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A Review of Mary Lovell's "The Sound of Wings", 2008.
This review of Mary S. Lovell's "The Sound of Wings" discusses Lovell's views of Amelia Earhart's achievements and her significance as an aviator as well as her husband's influence as to how she is perceived today.
992 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this review of Mary S. Lovell's book, "The Sound of Wings", the writer suggests that Lovell is not so much interested in Amelia Earhart's aviation career and accomplishments, but rather in the developing cult of personality in America of the 1920s. The reviewer describes Lovell's treatment of Earhart's relationship with her husband, George Palmer Putman, and his impact on her career. Furthermore, the writer suggests that by concentrating on Earhart's relationship with her husband and his attempts to promote her for commercial reasons, and by not examining her contributions to the development of aviation, Lovell denigrates Earhart's legacy.
From the Paper
"Lovell's work chronicles the evolving implications of Amelia Earhart's husband George Palmer Putnam on her career. Putnam emerges in the text as a pure showman, eventually divorcing his first wife, heir to the Crayola empire, to pursue a more lucrative career exploiting Earhart's supposed technical prowess at an aircraft's controls. In fact, Lovell suggests that even before Earhart became an aviatrix, Lovell had already begun to pen the supposed autobiography of Amelia's first flight, which would propel her to world fame. After gaining fame as a pioneer of women's liberation, Earhart was called to speak to countless audiences, and became a tireless endorser of everything from cigarettes to clothes."
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The Impossibility of Utopia, 2008.
A discussion of utopia and dystopia in George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four", Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" and Salman Rushdie's "Haroun and the Sea of Stories".
2,493 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that in utopias the world is absolutely good, while in dystopias the universe becomes an absolutely evil place. The paper first compares Orwell's famous utopia "Nineteen Eighty-Four" to Huxley's famous dystopia "Brave New World". The paper then examines the utopian and dystopian elements in Rushdie's "Haroun and the Sea of Stories". The paper shows how all three works hint at the possibility of the future existence of a dystopian world and that our present world may be a dystopia where we are controlled without being aware of it.
From the Paper
"It can be said therefore that these two notions are more or less correspondent to the two Christian concepts of heaven and hell, respectively. Also, it should be noted that utopias and dystopias are both totalitarian: the purpose is to imagine a world in which the balance provided by the existence of opposites, such as good and evil or beauty and ugliness, has been completely erased. Instead of nature there is only a totalitarian state which is 'perfect', either in its goodness or in its evilness. In a way, although utopias and dystopias are virtually opposites, it should be noted that they both design a world in which possibility and change are impossible, and where there is no respite from either the absolutely positive or the absolutely negative state of things."
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Invisibility as an Escape from Racial Degradation, 2008.
A comparison of approaches to escape racial degredation in "the Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison and "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man," by James Weldon Johnson.
3,574 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two opinions of ways to escape from racial degradation and the pain associated with it as an African-American male. It analyzes the views of Ralph Ellison and James Weldon Johnson in their works "The Invisible Man" and "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man," respectively. The paper compares their approaches to escape and how they are portrayed in their books.
From the Paper
"Both Ralph Ellison and James Weldon Johnson chose a life of invisibility over the pain and suffering related to living in American society as a black man. Ellison's narrator chooses to ignore his individuality for the time being and instead to reside within the larger stereotype as a way to avoid the unwanted attention of a white audience. Despite his association with several African American groups aiming at social reform, the invisible man realizes that it is much easier to stay invisible then to try and force the white community to recognize you. James Weldon Johnson's narrator chooses a different form of invisibility but with the same motivations. Due to his mixed heritage, he has the choice to be seen as a white man. After seeing how horrible American racism can truly be, he decides to abandon his African heritage and all the degradation which accompanies it to live a middle class white life. He becomes invisible in that he "passes" as Caucasian in white society. This opens up new doors for him and ensures he will not have to deal with the prejudice many of his fellow black Americans must deal with on an everyday basis. Both characters show cowardice in their choice to become invisible to American racism, but can anyone really blame them for their choice?"
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Mythology, 2008.
An examination of areas of mythology related to Atonism, Zarathustrism and Judaism.
1,302 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses mythology, particularly the major areas of mythology that have influenced the development of the collective mythological heritage - the concepts of Atonism, Zarathustrism and Judaism. The paper describes examples from these areas of mythology to understand their role in explaining or interpreting natural events as they pertain to nature, the universe and humanity in general.
From the Paper
"Historically, many scholars view this hymn as one of the earliest known examples of monotheistic mythology. In fact, the Pharaoh's thoughts were eventually found heretical by his own people and were quickly reverted to the more traditional polytheism of Egyptian mythology. However, this fact of both monotheism and atonement found in this hymn serve as an example of how mythology is passed on, as many scholoars argue that this hymn is an indication that Egyptians were the original source of Judaism and thus, the Judeo-Christian tradition."
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Justice Delayed, Justice Denied, 2008.
An analysis and comparison of Constance Curry's "Silver Rights" and Tim Tyson's "Blood Done Sign My Name".
866 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper compares Constance Curry's book "Silver Rights" to Tim Tyson's book "Blood Done Sign My Name". The paper relates that Curry's work is a tale about the ability of the human spirit to overcome and triumph negative forces of racism and mistrust, whereas Tyson's work, in contrast, is about how South Carolinian blacks, long socially and legally oppressed, eventually used street violence to ensure that the violence done unto them was punished.
From the Paper
"Silver Rights specifically grapples with the complicity of the state's legal system in African-American disenfranchisement. When Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted as part of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 it prohibited "discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance" and its implications for student education were profound ("Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2007, U.S. Department of Justice Website). In an attempt to circumvent the strictures of the federal law, the state government of Mississippi passed a "Freedom of Choice" law."
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William Shakespeare's "The Tempest", 2008.
Looks at the protagonist Prospero in William Shakespeare's drama "The Tempest".
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that William Shakespeare's "The Tempest"
builds its suspense through the interplay of intricate characters. The protagonist Prospero must elude the treacherous Caliban who wants to usurp his bother's throne. There are those who claim that Prospero is just acting on the outside and that on the inside, he is a warm-hearted person. This paper supports the opinion that there is sufficient evidence in the play to suggest that Prospero is not hiding anything and is a selfish and uncaring as he appears on the outside.
From the Paper
"We learn of Caliban's physical appearance from other characters. The audience first learns of Caliban from Prospero's description to Ariel. We learn that Caliban is the child of the witch, Sycorax. Caliban's witch/mother is described as "A freckled whelp, hag-born--not honoured with / A human shape". Trinculo and Stefano describe Caliban as less than human. Trinculo asks if Caliban is "a man or a fish?". Stefano describes Caliban as a "moon-calf". A moon-calf is a medieval expression that refers to a deformed creature."
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Ecotopia Imagined, 2008.
This paper analyzes Ernest Callenbach's work 'Ecotopia Emerging' and discusses living in such a society.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the world envisioned in Ernest Callenbach's text 'Ecotopia Emerging' seems both familiar and foreign, dated yet oddly prescient to a 21st century reader. The writer points out that the book was written during a period of rising conservative sentiment in the nation, and was meant to criticize an anti-environmentalist, pro-consumption, and fuel-wasting America around 1981. The writer pictures living in such a society and looks at what might be considered difficult and fulfilling. The writer maintains that in such a society there would be a greater sense of social responsibility to the community and to others because people would not be judged upon how they were able to accumulate the trappings of success. The writer concludes that those who are currently poor would likely flourish in Ecotopia, but life in Ecotopia would definitely come at a personal cost to people who are more affluent, or perhaps more iconoclastic, individual, creative and competitive by nature.
From the Paper
"Living in an entirely self-sustaining land that is not dependant upon dictatorships for fuel would be fulfilling on an emotional level, but the loss of freedom and mobility with the shift from cars to buggies would initially be difficult, especially since the rest of the world would still be using cars. Of course, there might be a certain amount of fun in learning how to drive a horse and carriage, and the emotional relationship provided by living so close to nature, and being dependant upon a warm and caring living being rather than a box of metal would be a bonus. But there would be added extra time every morning, to feed the horse, to hitch it up to a buggy or to saddle the animal, and to take the time to ride to work or school.
"Train travel would mean that an Ecotopian would not have to live like a 19th century dweller. But even though mobility across wide geographical expanses would still be possible, life would become recognizably different."
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Genesis and Incest, 2008.
This paper looks at the subject of incest while comparing and contrasting Genesis 12 and Genesis 20.
1,762 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper compares how Genesis 12 and Genesis 20 treat the subject of incest. The writer notes that one of the most taboo topics, even in our own society, is the question of what constitutes incest. The writer then relates that in Genesis, this topic is addressed not once, but twice, in Genesis 12 and Genesis 20. These incidents in the life of the patriarch Abraham (Abram) and his wife Sarah (Sarai) are, like other significant episodes in the first book of the Pentateuch, told and retold, virtually right after one another in ways that are similar but with some critical differences in plot and tone. The writer maintains that these two different versions of the same incident of the life of Abraham and Sarah are used to shed new light upon the meaning of the same anecdote. The writer concludes that although it has the same plot of the sister-as-wife, Genesis 12 is more interested in showing how God will intervene to protect Abraham on earth, and to show this is a demonstration of God's plan for Abraham to be a father of Israel. Further, the writer maintains that textual resonances with the later Mosaic covenant take predominance over character development, or even explaining basic details of the plot, like how Pharaoh understands the relationship between the husband and wife.
From the Paper
"Abraham believes that as a woman, Sarah's life (still Sarai) will be protected although very likely she will be violated, if the two of them are known to be married. He fears his own life will be at risk. But if the two are taken to be unmarried strangers, the Egyptians will be less hostile to them as foreigners. He anticipates her resistance to this idea (as it may still put her chastity in danger) but begs her to do so, so his soul might live. Abraham seems to make a plea that this is a God-fearing thing to do by invoking the soul, rather than merely asking his wife to engage in a potentially immoral deception to save his life.
"Interestingly, in both versions of the incidents, Abraham is not blamed for his deception by either his wife, the man he deceives, or the Lord, even though it places Sarai's life at risk, not his own."
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Voltaire's "Candide", 2008.
A review and discussion of Voltaire's book, "Candide".
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze the book "Candide" by Voltaire. Specifically it discusses Candide's movement from a state of innocence to one of experience, and what Candide gains and loses through these experiences.
From the Paper
"Of course, Pangloss, who continually shows up throughout the novel, is responsible for Candide's attitude. He has taught the boy to be optimistic in the face of everything, and practices it himself. After the earthquake he says, "'For,' said he, 'all that is is for the best. If there is a volcano at Lisbon it cannot be elsewhere. It is impossible that things should be other than they are; for everything is right'" (Voltaire 21). Candide seems incapable of coming up with many ideas on his own, but he is quite good a parroting the ideas of others, and Pangloss is his mentor and idol, so he follows his thoughts blindly, never questioning them or developing true reasoning and deduction skills throughout his adventures."
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Middle Eastern Poetry, 2008.
This paper discusses Middle Eastern poetry, noting that such poetry tends to concern the conflict experienced around the poets.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Middle Eastern poetry is often peppered with honest assessments of the physical and emotional turmoil of conflict. The writer discusses that poetry in the Middle East tends to be a voice of record, in stylistic descriptions of the conflicts of mind, body and spirit that demonstrate a life or many lives in the turmoil of conflict and change. The writer maintains that many Middle Eastern authors feel a fierce obligation to write not only about the joy and struggle of writing poetry but also the trails and conflicts of their nations and the people whom they have known and whom they have imagined to have been deeply affected by all. The writer concludes that in the works of Ozkan Mert (Turkish) Taha Muhammad Ali (Palastinian) Eliaz Cohen (Israeli) and Aharon Shabtai (Israeli) one can locate the human drama of living in strife as well as the pleasure of poetic expression, without any real difficulty and with a great sense of wonder that is expressed through poetry and the wondrous human mind.
From the Paper
"Each of these writers are expressing the nature of self, the body of self and the nature of political and social upheaval, as it is expressive of the self and the whole. Each may be writing from an opposing side, but clearly their views are not opposing. Their voice is one that asks those who would choose to subvert them to listen to their voice as the voice of the individual seeking individual reconciliation in the face of conflict. The Middle Eastern conflict is a constant point of discussion in every arena, those offering solutions and those offering greater strife, and the words of these poets exemplify that the voice rarely heard is the voice of the people, the individual bodies and souls who live every day facing the results of conflict and the candor of legislative results.
"Ozkan Mert probably best exemplifies the passion and power of poetry, as a simple form that can convey a meaning beyond the nature of it length or even it s breath. Mert in his poem Whose on the Side of Poetry expresses the fear that some have of poetry, as a tool used by people to express the nature of strife, often when many wish that such strife not become public knowledge."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Social Contract", 2008.
An analysis of the views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau as defined in his "The Social Contract".
2,599 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in his book, "The Social Contract", Jean-Jacques Rousseau explains the relationship of the individual to society. The paper relates that Rousseau emphasizes the natural law of personal rights and sovereignty and argues that any government derives its legitimate power only from the collective choice of many individuals to allow government to act as a proxy for their personal exercise of those rights directly. The paper also examines how, for similar reasons, Rousseau opposed the concept of "rightful" ownership of slaves, especially those who did not choose to become slaves. Finally, the paper discusses how Rousseau questions the legitimacy of some forms of democratic.
Outline:
Introduction
Rousseau on the Origin of Legitimate Power
Rousseau on Political Representation, Democracy, Law, and the Need for Legislators
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Rousseau, legitimate governmental authority can only come from the voluntary will of many people, and those forms of governmental authority that derive their power elsewhere are fundamentally illegitimate. Rousseau acknowledges that allowing the collective will to establish rules that govern individual conduct might be a form of relinquishment of individual rights. He takes the position that this apparent contradiction is resolved by the fact that it is in the interest of every individual to give the power of social policy and rule enforcement to the government, because without some form of collective power, the individual cannot enforce any legitimate social concerns at all. Finally, Rousseau questions the legitimacy of some forms of democratic representation and suggests that affiliation or allegiance to sub-groups or representative political parties cancels out some of the main benefits of the principle of individual expression in political choice."
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"A Blessing", 2008.
An analysis of the poem "A Blessing" by James Wright.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how James Wright's poem "A Blessing" celebrates the wonders of nature and expresses the poet's strong desire to become one with that world. The paper relates that the poet wishes to leave the human world behind in order to become a flower, the most beautiful emblem of nature.
From the Paper
"The poem begins with a fairly straightforward description of a car ride: "Just off the highway to Rochester, Minnesota, / Twilight bounds softly forth on the grass." Right away, it becomes apparent that the poet has left the world of human civilization behind, as his immediate observations are taken up with nature; he is clearly more interested in the twilight on the grass than he is in the highway, and the rest of the poem will be taken up with evocations of nature, the "here and now," rather than the place from which the poem just came. This effectively gives the poem a feeling of placelessness, of being situated somewhere outside of time, where the only thing that truly matters is what happens in each line of the short poem."
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Middle Eastern Writers, 2008.
An examination of the social and political themes in the writings of Palestinian poet Taha Muhammad Ali, Israeli poet Aharon Shabtai and Turkish poet Ozkan Mert.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses contemporary Middle Eastern writers and the way that they typically approach social and political themes in their writings. The paper specifically focuses on Palestinian poet Taha Muhammad Ali, the Israeli poet Aharon Shabtai, and the Turkish poet Ozkan Mert, and how they each give voice to the suffering and protests they feel in their poetry, attempting to redeem their negative sentiments and experiences through language and art.
From the Paper
"As I see it, the relationship art and the world's social and political scenes has always been a difficult one. The language of poetry may seem to many a force that, in a way, alienates the reader from the immediate experience of reality. The words seem to clinch the meaning behind the state or the event described and then to reveal it entirely differently to the audience. Nevertheless, good poetry is like a transparent veil, through which we can see directly into the heart of things. It is very hard to state just exactly the limit between description and creation in a work of art. Even when art talks about well known events or feelings, it always seems to have much more than a descriptive value, reaching somewhere behind what is immediately known and always disclosing a secret. In many of their works, the Middle Eastern writers are concerned with the exact same thing: when they write about war or murder, they show us the unknown sides of these events. The attempt to voice these atrocities gives birth to an aesthetics which is all the more bemusing as it tears open the inside of crime, sin, hatred and the feelings they compel us to experience. Moreover, no matter its subject art is always the creation of beauty. As Muhammad Ali put it, "art is worthless unless it plants a measure of splendor in people's hearts" (Lehrer), that is, art can awaken and teach emotion and beauty."
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"The Last of the Mohicans", 2008.
An analysis of the race relations in "The Last of the Mohicans" by James F. Cooper.
1,081 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the overriding theme in Cooper's "The Last of the Mohicans" is really one of the innate belief in white supremacy and that race's need to posses the entire continent. The paper explains that the prevailing consciousness at the time the novel was written was about white privilege and this is represented in Cooper's tales.
From the Paper
"Residing in the literary genre of the Romance novel, Cooper's work, the Last of the Mohicans' dominant backdrop is that of an adventure in the wilderness and the historical context of the siege and massacre of Fort William Henry in 1757. The overriding theme is civilization versus nature, or the war between instinct and reason. However, the undercurrent Cooper evokes is the feelings of his times regarding the white privilege of manifest destiny."
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"Riders of the Purple Sage", 2008.
An analysis of Zane Gray's novel "Riders of the Purple Sage".
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how Zane Gray, in his novel "Riders of the Purple Sage", uses the conventions of the Wild West and the wide-open, lawless landscape of the Western territories, to tell a tale of how the religious conventions of the Church of Latter-Day Saints, the Mormons, clash with the desires of the central protagonists Bern Venters and Jane Withersteen.
From the Paper
"The beginning of the story shows an individual in conflict with society, and upholds individual rights above the rights of the community. What is so immediately striking about the novel is that a woman, Jane Withersteen, rather than a man, is at the center of the drama about land control and land ownership, and while the Mormons themselves were considered to be outsiders, even outlaws, by the federal government, because of the practice of polygamy, Withersteen's rejection of this practice, which she sees as an enslavement of a woman to male desires, makes her a pariah in the community. For Jane to tend her ranch, and to be able to care for her land only an outsider, Bern Venters will support her in her struggle."
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After the American Revolution, 2008.
A discussion of the events in "The Whiskey Rebellion" by Thomas. R. Slaughter, "The Long, Bitter Trail" by Anthony F.C. Wallace and "A Shopkeeper's Millennium" by Paul E. Johnson.
2,674 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the books "The Whiskey Rebellion", "The Long, Bitter Trail" and "A Shopkeeper's Millennium", which provide an overview of different events that resulted from the economic boom after the American Revolution. The paper shows how, in all three events, economics were at the root of the actions although these situations had secondary motivators as well. The paper also highlights how in all three events, uniting into groups of shared interests was the best way to overcome major challenges and more effectively control the future.
From the Paper
"After the American Revolution, production of staple products grew, economic risks decreased, transportation improved and individual merchants and small companies experienced reduced costs through improvement of economies of scale (McCusker & Menard, 22). Contrary to the Colonial Period, with the increasing demand for U.S. agricultural products, American farmers and merchants were no longer in debt to the British traders. Further, growing demand, in part due to Anglo-French wars, led to increased production of American products. As a result, across the country, there was an impetus by the settlers and recent arrivals to take advantage of the economic opportunities in this newly established nation."
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Literature and Democracy in the Middle East, 2008.
A look at Middle Eastern authors who are celebrated with Nobel prizes, yet are prosecuted in their home countries.
973 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper uses Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz, the Turkish author Orhan Pamuk and his Turkish compatriot, the feminist Elif Shafak as examples of those writers who, although are loved abroad, are prosecuted in their own country. The paper shows that until nations such as Egypt and Turkey embrace a broader conception of free speech, authors from these countries seem doomed to suffer either a kind of love/hate relationship with the powers that rule their nations or be threatened with out-and-out hostility.
From the Paper
"Modern Middle Eastern writers have often had a conflicted relationship with their national leadership and the people of their nation, even while Western readers and prize-giving committees welcome their unique perspectives with open arms. The authors are celebrated for their innovative style, such as the elusive, yet powerful deployment of symbolism in the works of the Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz or the magical realism of the Turkish author Orhan Pamuk."
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Harlem Renaissance and Negritude Writers, 2008.
A look at the Harlem Renaissance and Negritude poems and a film that celebrate the rebirth of Black culture.
2,092 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the works of poets such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Leopold Senghor and Aime Cesaire and also examines Haile Gerima and Shirikiana Aina's 1993 film "Sankofa". The paper highlights how both the poems and the film develop themes related to the rediscovery of a Black culture and a new identity.
From the Paper
"The Black population coming from the continent was constantly perceived as an inferior race and was subjected to intense racial discrimination in the societies it came in contact with. In response to such attitudes, there were numerous movements which advocated an emancipation of the Black race and a rediscovery of their heritage. At the same time, initiatives such as the Harlem Renaissance and the Negritude constantly tried to reach out to the roots of the Black culture and promote a new vision of Africa and its people. Poets such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen were representative for the literary segment of the Harlem Renaissance, while Leopold Senghor and Aime Cesaire were strong voices for the Negritude movement."
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Hooks and Racism, 2008.
This paper discusses Bell Hooks' treatment of the issue of racism, focusing on the work "Killing Rage: Ending Racism".
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the scholar Bell Hooks' 'Killing Rage: Ending Racism' begins with the shocking defense of a severely psychologically disturbed black man who unleashed a killing spree on the New York subway. The writer notes that while by no means defending murder, Hooks engages in a kind of tacit endorsement of the man's motivation, or his sophisticated understanding that both blacks and whites can perpetuate institutionalized racism, by supporting institutions that foster racist attitudes. The writer points out that America is a nation founded upon a racial divide between blacks and whites, founded upon the economic, political, and social legacy of slavery. The writer discusses that the notion of institutionalized, rather than personalized racism demarcated by Hooks stresses that although the effects of institutionalized racism may disproportionately affect blacks, both black and white 'bodies' can and do enforce the prejudices and stereotypes.
From the Paper
" Hooks' criticism seems apt in the sense that 'whiteness' as a construct, much like 'heterosexuality' and 'maleness' has only recently been problematized within contemporary academic discourse. But Hooks' use of the term as the opposite of blackness, in reference to individuals is itself problematic. What about racial categories of white people who only 'recently' became white, such as people of Irish, Italian, or Mediterranean extraction? Or Jewish people and members of other minorities that have not been able, historically, to fully participate in American culture because they are not seen as 'white.' Do they all see blackness in the same fashion because they are locked in the same ideological system, or do they exist within their own subculture as well as participate in the dominant discourse of black/white racialization?"
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