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Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that classifications serve many purposes for different agencies and organizations and fields, including law enforcement. Classification is a tool that, when used correctly, can help agencies devote time to critical matters efficiently. Classification provides agencies the ability to assign cases or problems to specific classes and people that provide expert advice and direction within those fields. The writer points out that this is an important consideration, especially with regard to the fields of law and law enforcement. The writer maintains that without a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement, too many cases might be overlooked or lumped into inappropriate categories, resulting in improper investigation or lack of follow up. The writer concludes that because there is so much potential for proper and efficient law enforcement when categories and sub-categories are specialized, it is critical that law enforcement agencies consider and review their classification system regularly.
Outline:
Classification Overview
Classification in Law Enforcement
Purposes of Classes & Sub-Classes in Law Enforcement
Reasons for Classification in Law Enforcement
Classification by System
From the Paper
"The role of the researcher in a law enforcement sub-category of social services may serve as a lecturer, offering information to organizations or companies about fields of interest in social work. The role of the head of the department may include supervising the work of field experts and monitoring progress, as well as assigning cases to specific experts in the social work sub-category of the classification of Social Work under law enforcement. Professional staff may also serve in the social work classification field under direction of one of the researchers or the head of the law enforcement agency; the role of this staff member may be administrative. This suggests an administrative officer working under the social work classification in law enforcement will help the department manage family law cases, including reports of abuse or recommendations regarding incarceration of related family or other information."
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Mens Rea as a Requirement for Criminal Intent, 2008.
An argument for restoring mens rea as a necessary requirement for criminal intent in the criminal justice system.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper describes mens rea as an example of an objective principle that is logically relevant in many criminal issues. It describes why mens rea is a necessary requirement for criminal intent in the criminal justice system. It also presents the argument for eliminating mens rea from criminal justice. The paper concludes that the preferable solution would be to restore mens rea to certain types of criminal conduct, as a relevant issue in some cases, but not a universally necessary component of criminal culpability in all cases.
From the Paper
"One need only consider the misapplication of the distinction between ordinary negligence and criminal negligence to illustrate the potential for inequity where fundamental logical principles like Mens Rea are ignored in all situations, by inflexible rule. A few times every year, the news media broadcast tragic results of negligence: absent-minded but loving parents back the family SUV over a toddler or a caretaker accidentally leaves a baby in a locked car, or even pulls out of a supermarket parking lot with an infant strapped to a car seat on the roof. Under certain circumstances, the tragedy, although undoubtedly caused by negligence, does not constitute criminal behavior; in other circumstances, the same overt act crosses the line from mere negligence to criminality. Imagine eliminating the distinction between ordinary negligence and criminal negligence without regard to circumstances: parents prosecuted for criminally negligent homicide or manslaughter in every case where mistake or momentary inattention took the life of a child; or parents never being held criminally responsible, even after the identical loss of a second or third child because it was accidental. All three times."
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Employment Law Case Study Title VII, 2008.
An overview of a study carried out at Case University to assess if a violation of Title VII occurred.
1,531 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to assess whether a violation of employment law under Title VII has occurred using a study conducted at Case University, where 90 percent of the students are African American. The researcher argues that in both cases violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act occurred. Specifically, evidence of disparate impact and favoritism and nepotism are demonstrated in the two cases. Court decisions including those of the Supreme Court are noted supporting this argument.
Outline:
Background and Analysis
Case 1
Case 2
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Case University, which opened in 1870, claims its early mission included providing newly freed slaves the opportunity to receive a proper education. The University's purpose also includes training African Americans in various professions to promote career advancement. The researcher asserts that the university violated Title VII when it failed to hire candidate Smith as the professor of biology. While there are circumstances when an entity can exclude a candidate for a job, they must be based on sound logic and backed by standards established by the law. For example, when hiring an attendant for a restroom to sit in the restroom and provide customers with hand towels, acceptable practice does allow the business entity to hire women only to manage the female restrooms and males only for oversight of male restrooms."
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Issues on Criminal Record Disclosures, 2008.
A review of the ethical issues and requirements with respect to criminal record disclosures.
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the ethical issues and requirements when dealing with criminal record disclosures. The paper offers recommendations for professionals that may come across situations where there are no clear cut steps to take, and concludes with a summary of the relevant issues.
Outline:
Introduction
Criminal Record Disclosure Requirements
Examples of Ethical Conflicts in Disclosure Requirements
Recommendations to Solve Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This raises ethical concerns since sensitive client/patient information is shared, that includes medical and background records. Affiliates are also given access to these records, so there must be some kind of security mechanism in place to protect the confidential information. In the case of open disclosure to officials in the criminal justice system, such criminal justice employees are only focused on their portion that is related to client's case, which may be at reaching a charge or guilty verdict. There is the question of how much disclosure is necessary; this may account for a gap in the relevant ethical code that the professional must decide on their own. In other words, a choice must be made between two courses of action. This is difficult because in most cases there are significant consequences for taking either course of action. Each of the two courses of action can be supported by one or more ethical principle, and the ethical principles supporting the unchosen course of action will be compromised disclosure requests can adequately perform their jobs."
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International Intervention into Kosovo, 2008.
An analysis of the legitimacy of the international intervention into the Kosovo crisis.
2,181 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether or not international intervention into the Kosovo crisis was necessary. It specifically discusses how the prevailing philosophy of international law is applied to the case. The paper begins by describing the background of the situation in Kosovo. It then focuses on the United Nations' and NATO's charters. Finally, the paper analyzes the situation in Kosovo through the applicable international law in order to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the international intervention was legitimate.
Table of Contents:
The Kosovo Quagmire
The Philosophy of International Law
International Law and Kosovo Intervention
From the Paper
"Today, the United Nation backed talks have made some progress on technical matters, although ultimate resolution remains a distant hope. Both parties continue to be opposed to the question of Kosovo's status itself. Even this year, an international draft resolution for independence for Kosovo has been rewritten at least four times. The main reason for this is that Russia, a member of the United Nations Security Council, has raised the issue that creating a sovereign Kosovo goes against international law principles of state sovereignty. On the other hand, the United Nations Security Council fears that if Kosovo Albanian's demand for independence is not granted, escalated violence will occur and thus international peace and security will be threatened. In other words, the ongoing question of international law and legitimacy continues to work its way out."
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Conscientious Objection, 2008.
This paper provides a moral analysis of conscientious objection.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that, in general, conscientious objection is not, in and of itself, a violation of honesty, integrity, or ethics. Even in the case of an enlisted serviceman, conscientious objection is a valid ethical basis for refusing continued service that requires conduct to which the individual objects in principle. The writer then points out that, on the other hand, conscientious objector status is unethical, and therefore, unjustified as a basis for shirking one's responsibilities under specific circumstances, particularly where it is asserted from self-interest instead of moral conviction. The writer discusses that the intention of the United States Armed Forces is to permit genuine objections that truly reflect the individual's heart-felt personal convictions without allowing conscientious objection to function as an unjustified means of dereliction of duties. The writer concludes that toward that end, the purpose of hearings on conscientious objection is to determine whether or not the conscientious objection falls within the relatively narrow parameters recognized by law as valid criteria, as well as to distinguish truthful positions from those merely of convenience or cowardice.
Outline:
Introduction
National Guard and Reservists
Changed Beliefs
Selective Service Registration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first requirement of valid conscientious objection is that it be genuinely truthful rather than a technique of convenience or cowardice with respect to one's assigned duties or assignment. Operation Iraqi Freedom brought the realities of wartime deployment and hostile engagement home to thousands of National Guard and Reserve troops, many of whom had enlisted primarily for the educational benefits and without a realistic expectation of overseas wartime deployment. Availability for deployment is the primary purpose for which reservists are rewarded and compensated throughout their period of enlistment."
"Conscientious objector status is not intended as an escape mechanism for situations where unexpected service is merely inconvenient, or where actual service is required, despite its apparent improbability at the time of enlistment. The enlistment agreement is bilateral in nature, with the respective benefits and potential costs known in advance to both parties to the agreement: the enlistee hopes to benefit without ever being required to fulfill the entire range of obligations encompassed by the agreement; the armed services hope to benefit by maintaining a troop reserve available when necessary, at a known cost of fulfilling its payment and benefits packages throughout the entire term of enlistment, even if active duty is never actually required during that time period."
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Impact of White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper defines and discusses the impact of white-collar crime on business and society.
3,616 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a clear overview of the different manifestations of white-collar crime, as well as provides insight into the historical development of the term. The study also focuses on the insidious nature of white-collar crime in terms of issues such as trust and the apparent respectability associated with the crime, as well as other pertinent aspects. The paper explores the way that this form of crime operates and the legal aspects that surround and prevent it and that have been implemented to curtail this expensive and growing category of crime. While the focus of the paper is on the way white-collar crime affects modern business, especially online business, the paper also focuses on the numerous ways that it negatively impacts on and affects society in general.
Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Overview
History of the Term
Types of White-Collar Crimes
The Extent and Impact of White-Collar Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In sociological and criminological terms, this was a radical deviation for the accepted perception of the criminal in society."
"It should also be noted that this was not the very first time that affluent businesspersons and the 'upper-class' had been identified as criminals. The difference was that the popularization and acceptance of the term white-collar criminal indicated an important a shift in theory and in the formal perception of this criminal type. This was to have a dramatic effect on policies and the theories about modern criminal behavior."
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Racial Discrimination, 2008.
A review of the subject of racial discrimination.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper states that, under Title VII laws in the US, it is illegal to discriminate against individuals based on color or race. The paper then explains that discrimination often falls under two categories, including disparate treatment or "disparate acts" and then goes on to discuss the difference between these two categories. Next, the paper discusses a case involving disparate treatment and explains why the employer in the case should be held liable for discrimination. The paper cites several case studies supporting this conclusion.
From the Paper
"The more easily defined of the two is "disparate treatment" (Greenberg, 2002) because it involves outright discrimination against the employee, such as not hiring someone because they are of a particular race. "Disparate impact" is less easily distinguished, but typically involves a policy whether written or unwritten in a company whereby someone may be excluded from certain positions or availabilities, even though the policy may not have been intentionally designed to accomplish this (Greenberg, 2002; Harris, Henderson & William, 2005). The case described for this paper involves the question of "disparate treatment", with Doe arguing the company manager Bigot treated him harshly and in a discriminatory manner. When he reported his discomfort to the appropriate entities within the corporation, they did not respond to his complaints, but rather suggested it was just "the way" Bigot acted with new employees. Even if this were true, it is likely a court would rule in favor of Doe, the employee, because the statements made by his manager were related to his race or orientation, and because they affected Doe in a negative manner. The company should be held liable because no one took action to correct or investigation the employee's complaint."
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Money Laundering, 2008.
A discussion on money laundering and its implications on the financial stability of a country.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the seriousness of money laundering. It confirms that global based financial markets make money laundering easy for financiers, and countries that enact account secrecy laws, are connected to countries with account reporting mandates, making it possible for a person to deposit "dirty" money anonymously in one country and have it transferred to another country. The paper, reports that money laundering is a commonly committed crime that wreaks havoc on the financial stability of a nation.
From the Paper
"The International Monetary Fund states that money laundering, which drug traffickers use to bring proceeds gained through distribution or sale of controlled substances back into legitimate markets, or to hide support of terrorist organizations, amounts to between 2% and 5% of the world's Gross Domestic Product, (over $600 billion annually). Money laundering hides the true basis of funds gained through selling and distributing drugs and converts them into solid assets with apparently legitimate sources. However, laundering large amounts of small-denomination bills is conspicuous enough that it makes traffickers visible and liable to laws against such practices. "Tracking and intercepting this illegal flow of drug money is an important tool used to identify and dismantle international drug trafficking organizations."
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Code of Hammurabi, 2008.
This essay compares the present day judicial system with the code of Hammurabi, specifically discussing false allegations and rape.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the code of Hammurabi, which was the first, extant written record of law in human history, designed to govern people in a harsh land, under harsh conditions. Its purpose was that the strong should not harm the weak. With this in mind, and also the strict punishments present in the rest of the code, the law-giver was careful that his judicial system itself did not become a weapon in the hands of the accusers. Unlike our own system of justice, Hammurabi's Code has equally harsh penalties for those who bring false accusations as those who commit crimes. This paper looks at how the present day issue of protecting defendants against prosecutorial misconduct against offenses that are questionable has become an issue in cases of rape. However, as the paper asserts, the punishments meted out to false accusers are not comparable to those suffered by an individual who is convicted of an offense of rape in our society.
From the Paper
"Why not prosecute the woman, given that it is possible to prosecute individuals for bringing about false allegations? Hammurabi's Code specifies only one punishment for all crimes of unfair allegations--death. However, in our society, we have begun to understand that there are different levels of criminal intent and criminal activity. A woman may believe she was raped but although she feels hurt, what she experienced may not meet the legal definition of rape. She may have felt emotionally manipulated or pressured to engage in sexual activity, but for a rape to exist legally, more than a vague sense of discontent must be present. In the Duke case specifically, in direct contradiction to her story, the two DNA tests conducted by the prosecutor's office found no match between any of the three students accused of rape and the accuser ("Duke Lacrosse prosecutor faces ethics complaint," CNN Law Center, 2006)."
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Battered Person Syndrome, 2008.
An analysis of the equality of the battered wife defense and the battered husband defense in a court of law.
1,718 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of the concept of the battered wife and the use of the battered wife syndrome defense in a court of law. It then goes on to discuss the equality of this law and the emergence of the battered husband defense. The paper argues that the courts need to look at each case on its own merits with the same criteria for both men and women.
From the Paper
"Many individuals are upset about this decision. Given the unequal treatment of women over the history of the United States and that there still exist questions of equality of the two genders in many aspects of society, it is understandable that those who support women's rights are not pleased about this ruling. Also, much of this concern rightly comes from the fact that many battered women have been left unprotected by a society that refused to protect them. When many of these women chose life over death, they were prosecuted and had to spend many years improperly imprisoned. Those in the legal profession did not know or care enough or were too biased to defend these women based on their abusive situations."
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Passing on the Impacts of Civil Rights/ADA Acts, 2008.
An analysis of the development and impact of the Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans With Disabilities Act.
3,822 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as the impact it exerted to help birth the Americans With Disabilities Act. The paper argues that without the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the Americans With Disabilities Act would not be alive today. It describes the concepts of the American with Disabilities Act that emulate precepts that the Civil Rights Act purports. The paper contains copies of original sources.
Table of Contents:
Civil Rights Considerations
Civil Rights Act
Past Progress Points
Affirmative Action
Civil Rights Act's Impact
ADA
Title VII's Protections
Statistics
From the Paper
"As the ADA, a civil rights law focusing on discrimination, it is based fundamentally on traditional concepts of discrimination as adapted and applied to the unique circumstances of people with disabilities initially in The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (e.g., the requirement that employers provide reasonable accommodations to allow people with disabilities to function optimally). Through thoughtful and innovative application, the ADA has helped people with disabilities win many important battles in the war for their independence. However, the ADA alone cannot win the war. Its use to achieve particular social goals is limited by the specific language and legislative intent of the law. (Batavia & Schriner, 2001)"
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Patriot Act, 2008.
This paper discusses and argues against the Patriot Act.
1,843 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the Patriot Act is perhaps the most controversial piece of legislation in the United States today. The paper explains that any debate that the Act destroys the liberty and equality that are the country's very foundations while others feel that the Act provides the citizens of the United States with security, and that for this, it is necessary to give up some freedom. Indeed, these arguments use, as their basis, the preservation of the "American" way of life. The writer then argues that, ironically, this way of life is the very thing being threatened by the legislation. The writer concludes that the Patriot Act does more harm than good as it harms freedoms and tolerance that have been cultivated over many stormy centuries in the country's history.
Outline:
Background
Pros and Cons
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the view of many citizens, the hasty inception of the Act is a result of the imminent terrorist threat that loomed in the wake of September 11. However, far more sinister forces than a government that has the well-being of its country at heart, are involved. Indeed, most will be surprised to find that several of the provisions especially relating to electronic surveillance, were proposed before the attacks. These received heavy criticism before the disaster, but afterward were included in the Act without question.
"One of the political reasons for the quick introduction of the Patriot Act was the actions of Attorney General John Ashcroft. Under his authority, Congress had only one week for the decision to pass the bill without changing its content. The Attorney General heightened the political anxiety level by warning that further attacks were likely to be imminent. Hence, even with changes and improvements, the Patriot Act was introduced much sooner than it should have been, and with much less debate. Indeed, many of the improvements were overridden by the hasty negotiations necessary to pass the bill."
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Dred Scott, 2008.
A descriptive essay on the life of Dred Scott and the influence he had on society.
1,885 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Dred Scott, one of the most significant figures of African- American history. The paper relates that Scott's first trial began in 1847, after which he continued to fight for his freedom and continued until nine months before his death. The paper states that this is significant not only in terms of African-American history, but also in terms of its influence on the country as a whole and continues to be influential in the country even today.
From the Paper
"In terms of the war being fought in Iraq, the country is similarly deprived of its critical thinking skills. Grave injustices in the war-torn country are ignored or accepted as necessary sacrifices in the name of "preserving" the American way of life. Historical events such as the Dred Scott case should serve as historical lessons in critical thinking and in preventing history from repeating itself. However, Americans appear to be unable to learn from history or to prevent their emotions from overriding their reason. This lack of critical thinking is what keeps arrogant and unconstitutional leaders such as Judge Taney and current leaders such as John Ashcroft in position to infest the United States with unconstitutional rulings."
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Prosecutor of Case, 2008.
An analysis of a case from the point of view of the prosecuting attorney.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a case of armed robbery where the actual perpetrator escaped and only the secondary suspect was arrested. The author presents the challenges facing the prosecution and discusses the best way to prosecute the arrested suspect.
Outline
Case Synopsis
Investigative Report
From the Paper
"In order to be found guilty under accomplice liability theory, it must be proved that the accomplice had given aid, counsel or encouragement with the intent to aid or encourage the principal in the commission of the crime charged. Most courts hold that mere knowledge that a crime would result from the aid provided is insufficient for accomplice liability purposes. If proven, an accomplice may be held responsible for the crimes he or she did or counseled and for any other crimes committed in the course of committing the crime contemplated, so long as the other crimes were probable or foreseeable."
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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 2008.
Looks at the bribery component of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the anti-bribery provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) makes it illegal for a U.S. person to make a corrupt payment to a foreign official to secure or retain business. The author points out that this act has an impact on U.S. commerce because companies with considerable foreign sales must have an effective FCPA compliance auditing program. In addition, the paper relates that the FCPA potentially is applicable to any individual, firm, officer, director, employee or agent of a firm and any stockholder acting on behalf of a firm.
From the Paper
"The case of Lockheed Martin Corp's Proposed Acquisition of Titan Corporation: In September 2003, Lockheed Martin Corp declared its plans to take over Titan Corporation, a defense contractor based in California for $1.8 billion approximately. As per the acquisition agreement entered into between Lockheed and Titan, the acquisition was to be completed by March 2004 at the latest. In keeping with Lockheed's routine pre-acquisition due diligence into Titan, however it was found that Titan had engaged in a lot of potential FCPA violations."
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Federal Courthouse Closed Door Policies, 2008.
This paper discusses federal courthouses' closed door policies with regards to death row inmates.
792 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper provides research that supports the thesis that federal courthouse doors should remain closed to those on death row, to ensure finality is reached on all issues unlikely to succeed in the courthouse. The paper discusses how if criminal offenders have access to adequate counsel during their preliminary hearings, there is no reason to assume they require additional petitions at the federal or the state level.
From the Paper
"In the U.S. the issue of equality before the law has always been one of primary importance. This is evidenced by the fact that all citizens, even those accused of federal crimes warranting death penalty, have an opportunity to appeal with new information (Snyder, 1998). All criminals regardless of their crimes however, are provided equal opportunity and access to counsel and legal advisors, even if court appointed. There are those however, that argue federalism concerns arise under "equal protection rationale" (Snyder, 1998:2211). Under this theory, legal researchers note that forcing state representatives to provide counsel and additional appeals may decrease the federal governments "intrusion on state power" (Snyder, 1998:2211). This suggests death row inmates who have additional counsel at the state level will "have fewer habeas petitions" as those petitioning will have significant time and support to substantiate and pursue any claims they have about their case (Snyder, 1998:2212)."
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Good Samaritan Laws, 2008.
A discussion of Good Samaritan laws and statutes.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Good Samaritan statutes that assert that a person rendering aid to an individual in good faith will not be held liable in civil court if an injury occurs to the individual as a result of that aid. The paper explains that a primary reason for Good Samaritan laws is to encourage people to assist individuals in distress. The paper further explains that legislators wanted to ensure that these individuals could not be sued if they rendered assistance and an injury occurred as a result. The paper focuses on the Good Samaritan law in the state of Virginia.
Outline:
Introduction
Good Samaritan Laws
The Reason Behind the Creation of Good Samaritan Laws
From the Paper
"Good Samaritan laws are designed to protect individuals that go to the aid of others in the case of an accident or an emergency. The Good Samaritan law is not a federal statute; instead the laws are developed and enforced by the states. The Good Samaritan laws differ from state to state but overall the statutes assert that a person rendering aid to an individual in good faith will not be held liable in civil court if an injury occurs to the individual as a result of the rendering of aid. Some states have very thorough laws concerning good Samaritans. One such state is Virginia."
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Legitimate Authority, 2008.
This paper discusses the principles of just war and legitimate authority.
733 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of legitimate authority, which mandates that war cannot be waged against any government, nation or population without it first being authorized and approved by the proper legal authorities. The paper shows how the current war in Iraq and civil war in America are used as examples of this principle.
From the Paper
"One example of this policy can be seen in the United States. In America the body of Congress is able to declare war, and in fact is the only body of government with the authority to do so(Principle of Legitimate Authority http://atheism.about.com/od/warandmorality/a/jusadbellum_3.htm).
"Because Congress is comprised of many political representatives, and a majority must agree to declare war, the US public is protected from having its government go into a war without considering the consequences first."
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