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Sustainable Development, 2008.
This paper explores sustainable development and the Clean Water Act.
2,096 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that sustainable development involves balancing human needs with the preservation and protection of the natural environment. The paper then discusses the Clean Water Act and its many environmental and social benefits but highlights the difficulty in enforcing this type of legislation. The paper concludes that individuals that are concerned about their environment must speak up and make a strong case for sustainable development.
From the Paper
"The term 'sustainable development' is one that many people still do not understand the meaning of, and there are arguments as to whether it is even a correct and proper term for what it is intending to describe. Broadly, however, sustainable development involves the balancing act that is required between human needs and the preservation and protection of the natural environment (Girard, 1998). This balance is not easy to attain, because there are always individuals ready to argue for one side of the issue or the other, and often they have difficulty finding any kind of willingness to meet in the middle. This is unfortunate, but it is the human condition in today's society and it does not appear to be changing. "
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The Compromise of 1850, 2008.
An analysis of the failings of the stated aims of the Compromise of 1850.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Compromise of 1850, an important event in the history of the United States. The paper specifically argues that the events following the Compromise and especially the subsequent development of slavery as an institution proved the limited impact this set of laws had on the definite resolution of the issue of slavery. The paper further discusses the historical background of the laws and then looks at the failing of the initial and official stated aims of the legislative initiative.
From the Paper
"First and foremost, in 1850, the Missouri Compromise was relatively untouched. By then, each state had followed the rule imposed by the 1820 agreement. California's desire to be admitted in the Union as a free state met the opposition of the South which saw this as a threat of the equilibrium. However, the Compromise had balanced this decision by agreeing on the Fugitive Slave Law, which stipulated serious punishments for any person aiding a fugitive Southern slave in the North. In this sense, consensus was reached and a certain balance was kept, while the basics of the democratic constitution were kept. (Rozwenc, 1957)"
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Sharp Force Trauma, 2008.
An in-depth study on the macroscopic evidence on bone morphology.
10,624 words (approx. 42.5 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 211.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the research done on determining the type of instrument used in crime cases and states that the marks that are left on the bones of a crime victim are significant in determining what kind of crime took place and what type of trauma the victim may have been subjected to. The paper states that there is little material specifically related to bone morphology and cut marks, making the study of it extremely difficult. The paper, which is well documented with tables and charts, concludes that cut marks, while highly valuable in the information that they provide to investigators, are only one tool in the arsenal of information that a crime scene investigator needs.
Outline:
Review of Related Literature
Gross Characteristics of Cut Marks in Bone
Two Common Types of Carpenter Saws
Saw Cut and Bone Cross-Section
Stages of Bone Reformation
Data Analysis Procedure
Limitations of the Study
The Importance of Qualitative Research
results
Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Discussion
From the Paper
"These saws are both carpenter saws and they are also common. They can be purchased in hardware stores, home centers, and other places and therefore they make easily-attainable weapons for individuals that are looking to commit crimes against other people. However, they do not always work well as weapons because sawing through human bone is not as easy as most people would think. Power saws are often used for this type of criminal activity, but there are places where they cannot be used and therefore hand saws must be employed."
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| Term Paper # 107427 |
temporarily unavailable
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Antitrust Laws, 2008.
A discussion on the court case of "Weyerhaeuser Co. versus Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co."
2,659 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the landmark Supreme Court decision "Weyerhaeuser Company versus Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Company," which has had a significant effect on the judicial landscape pertaining to antitrust law. The case involved the legal issues of antitrust laws and monopolies, specifically regarding what test was to be utilized should a predatory bidding occur. The paper discusses that essentially the Supreme Court held that the test used for over a decade to govern predatory pricing was the same test that should be applied to incidences of predatory bidding. The paper states that without competition, there is no check on prices and thus the consumer is the one who suffers. The paper relates that Congress enacted various laws in order to prevent monopolistic business practices from occurring.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary of the Case
Factual Background
Decision
Consequences of the Weyerhaeuser Decision
From the Paper
"Antitrust laws came into existence in the 1800s as a way of protecting the free enterprise value of American capitalism. The need arose during the later part of the century when great industrial corporations, such as Standard Oil and JP Morgan, were able to create monopolies over their industry and thus force out competition. Without competition, there is no check on prices and thus the consumer is the one who suffers. Thus, congress enacted various laws in order to prevent such monopolistic business practices from occurring."
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The United States Privacy Act, 2008.
This paper discusses the United States Privacy Act of 1974 and its effects today.
1,962 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States Privacy Act of 1974 has had a significant influence on the way businesses handle private information. The paper relates that although the Privacy Act was originally intended to apply only to government agencies, it now applies to non-governmental entities such as the healthcare system and commercial businesses. The paper concludes that because of this Act, individuals now have an expectation of personal privacy that organizations have an obligation to meet.
From the Paper
"The United States Privacy Act of 1974 has had significant influence on the way businesses handle private information. Although it was originally passed in 1974, it has been amended numerous times and has acted as the foundation from which all other privacy related laws and policies have been built. Originally passed to apply to the information gathered by government agencies, today the act also governs the protection of private information gathered by numerous organizations, including government agencies and businesses. Recently, the Act's provisions have been most often applied in such areas as to information gathered on e-commerce business websites and in the healthcare services."
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The U.S. Constitution, 2008.
This paper explores the debates between the Federalists and the anti-Federalists concerning the drafting of the US Constitution.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the nature of the constitutional debates between the Federalists and the anti-Federalists that led to the adoption of the US Constitution. The paper offers an understanding of the history both leading up to and during the period of debate. The paper relates that because of the debate that surrounded the document from the start, the terms of the Constitution are ambiguous, flexible and thus always open to debate.
From the Paper
"The Constitution of the United States of America is perhaps the world's oldest written national constitution. Adopted on September 17, 1787, the Constitution is the result of a significant and heated debate between who have become known as Federalist and Anti-Federalist. It was largely due to the arguments and propaganda of these two groups that lead to the final form of the document that was adopted. This debate was far reaching in that it occurred physically both in the various forms of the constitutional conventions and in the streets and homes in the form of editorials."
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No Lessons to Be Learned, 2008.
This paper discusses the essay 'There are no Lessons to be Learned from Littleton' by Gary Kleck.
1,211 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this paper, Kleck's essay, "There are no Lessons to be Learned from Littleton", is summarized and critiqued in an effort not only to better understand Kleck's viewpoint and its validity (or lack thereof).
Overall, the writer discusses that Kleck is saying that Littleton is an atypical event of gun violence and should not be over-analyzed as the beginning of a trend or something that is likely to continue with abandon in the future. Further, the writer notes that Kleck maintains that while time is wasted in micromanaging Littleton, other more important evidence and useful activities to prevent gun violence are not taking place as they should. The writer concludes that it is important to understand that all events, perhaps, need to be viewed as interrelated, and if not, the consequences could be severe. Upon conclusion of this paper, not only is the essay more fully explained, but the underlying issues that the essay presents are as well.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary of the Work
A Critique of the Work
Conclusion
From the Paper
""There Are No Lessons to Be Learned From Littleton", upon close study of the essay itself, is part history lesson, part social commentary, and can fairly be categorized as a work of criminal justice/social work research, for lack of better terms. However, it must be understood that Kleck's essay, while discussing the events of the Littleton mass murder case, would not be accurately summarized by simply being called an essay about that case itself; rather, it would be more accurate to say that Kleck uses Littleton as a launching pad for his arguments. As a general overview and summary of Kleck's work, it was written with Littleton as its starting point, but from that starting point, the exploration of what caused Littleton, and other school shootings to occur is examined. Many people would automatically assume that the essay would blame all of the commonly cited reasons for such crimes, but that is clearly not the case when presenting direct quotes from Kleck's actual text."
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Crack Cocaine Sentencing, 2008.
Looks at disparities against blacks in crack cocaine sentencing.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that racial discrimination in the sentencing of blacks has taken away judicial discretion and created an expensive and regretful policy of imprisoning large numbers of blacks, who might have been better off given second chances. The author points out that the passage of the crack cocaine law in 1986 made black defendants much more liable to spend time in prison if they were street dealers of crack cocaine rather than if they were dealing powder cocaine, which is essentially the same drug. The paper emphasizes that crack cocaine sentences are the largest factor in racial disparity in federal sentencing. Includes charts.
From the Paper
"The cocaine sentencing debate that followed the implementation of the 1986 law has shown the depth of the impact of crack sentencing disparity. In the 1980s, crack cocaine use was covered widely by the press, due to its rapid growth in the drug market. For the first time cocaine was made available to a wider economic class because of its cheap price. By taking powder cocaine, cooking it with baking soda and water, a hard rocky substance is created that can be cracked into smaller pieces called "Crack." These "rocks" are then sold in small quantities."
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ACLU Goals, 2008.
This paper looks at goals and objectives of the American Civil Liberties Union.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is one of the oldest civil rights organizations in the nation. The writer maintains that by the very virtue of its long held traditions it might be tempting for its general communications to eliminate basic information about its goals and objectives, yet, within its web presence is a demonstrative mission, that explains its goals and objectives. The writer points out that the ACLU wishes to uphold the constitutional Bill of Rights and extend these rights to historically disenfranchised peoples. The writer discusses that its goals are clearly set by outlining the basic rights of the constitution and its objectives are to go about doing this in a manner that reflects these rights upon every individual American, as well as all people that America comes into contact with.
From the Paper
"The objectives of the ACLU are then applied to specific issues, according to the perceived needs of the issue itself and what the historical best practices are for achieving successful change for any given issue. The application of objectives can be very broad to very specific based on historical best practices according to the ACLU and other civil rights movements. If for instance a goal is to reduce the infringement of the constitutional rights of a single individual, who was transgressed against, the legal means might be used as a logical objective, while other goals, such as decreasing the utilization of the US sponsorship of torture and or rights infringement in the rest of the world, the call is to inform the public of the problem and then allow members and individuals in the organization to write congressmen and utilize the press to broaden concern for the problem. Though all of the tertiary objectives may be used in every case the focus is on what has worked best in any given similar case in the past."
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Due Education Law Suits, 2008.
An review of two court cases in which the special education laws which are designed to protect students with disabilities, are featured.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper describes that across the nation students who are covered under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), have rights that must be provided. The paper states that at any time the student or the student's parents believe that his or her rights are not being upheld, they have the right to file for a due process hearing. If the parties involved with the suit do not agree with the results of that hearing they can take it to a court system and have it heard. This paper discusses a detailed description of two court cases that dealt specifically with student due process issues.
From the Paper
"The court ruling explained that the burden likes with the party seeking relief and in the case of due process hearings it is parents usually in the position of seeking relief. The ruling stemmed from a suit with regard to the Montgomery Alabama school district. "Jerry B. Weast, uperintendent of the Montgomery County Public School System, called the court's decision "a victory for special education teachers in Montgomery County and across the nation who work hard everyday to provide the best possible education for students with disabilities. He added, "We defended this case for one simple reason -- we didn't want our teachers and staff spending more time in the courtroom instead of the classroom."
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Contact Dermatitis, 2008.
This paper discusses the medical issue of contact dermatitis and looks at the Irish laws in this regard for the protection of workers.
4,046 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a medical epidemiology and overview of contact dermatitis, while focusing on the risks and complications associated with contact dermatitis among workers in the construction industry. The writer pays attention to Irish laws in place meant to protect workers from exposure to irritants that may result in contact or allergic contact dermatitis. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the prevalence of contact dermatitis and looked at what actions may be necessary to mitigate risk or provide additional resources for those most at risk for contagion with this known disease.
Outline:
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Significance of Study
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Critical Evaluation Literature Related to Construction Industry and Dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis, Construction and the Irish
Summary of Literature Review
From the Paper
"As more and more construction workers develop symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis, it is more important than ever that researchers focus on ways and methods they can prevent occupational hazards from reducing one's capacity to work or their quality of life. Among the important facts noted in the literature review is the increasing prevalence of contact dermatitis in Ireland and other areas where legislation has been slow to enforce some health and occupational acts that would protect workers from exposure to chemical irritants. Cited in this literature review are cases suggesting that Irish buildings and drinking water are among the primary causes for allergic or irritant contact dermatitis among workers and civilians alike. This serves to emphasize the need for a complete review of contact dermatitis, including its many forms, and an evaluation of the current legislation in place to assess its relevance and whether legislation needs to be improved to protect workers from developing debilitating forms of this condition."
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Academic Fraud, 2008.
An examination of a notorious case of academic fraud concerning ethics in psychology.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the "notorious" case of academic fraud by Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt as presented by H. Beloff. The research focuses on the ethical problem presented, the ethical principles breached according to the Australian codes of ethics, the motives and justifications of a commitment of this breach, justification for such actions and solutions for dealing with instances of academic fraud. The paper states that while a brief discourse on the case of Sir Cyril is provided, the primary purpose of the case is to prevent fraud from occurring in the future.
Outline:
Academic Fraud
Cyril Burt
Ethical Issues and Disputes
Code of Ethical Conduct
Proposed Solutions and Actions
From the Paper
"The cardinal principles of the Australian Code of Ethics as dictated by the Australian Ethical Society (2003) suggest the following principles must be applied in psychology and in evaluation of academic fraud: (1) professionals have a duty to act using well-informed conscious decision-making, (2) professionals engaged in academic investigation have a duty to act in the interests of the community they serve, (3) professionals and academics have a duty to accept responsibility for the health, safety and welfare of their community before the welfare of their private or personal interests and (4) professionals have an obligation to act with honesty and in good faith to the community, and apply their skill and knowledge in the interests of the community."
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Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Price Act of 2007 is an amendment of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) and how, according to the latter, Medicare beneficiaries receive a prescription drug benefit called Part D. Private prescription drug plans are also approved for Medicare beneficiaries by the federal government. It also discusses how government interference in MMA, according to the regulations of the 2007 Act, would work for the benefit of price regulation, but to the detriment of choice and market competition.
From the Paper
"The main benefit of Medicare Part D is to beneficiaries and taxpayers - in other words, to the public. Beneficiaries are allowed to choose whatever they prefer in terms of pricing and type of drugs. The market competition encouraged the negotiations between private plans and drug providers are therefore not beneficial only in terms of lower costs for certain drugs, but also in terms of choice. Some beneficiaries choose the higher priced drugs that work best for them, while others prefer lower costs for the financial benefits gained in this way. The plan therefore provides enough diversity for the public to choose from."
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External Induced Innovation, 2008.
A review of the issues on gun control and the effect of the California the 1989 law, Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act.
3,883 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gun control and the effect of the California law 'Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of the year 1989' and how it will impact on the manufacturers of AR-15 rifle. In particular, in discussing this topic, the paper analyzes the object of sale (.i.e the weapons) and the general attitude of the public toward the weapon sales, the legislation regarding the sale and use and the effect that is perceived in the market and, lastly, the theories of management that are apt in such a scenario to understand the effect and the best method of reacting or pro-acting to the legislation and changes.
Outline:
Introduction
The California Legislation
Externally Oriented Innovations
Measuring and Analyzing Regulatory Changes
Strategic Retreat and Frontal Attack
The Laws that Affect
Gun Control and Companies
Changes by the Companies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The legislature thus intended the restrictions on the use of a particular class of weapons designated as the "assault weapons as well as establish a process for their sale as also possession". ("Penal Code Section: 12275-12278", n. d.) The restrictions do not extend to weapons that are used for hunting and sports. The law therefore requires citizens to apply for permits and register the weapon with the authorities. The ban therefore is in unauthorized owning the class of weapons. The weapons that were classified in the act includes all Rifles of the AK series "Norinco 56, 56S, 84S, and 86S, Poly Technologies AKS and AK47, MAADI AK47 and AR and twelve others. The companies that were spelt out in the act included Benelli, Hammerli, Pardini, and Walther weapons."
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The Walsh-Healy Act, 2008.
This paper reviews the literature regarding the Walsh-Healy Act, also known as the Private Contract Act.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Walsh-Healy Act makes specific requirements of contractors and subcontractors for the government. The paper also explains the requirements regarding their employees' rates of pay as established by the federal minimum wage requirements, the age of employability of individuals and the health and safety conditions of the workplace.
Outline:
Introduction
Employee Federal Minimum Wages and Overtime Wages
Penalties for Failure to Comply
Health and Safety Aspects of the Public Contracts Act
Plan of Cooperation
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"As stated in the introduction to this work, contractors working with the government are required to pay employees the federal minimum wage. The federal minimum wage at the time the Public Contract Act was enacted was the amount of $5.85 per hour beginning January 24, 2007 and to be raised to the amount of $6.55 per hour and effective July 24, 2008, and again being raised July 24, 2009 to the amount of $7.25 per hour. Contractors are further required to pay their workers at one and one-half times the regular pay rate of the employee for all hours worked in a week in excess of forty hours."
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| Term Paper # 106735 |
temporarily unavailable
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Understanding the Family Medical Leave Act, 2008.
An analysis of the purpose and limitations of the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA).
2,626 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993. It discusses the purpose of the law and how it has assisted employees who are eligible for it. The paper looks at who the law applies to and what conditions it guarantees, as well as what provisions it makes. Finally, the paper discusses the limitations to FMLA's coverage.
From the Paper
"Although the FMLA is very specific and the DOL has clearly explained provisions of the law, it has been the subject of some controversy. In Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 538 U.S. 721 (2003), Hibbs, an employee of the Nevada Department of Human Resources sought leave under the FMLA to care for his wife. His request was granted, but the Department eventually informed Hibbs that his leave was exhausted and told him to return to work. Hibbs failed to do so and was terminated. Hibbs sued the Department, seeking monetary damages for interfering with Hibb's exercise of FMLA rights. The Supreme Court determined that state employees could recover monetary damages in federal court for a State's failure to comply with the FMLA. This was an important holding because the Eleventh Amendment generally bars suits against the states in federal court. However, the Court determined that when Congress specifically intends to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity, it can do so, and that it did so in the FMLA. Given that one of the purposes of the FMLA was to end gender-based discrimination in the taking of leave, that motive was substantial enough to end Eleventh Amendment immunity."
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Microeconomics and the Property Market, 2008.
An analysis of microeconomics and property rights and how the two relate to each other in today's housing market.
1,622 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses microeconomics as it relates to the property market, particularly in the realm of property ownership. The paper begins by defining microeconomics and property rights individually and then relates the two to each other. The paper then identifies constraints in housing market behavior and looks specifically at the housing market situation today in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Property Rights Overview
Microeconomics Overview
Microeconomic Aspects Of Property Ownership
Constraints In Housing Market Behavior Identified
Microeconomics In Today's Housing Market
From the Paper
"Other factors include falling housing prices which are noted by Barber to have been "falling at a 16 percent annual rate..." and as well Barber relates that these prices are expected to continue their decline meaning that "homeowners will build little or not equity throughout he duration of plans like this...the study shows that under these plans, homeowners will get to keep their house, but will be paying 85 percent more than if they rented a similar property." (Barber, 2008) The potential for equity being accrued in the home with falling prices and subprime rates and ARMS with variable interest in the terms of the mortgage. The problem is that a likelihood exists that taxpayers will pay approximately $75,000 for "each homeowners who stays in their home." (Barber, 2008) Barber indicates that "particularly problematic" are the decline in prices in the housing market."
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