created to correct the issue of hypoxia and how, as hypoxia continues to be an issue of concern, these acts are becoming the focal point in hope of minimizing the effects .
Outline
Resolved Issues
Unresolved Issues
From the Paper
"According to Otto Doering, a professor of agricultural economics at Purdue University, farmers can use a variety of methods to cut the flow of excess nitrogen by 20 percent to 25 percent without hurting food prices or farm exports. Anything less than this though would cause serious problems in food costs and farming (Sciencedaily.com). Only a small portion of the nitrogen coming down the Mississippi is from sewage treatment plants and factories. The bulk of it is non-point nitrogen. That means it is not from a specific source, but is nitrogen that comes off the land or through the soil. A large portion of the nitrogen that comes through the land and soil comes from fertilizer applied by farmers (Sciencedaily.com)."
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Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
Pros and cons of subsidies for and tariffs on, agricultural products by first world countries.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of free trade in agricultural products versus protectionism that is one of the fiercest international economic debates. It discusses the arguments of the proponents of free trade who believe in opening the global market with as few restrictions on trade as possible and those of the proponents of protectionism who believe in concentrating on the welfare of the domestic farming community. The stage at which the talks over subsidies take place is the World Trade Organization ("WTO").
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Economics of Agriculture
Some Numbers
A Comparative Advantage of the Poor
The Reasons for Protectionism
The WTO and the Prisoner's Dilemma
From the Paper
"However, why do the rich countries like those of the European Union as well as the US today still subsidize their farmers to the tune of billions of dollars a year? Beginning in the 1930s most industrialized countries developed agricultural price-support policies to reduce the volatility of prices for farm products and to increase, or at least stabilize, farm income. Subsequently, in food-exporting countries, such as the United States and France, agricultural subsidies have been designed primarily to increase farm income, either by raising the long-term level of prices above free-market levels or by providing direct payments to farmers."
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The Hong Kong Ministerial Meet, 2006.
An extensive analysis of the outcome of the Hong Kong Ministerial on agriculture, political economy and diplomacy.
3,437 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the extent to which the promises made at the WTO Ministerial at Hong Kong by rich countries, especially the European Union and the United States, can be fulfilled within the time frame stated i.e. 2013. It examines the prospects of how soon the international trade in agriculture can start taking place on a fair and level playing field for all countries. The paper questions whether the production processes are competitive in these countries and explores how the political economy of each country plays a role in the issue of governmental support.
From the Paper
"Agriculture has evolved as one of the major issues in the WTO negotiations, which is much more complicated than any other issues at hand. For the coming WTO Ministerial Meet in December 2005, it was the turn to agree on formulas and other details that will determine the scale of reductions in tariffs on thousands of products and farm subsidies. Here we will confine our discussion only on the agricultural sector. Many have seen the Hong Kong Meet as a lost opportunity for the developing nations to make trade fairer for poor people around the world. Rich countries put their commercial interests before those of the developing countries and most of the difficult decisions were postponed for a further meeting early in the year 2006. This has been the trend in the previous rounds of negotiations also. The Oxfam International Briefing Paper number 85 'correctly' observes that it was far from clear why rich countries that were unable to show the necessary leadership in Hong Kong will behave any differently in a few months' time. In fact, it would have been unwise to expect them to behave differently even at Hong Kong. Since July 2004, nothing remarkable has changed. As always has been the case, this time too, the focus was on the US and the EU policies, which only matter because policies in these two large markets have the most impact on the global market prices of agricultural commodities. A glance at the last 50 years of history of agriculture in the US and the EU, will reveal that the agricultural subsidies in the US & EU have been a persistent phenomenon. At different times the policymakers have accorded different justifications for continuing the same. Nevertheless, all the different political economic theories share a common denominator that the principal goal of subsidies is 'to support farm income while minimizing budget costs'."
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The Geography of the Middle East, 2005.
Examines the climatic, agricultural and geological features of the Middle East.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The Middle East is located at a unique position on the Earth. At first, this region was part of the African and Asian continents. Over time, due to plate tectonics, the region altered its shape and location. It is now found at the junction between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Given this, it has some distinctiveness that is exclusive only to itself. This paper shows why the Middle East is unlucky in its environmental characteristics - climatically, geologically and agriculturally.
From the Paper
"It is a know hotspot for seismic activity and also has been known for its volcanic past. Due to the combined causes of the selective feeding of livestock and unusable soil, the agricultural system in the Middle East has suffered. The climate is barren and dry in many places in the Middle East. Also, the temperature swells, in the entire region, from an incredible degree of direct heat from the sun. Thus, the climate, as in all cases, is directly related to agriculture."
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Genetic Modification (GM), 2005.
A discussion on some basic methods of biotechnology and justification of the benefits of modifying the genes of our food supply.
1,804 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how genetic modification (GM), often known by the less ominous name of biotechnology, is the science of improving the genetic characteristics of plants to produce better, more healthful foods, as well as foods resistant to certain pests and those which will survive under harsh conditions. It looks at how, with the advent of gene technology, biotechnologists are now able to more easily produce abundant, better-quality and more nutritious food supplies to consumers.
From the Paper
"There are many arguable benefits to the modification of our foods, many of which are already in practice. The key difference between conventional breeding and genetic modification is that in the past it has only been possible to transfer traits between plants and animals of the same or very similar species. GM allows splicing between completely different species and even the combination of plant and animal genes. Because of this technology, scientists have now been able to create, for example, a type of maize that produces a protein from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. This protein kills the insect called a corn borer which is known to do considerable damage to maize crops."
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Genetically Modified Agriculture, 2005.
This paper argues that genetically modified agriculture leads to poverty in the Third World and other problems.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although supporters of genetically modified agriculture claim that it increases crop yield, increases the nutritional content in the food and decreases the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers; there are several concerns about the negative effects of this practice, especially for the Third World. The author points out that a major problem of genetically modified crops being used in the Third World is its cost for the seeds, which means that small farmers need to indenture to big firms, and, once genetically modified framing is used, soil nutrients are exhausted drastically and it becomes difficult to return to traditional farming with limited fertilizing. The paper urges that, while agricultural biotechnology is still young, the benefits and the risks of genetically modified agriculture should be considered more thoroughly especially its effect on the Third World even though this area suffers from lack of highly nutritional food.
From the Paper
"Some people, especially children, are highly allergic to certain types of foods like peanuts. According to Wesley Burks, the Chief of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, allergic reactions to genetically modified food are usually limited to the skin and respiratory tract. Symptoms include urticaria, angioedema, pharyngeal edema, wheezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Genetically modified foods may accidentally introduce a new allergen because modern technology makes genes possibly be introduced to totally dissimilar species, for example a cow gene can be put into a plant. Dr. Martha R. Herbert, a pediatric neurologist said that "with genetic engineering, familiar foods could become metabolically dangerous or even toxic." It is true that if the crop itself is not toxic or dangerous, it could still upset the complex biochemical networks and create new bioactive compounds or change the concentrations of those normally present."
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Biotechnology in Egypt, 2005.
The paper examines how biotechnology can aid developing countries, with a focus on Egypt. Paper has a 5.5 page outline not included in word count.
3,377 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, due to Egypt's need for export earnings, its ever-increasing population, and its expertise in agriculture, the country should further invest in research and development, with an emphasis on R&D that leads to producing genetically modified crops. It explains that, despite Egypt's having limited financial resources, increased investment in biotechnological research and development will not be a waste of these resources, as the return on that investment will be substantial.
From the Paper
"Innovation is the ability to manage knowledge, as embodied in technology, in a creative way" ("United Nations"). The terms technology, knowledge and innovation are interrelated. Technological discoveries are derived from knowledge and result in innovation which then exploited to increase productivity and enhance competitiveness in the global market. Among the more significant innovations derived from knowledge, produced by research and technology, is the field of biotechnology. David R. Walwyn, a BSc chemical engineering, who has participated in several biotechnology policies and strategy initiatives, defines biotechnology in his book Biotechnologies, as "a body of techniques that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use." Biotechnology contributes to several life sectors, including health, food, water treatment and agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology, nowadays, is adopted in the majority of countries, particularly developing ones, due to its ability to produce transgenic seeds with modified traits that are resistant to viruses, insects, drought and salinity. Edgar J. DaSilva, Elias Baydon, a professor of Biology in American University in Beirut, and Adnan Badran, president of Philadelphia University in Jordan, stress the significance of biotechnology to developing countries in the Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. As they write, "biotechnology has become a source of economic development and social progress."
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GM Foods: A Right to Know, 2005.
Reviews the argument surrounding the labelling of genetically modified (GM) foods.
2,096 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, although science has not established that genetically modified foods are dangerous and carry a health risk, they should be labeled because they may contain ingredients that cause allergies. It explains that consumer laws state that people have a right to information regarding the products they purchase; not informing consumers deprives them of their right to free choice.
From the Paper
"People are worried about the food they eat, the water they drink and the air they breathe. They have a right to be as in recent years, it seems to observers, that the rates of diseases such as cancer have increased tremendously and that new diseases, previously unheard of, such as Mad Cow and Sars, are threatening lives and health. It may be that people are healthier now than they ever previously were but, many do not think so and are very anxious about the spread of these deadly diseases. More importantly, many assume that these diseases are spread through the food that we eat. Needless to say, this has created greater consumer interest in the types of food purchased and consumed. Much of this interest is focused on genetically modified foods. Genetic modification according to Mark Tester, a professor of plant sciences at Cambridge University, is the heritable alteration of genes. The definition provided offers a very good clue why people fear GM foods and believe that they have harmful effects on the health. Quite simply stated, they are not natural foods but foods that have been created through human sciences that changed the biological make up of these foods. Some, including scientists, insist that these foods are safe. Dan Ferber, a science writer, insists on the safety of GM foods, further arguing that the current genetically modified foods are nothing more than an advance on techniques of improving crops and crop types that have existed and been practices over the centuries (1663-1664)."
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