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Soft Computing, 2004.
This paper reviews the development, applications, and future of soft computing.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer defines the term of soft computing as a collection of mathematical and reasoning disciplines that when incorporated into decision-making models provide a means for considering the effects of uncertainties on probably future outcomes. The writer reviews the development of soft computing and looks at applications. Further, the writer discusses the future of soft computing.
From the Paper
"Soft computing (S.C.) refers to a collection of mathematical and reasoning disciplines that when incorporated into decision-making models provide a means for considering the effects of uncertainties on probably future outcomes. The mathematical and reasoning disciplines typically included in the definition of S.C. are a probabilistic reasoning (P.R.) S.C. models allow analysts to include data characterized by imprecision uncertainty partial truth and approximation in decision analyses ... "
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Alan Lightman's "Einstein's Dreams", 2005.
Applies of theories of developmental psychology to Alan Lightman's book "Einstein's Dreams".
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the way Alan Lightman's novel, "Einstein' Dreams", handles Einstein's theory of the relativity of time, mainly the "elasticity" of time. The paper discusses this in terms of how it relates to adult cognitive development.
From the Paper
"Alan Lightman's book "Einstein's Dreams" is a novel that plays with Einstein's theory of the relativity of time. There is a proverb that says "a watched pot never boils". It requires some level of cognitive development to understand this proverb. It does not mean that the water in the pot will never boil. Depending on the level of heat applied to the pot, the water could boil in as quick a time as three minutes. However, for someone who stands over the pot and ..."
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Who is Rene Descartes?, 2004.
A biographical account of the life of philosopher Renee Descartes and a look at his basic philosophy.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a general biography of Rene Descartes, as well as a basic summary of his philosophical tenets. The paper also discusses Descartes' accomplishments in the field of mathematics as well as philosophy.
From the Paper
"Often considered the father of modern philosophy, Renee Descartes is one of the most influential ground-breaking thinkers in the history of human thought. Indeed his accomplishments go beyond the field of philosophy as he was an elite mathematician who is credited with inventing analytic geometry. However it is Descartes' work in laying the philosophic foundation for modern scientific thought that is his greatest achievement. Descartes' philosophy was deeply rooted in rationalism because he began his inquiry by questioning the very validity of the knowledge that man believes he possesses."
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research, 2004.
This paper discusses qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper defines qualitative methods and quantitative methods. The author differentiates their uses. The paper assesses their suitability for use in human relations studies.
From the Paper
"Research data may be evaluated through the application of either quantitative or qualitative analytical procedures. Quantitative approaches are more easily defined than are qualitative procedures because qualitative research may refer to either the way data are measured or the way such data are evaluated. A quantitative variable is one than can be measured numerically such as annual income. Quantitative data are produced by ordinal interval and ratio scales; while qualitative data are produced by nominal scales. Quantitative data ..."
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Galileo, 2005.
This paper is a biography of the mathematician Galileo.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This presents an overview of Galileo's birth, family life, upbringing education and cause of death. The author points out the countries in which he lived and worked. The paper examples of Galileo's contributions and most important works.
From the Paper
"According to Al Van Helden online, Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, on February ..., the first of six children. While his family belonged to the nobility, it was not rich as his father was a musician. Once he was old enough to be educated in a monastery, his parents sent him to the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa. The Camaldolese Order combined the solitary life of the hermit with the strict life of the monk. Galileo enjoyed his time at the monastery and he became a ..."
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Algebra, 2005.
A look at the use of algebra in everyday life.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper uses a problem from everyday life and sets up an algebraic equation to solve it. It then solves the problem. In this case the problem is a plane flying from San Francisco to Hawaii which experiences an emergency and it is necessary to determine at what point on the flight it is faster to continue to Hawaii than return to San Francisco, given the air speed, the tail wind factor and the distance between San Francisco and Hawaii.
From the Paper
" A plane is flying miles from San Francisco to Hawaii. It is flying at a speed of mph and there is a tailwind blowing at mph. Problem How many hours after take off would it be faster to keep on flying to Hawaii than to turn around and fly back to San ..."
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Vatican Congress on Infinity, 2005.
A discussion of a the Vatican's attitudes toward the question of Infinity.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the goals and objectives of a series of conferences between the Vatican and leading scientists on questions of Infinity. The paper examines the theological issues involved Infinity.
From the Paper
"The Vatican has historically grappled with resolving the theological issues that are associated with new scientific discoveries. Recently the Vatican press office announced a new project on science and..."
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Metrics, 2005.
Considers ways in which metrics are used to track performance in business.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper considers ways in which metrics are used to track performance in business. It describes what metrics measure and argues that without metrics to track performance, business plans and goals are ineffective.
From the Paper
"Without metrics to track performance business plans and goals are ineffective ..."
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The Science and Mathematics Classroom of Today, 2005.
Shows the process of designing an effective science and math classroom for elementary students, from classroom set-up to resources.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the considerations and steps necessary to properly design a successful program for mathematics, science, and all content areas in the elementary classroom. It offers an overview of classroom arrangement to create a stimulating environment, evaluating materials for a content-based program, and offering a variety of assessments to evaluate student learning.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Classroom Arrangement
Classroom Materials
Student Assessment
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Evertson, Emmer, and Worsham (2003) state that the logical place for a teacher to begin his or her classroom management procedures is in arranging the classroom as it occurs prior to the beginning of the school year. Reflective teachers will arrive at the school several days before their contract calls them to so that they can assess the space to plan for the best arrangement, begin to hang posters and other personal effects, and decorate bulletin boards (Eby, Herrel, & Hicks, 2002). They go on to say that the classroom appearance makes a statement to the students and others about how much the teacher cares for the environment in which the class will learn. Whether the room is tidy or neat, colorful or drab, or filled with extra items to make it livelier will set a tone."
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Forecasting Methods, 2006.
A comparative analysis of different forecasting methods.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss forecasting methods that are used in commercial business. Competition for consumers is high and in order for businesses to survive, they all have to consider what products are needed, where and when they are needed as well as in what quantities. It looks at how a successful forecasting strategy requires selecting the appropriate forecasting technique and compares and in particular contrasts forecasting methods as they relate to an organization called United Parcel Service. It looks at how there are three types of forecasting to predict demand: judgment methods, time series analysis and causal methods.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Judgment Methods
Time Series Analysis
Causal Methods
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Judgment methods can be defined as tools that use opinions to develop forecasts without reference to any available historical data. The basis for judgment methods is to utilize decision-makers that have sufficient experience to establish forecasts. This is a low cost method that has rapid development time. However, it is not consistently accurate and subject to bias. The judgment method would not work at the UPS billing site. Most of the forecasting is based on previous numbers and historical data collected as far back as two years ago. Plans for staffing, potential growth, and volume production are weighed in comparison with these same factors in previous years of operation especially during
their consolidation processes. "
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Inferential Statistics, 2005.
This paper discusses the field of inferential statistics and its application.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that psychologists use statistics to make sense of the human behaviors; through observation measurement and statistical inference, researchers are able to take the abstract and make it more understandable. The author points out that, in inferential statistics, researchers use probability to make generalizations about the entire population based on the results from the research sample. The paper relates that statistics can be used to dictate public policy; thereby, it is especially important that mis-measurements do not occur particularly by drawing samples from non-normative or incomplete populations; while seemingly straightforward, statistics require judicious application of ethical behavior. 2 figures. 6 tables.
Table of Contents
History
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Samples and Populations
Probability
Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Central Limit Theorem
Hypothesis Testing
Related Samples
Correlation of Pre and Post Test
What Does Is All Mean?
From the Paper
"Some of the earliest work in statistics was done by Sir William Perry in 1532, when he began to record the number of deaths in London on a weekly basis. Later in the 1600, James Bernoilli, a Swiss mathematician, begin using probability to predict outcomes. In the 1700s, it was Thomas Bayer who gave birth to the concept of inferential statistics. The normal distribution was discovered in 1733 by a Huguenot refugee de Moivre as an approximation to the binomial distribution when the number of trials is too large. Today, not only do scientists but also many professions rely on statistics to understand behavior and ideally make predictions about what circumstances relate to or cause these behaviors."
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Bridge Management, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of a systems approach to decision- making in bridge management systems worldwide, especially in the UK.
19,945 words (approx. 79.8 pages), 43 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, inevitably, bridges deteriorate over time at different rates: Timely maintenance activities, which are well-planned and carried out with minimal disruption to road users can present substantial savings in terms of both time and money for both bridge owners and road users. The author ponts out that, to tackle the complicated issues regarding bridge management, research activities in the UK as well as other countries in continental Europe concentrate largely on the bridge management process, with attention given to improving the use of limited finances to maximize the returns from the maintenance and repair of the bridge stock as well as reduce additional costs due to traffic delays and lane closures for these activities. The paper includes a critical review of other BMSs used worldwide, development of models to predict bridge condition over time, analysis of the various road user costs and using different optimizing techniques to best allocate finances and optimize bridge performance. 39 tables. 40 figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objective
Bridge Conditions in the U.K.
Introduction
Maintenance and Upgrading
Expenditure
Department of Transport (DoT) Programme
What is a Bridge Management System (BMS)?
Introduction
Department of Transport Structure
Maintenance Agents
BMS in the U.K. and Other Countries
Introduction
Bridge Condition
Other Information in BMS's
Condition Prediction
Cost Models
Decision for Maintenance and Repair
Prioritization
BMS in the U.S.A.
BRIDGIT System
PONTIS System
SMIS System
Inventory
Inspection and Assessment
National Structures Programmes (NSPs)
Prioritization
Project Creation
Whole Life Assessment and Costing
Activities Schedule
Data Accuracy
Design Specifications
Access
Integration with External Systems
Bridge Inspection and Assessment
Bridge Inspection Types
Defects
Bridge Scoring
Introduction
Definitions
Bridge Condition Score (BCS)
Bridge Condition Index (BCI)
Bridge Stock Condition Index (BSCI)
Multi Span Bridges
Bridge Scoring Example
Interpreting BCS's
BCS Results
Histograms for Bridge Stock
Interpreting BCI's
BCI Results
Interpreting BSCI's
Predicting Bridge Condition with Time
Introduction
Markov Chain Approach
Example Calculation
Bridge Condition Example
Bridge Condition Results
Bridge Aggregation Example
Bridge Aggregation Results
Bridge Stock Example
Bridge Stock Results
Traffic Costs
Introduction
Traffic Count Example
Traffic Count Results
Traffic Delay Cost Examples
Delay Costs Results (1st Example)
Delay Costs Results (2nd Example)
Accident Cost Example
Accident Costs Results
Environmental Impact
Introduction
Emissions Example
Emissions Results
Decision-Making and Prioritization
Decision-making
Introduction
Prioritization
Introduction
Dynamic Programming
Budget Allocation Approach
Budget Allocation Results (1st Example)
Budget Allocation Results( 2nd Example)
Budget Allocation Results ( 3rd Example)
Improvements to Budget Allocation Approach
Introduction to BCI optimization approach
Service Potential (BCI) Examples
BCI Optimization Results (1st Example)
BCI Optimization Results (2nd Example)
BCI Optimization Results (3rd Example)
Maintenance Costs Examples
BCI Optimization Results (4th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (5th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (6th Example)
Conclusion
Future Research
From the Paper
"It is proposed that the transition probabilities to be used are the Bridge Condition Index (BCI), which operates on a linear scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The degree of severity of bridges is linearly distributed over this range (i.e. BCI of 50 to 51 is the same as 90 to 91), except that costs are expected not to have a linear distribution. This is a useful approach as the BCI (average) is interpreted as 'service potential' and is used as a performance indicator.
Using the example for multi span bridges earlier on, the transition probabilities for a three-state Markov chain model with limiting stage value of 3 is proposed. The probabilities are in accordance to the BCI values for the 'good' bridge arranged in order of descending magnitude (i.e. P(1) = 0.9845 and P(2) = 0.9246). For the purposes of comparison, the other two bridges ('medium' and 'bad') are also modelled and the three are plotted together."
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Forecasting Customer Demand, 2005.
This paper discusses the planning techniques and procedures used by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to forecast customer demand.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Veterans Health Administration uses aggregation, a process for clustering several similar products or services to group veteran types by age, priority level and enrollees type. It also shows how the VHA uses cost models to reflect the projected health care demand of the enrollees by preferred facility and to reflect the projected health care demands of enrollees by their county of residence. The author outlines the methodology used to develop the Veteran Enrollment, Health Care Utilization and Expenditure Projection Demand Models. The paper states that predictive forecasting customer demand models achieve for the VHA (1) an integrated healthcare plan including financial, capital assets and workforce needs to provide data-driven information for budgetary and legislative and regulatory negotiations with OMB, the President, and Congress; (2) a continuous feedback loop for VHA to assess performance and outcomes and (3) needed information for mandated reporting to Congress. Charts.
From the Paper
"The root of most business decisions is the challenge of forecasting customer demand; this function is a difficult task because the demand for goods and services can vary greatly. External factors impact the VA's demand for healthcare. External factors that affect demand for a firm's products or services are beyond management's control. For example, it is impossible to determine how world events will unfold. Those events that impact our economy and the use of our military may have a profound impact on veterans' enrollment in our health care programs as well as expenditure projections."
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Cryptography, 2005.
A discussion of the history of cryptography.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of cryptography, explaining that it can be divided into two branches, transposition and substitution. The writer explains how knowledge of cryptography has spread and its uses today.
From the Paper
"In transposition, letters in the message is rearranged, generating it into an anagram. Transposition has a weakness in that small words have a small number of ways it can be rearranged, which makes deciphering messages with very few letters easy; deciphering messages with a large number of letters would be nearly impossible since there may be millions of combinations that the message can form. The alternative to transposition is substitution. One of the earliest uses of a substitution cipher is the Caesar Shift Cipher, where messages were encoded by replacing each letter in the alphabet with the letter three places along. A cipher or encryption method is a procedure method for altering a plaintext message into cipher text by changing the letters of the plaintext using a transformation."
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The Universe, 2005.
A look at how the universe can be defined through the theories of the pre-Socratics.
1,431 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
By using "The Presocratics", edited by Philip Wheelwright, this paper mainly concentrates on Pythagorean definitions of realities. It looks at how there is a correlation between Pythagorean and modern philosophies, primarily connected to mathematical themes. It goes into depth of defining Mandelbrot sets through math and philosophy and how it connects to ancient philosophy.
From the Paper
"There are many ways to define things that we perceive in our daily lives. We define them through science, art, language, and psychology as in many other ways. Most of the philosophies that exist today come from the 'bare bones' of pre-Socratics. They are the basis of different philosophies as well as studies and advances of our time such as astronomy, biology, physics, psychology, mathematics and many more. Pre-Socratics were the first to record their thoughts about the universe. Of how it originated, what made up the things surrounding us, the composition and elements used to make the universe."
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The Pie Chart, 2005.
Examines the use of the pie chart as a tool for data visualization in business.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
Data visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition. That, in itself, is a method or technique of decision-making. To further break it down, the most popular and widely used tool of data visualization is the pie chart. This paper presents an introduction of the pie chart and it's most common applications. It explains when it should and should not be used and provides examples in color.
From the Paper
"Pie charts work well when the values of the percentages of the whole differ greatly from each other. In other words, you do not want your pie values to be within one or two digits from each other, which would be indistinguishable on the chart to the naked eye. Another moniker for pie charts is: do not use a pie chart when there are more than six parts to the whole. Having too many values for comparison on the chart will distract from the clear simplistic message and instead offer a complex confusing assortment of data."
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Teaching Algebra Comprehension, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of graphing calculators to improve algebra comprehension in high school.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that any tool, such as a graphing calculator, which can help students gain an improved mastery of the fundamental skills required to complete algebraic problems, must be viewed as educators as a "Good Thing"; but a consistent theme is the need to keep the material relevant in order to maintain student interest. The author points out that, although students should have the experience of entering the program commands themselves, an alternative approach is for the teacher to write the relevant on one calculator and then distribute it to students' calculators by using their linking capabilities. The paper relates that teachers can adapt the material for use with Texas Instruments (TI), Casio, Hewlett-Packard and Sharp graphing calculators.
From the Paper
"The use of graphing calculators in a comprehensive algebra curriculum has been advocated by a number of educators. For example, some currently teach their students how to solve and graph linear equations manually, give them a test on it that is worth 50 points where no calculators are allowed during the test, classwork, or homework. Afterwards, they teach students how to solve the same or similar problems using a calculator. Then they give them another test of the same topic as during which problems are to be solved only by using calculators. During chapter tests and exams, students have the freedom to choose whether to use a calculator or not. "
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Sir Isaac Newton, 2005.
This paper discusses the life and works of one of the most instrumental contributors to mathematical and scientific theory in the last few centuries, Sir Isaac Newton.
2,535 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Sir Isaac Newton advanced a whole new system of mathematics, including systems of physics and calculus, which were revolutionary during his time and continued to be
observed long after his death. The author points out that one of Newton's most significant contributions is his basic laws of motion often call Newton's Laws. The paper relates Isaac Newton would never have described himself as a 'scientist' because the word was not coined until more than a century after his death; he was a reclusive Hebrew scholar and Classicist who wrote more about alchemy and theology than the natural world, and his posthumous reputation is riddled with contradictions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Life of Mathematician
Significant Contributions
Comparison to Present System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Newton's laws of motion can generally be described through example and demonstration and represent a continuation of thought and inquiry into questions of physics. For example, many scientists before Newton could think of explanations for the continuation of movement of a given object due to force and velocity, but could not demonstrate it in a scientific way in the same way that Newton could with his laws of
motion. Using force and velocity, Newton made important mathematical relations that showed up in real world examples. For example, if someone was riding on a horse, they were going the same speed as the horse, then their velocity remained constant, but if something changed their velocity, it would differ from the velocity of the horse, and they
may change velocity in direction of proportionate force. Newton also contributed the commonly repeated maxim that each and every force (action) has an equal and opposite force (reaction). This is a very significant contribution because it represents a basic precept of modern physics."
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Chinese-Taiwanese Relations, 2005.
This paper uses an algebraic model in conjunction with an extended strategy game to prove that the passage of Chinese Anti-Secession bill was empirically and scientifically sound.
1,812 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the dynamic history of the China-Taiwan relationship especially the controversial Chinese Anti-Secession bill, particularly Article 8, which states that, after exhausting all other avenues, China reserves the right to use military force or embargo to bring the situation with Taiwan to a close, conditional on Taiwan actually declaring independence. The author creates a game with nominal payoffs (a, b,c) creating a situation where China, assumed to be a rational actor, would most prefer, for example, say "c" but could risk getting a payoff of "b". The paper relates that, after computing the minimum threshold using expected utility formulas, arriving at a non-numerical solution, a probability value shows that China was rational in its decision to pass the bill since it saw its chances of being reprimanded by the international community as being much lower than is seen by the international community. Graphy. Formula.
From the Paper
"Those supporting Taiwan in this conflict are the US and Japan, and from this US alliance we could see countries like New Zealand and Australia come to Taiwan's aide if the US decides to invoke the conditions of the ANZUS treaty signed in 1951 . Among those supporting China's position are countries like Pakistan , North Korea, and Russia . If the bill was interpreted as a hostile war bill instead of a "fence-mending" bill as China claims it to be, the global community could formally and militarily become involved in the conflict. Setting aside this possible military threat, China must also weigh the economic consequences, with reaction from the global community that could include sanctions."
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