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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2006.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2007.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Judicial Review, 2007.
This paper discusses the Marbury vs. Madison case and looks at its impact on the judicial review.
2,955 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that no doubt exists regarding the significance given to the complete and thorough understanding of the judicial review process. The writer points out that this process has been treated by many originalists as one of the most decisive, if not the key factor in the Marbury vs. Madison case. The writer maintains that over the years, reviews, analyses and answers given by the various jurists and researchers have varied considerably. With such contrasting views about the Marbury vs. Madison case, the writer states that it is important that one thoroughly studies judicial review in the light of the events, which unfolded before and after the Marbury vs. Madison case. The paper attempts to analyze the chain of events, which lead to the Marbury vs. Madison case and the impact of this case on the issue of judicial review.
Outline:
Introduction
The Review of Marbury v. Madison
Discussion and Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Clinton reveals that this newborn concept of democracy had been on shaky grounds because of the 1800 elections since there had been clear uncertainty of the transfer of power between the opposing parties. In addition, there existed evident mistrust between the two parties and the federalists strenuously believed that the future of the Untied States would be jeopardized under the Republican rule; and therefore, they had been attempting to avoid such a situation by opposing and causing problems for any Republican take over."
"One of the loopholes, Clinton writes, along with the complete un-identification of political parties, had been that the new government could not appoint a fresh Congress till almost half a year after it took Office because of the haphazard way in which the constitution's timetable had been set. Hence, the Congress had been in control of the Federalists till the 3rd on March 1801, even though they had not been the ruling party."
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Multicultural Issues in Policing, 2007.
This paper discusses cultural issues related to policing and law enforcement.
2,819 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that for the past 40 years, law enforcement in the United States has been accused of being ethnocentric and unable to accommodate cultures other than Caucasian white. The writer maintains that in a country founded by ethnic groups and immigrants, it is difficult to conceive of a practice that is so insensitive to the needs of other cultures. Further, the writer argues that in order to be an effective law enforcement officer one must understand other cultures in a personal way that goes beyond language barriers. This research examines cultural issues related to law enforcement as well as issues that may affect the ability to deliver fair and just law enforcement for all cultures.
Outline:
Understanding Cultural Differences
Law Enforcement and Community Relations
The Roots of Racial Profiling
Racial Profiling and the Muslim Community
Is This Still Necessary, or Just an Excuse?
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The formal definition of culture refers to a shared system of beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and the means that a group of people use to adjust to their world and others around them. Cultures are typically defined by their traits that make them different from other groups. All cultures have similarities and differences. Culture refers to the uniqueness of each and every group. It may include the way they dress, the foods that they eat, family structure, and moral values. Often other cultures are judged only by those things that are easily observable, such as the way they dress, their language, or the foods that they eat. However, cultural differences may not be as apparent on the outside and the necessity of cultural understanding may be missed by an officer. The ability to recognize what constitutes a multicultural experience and to recognize the diversity that exists is the first step to understanding differences."
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Medical Marijuana, 2006.
A review of a case in the Canadian Supreme Court regarding the use of marijuana for medical purposes.
1,559 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the debate surrounding medical use of marijuana in Canada. The paper explores a case brought before the Supreme Court regarding the right to carry marijuana and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to determine whether laws are broken when people carry it for their use.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Bump in the Road
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It allows for the fact that a person meeting the medical exemption guidelines may for a variety of reasons not be able to grow their own marijuana supply nor be able to locate a representative who is willing to grow only that amount, for free without any benefit for themselves. The person in question has already been deemed to have a condition that qualifies them to use the drug however, with the obstacles they face in cultivating and possessing the drug they may find themselves buying it through other means, which is against the law. In this case the judges agreed that the person's personal rights and freedoms are being violated in a manner. "
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Reporters Revealing Sources, 2007.
An analysis of the protection afforded journalists from revealing sources.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the rules and ethics governing journalists revealing sources. The paper explores cases in which journalists were ordered to reveal sources and refused. It also examines the protections that journalists have from revealing sources and argues that it is those protections that provide the ability to bring the public the news.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Federal Shield Time
From the Paper
"Part of the problem involves the legality of a government official leaking information to the press that should have fallen under their confidentiality agreement. The leaks are at times criminal offenses on the part of the official who provided the information and the demand to have the journalist reveal that name is so that person can be charged. If the journalist doesn't reveal the source there is no way of knowing it if was in fact a government official or other person who had a confidentiality agreement. It is ironic that journalists are jailed for not helping someone jail an official who helps bring corruption to public light."
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Wal-Mart Loses Legal Suit about Work Breaks, 2007.
This paper discusses how Wal-Mart lost a law suit in Pennsylvania regarding work breaks.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Wal-Mart's legal loss in a suit in Pennsylvania regarding work breaks and off the clock labor. The writer explores the legal issue and examines the law that applies. Further, the writer presents an analysis of the case. The writer concludes that the weakness of Wal-Mart's case, despite its insistence it will appeal, is further underlined by the fact that it could not deny that some employees were not compensated for their breaks. The writer also notes that Wal-Mart maintains that there should be less of a financial settlement given to the wronged employees than was ultimately awarded.
From the Paper
"For example, according to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act as well as Pennsylvania law, overtime pay should equate to one and a half times an employee's regular rate of pay for all hours worked over forty hours during a regular workweek. However, because many Wal-Mart employees were forced to work more than the regular workweek, but because they were not officially on the clock, their extra labor was disregarded in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It should be noted that a state could have more stringent or additional labor standards regarding the fair treatment of workers, but not less stringent standards than the federal government. The workers sued under Pennsylvania rather than federal law, but regardless of the venue, Wal-Mart's practices regarding overtime were in violation of both federal and state standards regarding overtime."
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The Scopes Trial, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between the Scopes Trial in the 1920s and the new way of thinking today called "intelligent design."
889 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the famous Scopes Trial that took place almost 80 years ago, which debated whether the theory of evolution should be taught in the classroom. The paper discusses how the verdict of the trial was considered a big victory for science and reasoning and how it later got interpreted as the victory of free speech against oppression. The paper relates this trial to the current way of thinking called 'intelligent design'.
From the Paper
"The trial did create an impression for a while but disbelief in Darwinism did not disappear completely and time and again it started showing its face in public sphere in different modes. Let's not forget the Edward J. Larson's Pulitzer Prize-winning book 'Summer of Gods' in which he made his anti-Darwinism ideas loud and clear. Also Church kept on raising its voice in different ways against Darwin and his evolution theory. A large number of American people kept on subscribing to literal interpretation of Bible while being skeptical of the beliefs of Darwin. The movement that was curbed temporarily by the trial kept on gaining force with the passage of time and now the religious conservatism can be seen on the rise again. In the decade of 70s the emergence of Reagan in the presidential office got the agenda of religious beliefs and conservatism back on the forefront."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2007.
An analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which targets white-collar business fraud.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which states that all business corporations need to better supervise and control their employees, documents and information and sets severe measures for those who destroy documents or hide them from the public or the government's institutions. The paper looks at the criticism and dissatisfaction of businesses with this legislation but also examines the positive effects of the bill on white-collar crime and corporate behavior. The paper evaluates the economic impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Information
The SOX case of Richards vs Lexmark International Inc.
Literature on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Conclusions
From the Paper
"During the past few decades, the number of white-collar business fraud cases seemed to increase dramatically. Due to an immense interest and press investigations, these crimes were brought to the publics' attention, causing them to lose their confidence in the fairness of business actions. In July 2002, Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael G. Oxley presented the American Senate with the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002."
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James Madison's Role, 2006.
A discussion regarding James Madison's role in trying to balance civil liberties with government power through the drafting of the Bill of Rights.
8,150 words (approx. 32.6 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the US Founding Fathers were faced with a number of important issues as they debated the form and content of the Constitution, not the least of which was ensuring that their own individual interests would be addressed in the new country. According to the paper, although it represented the work of many minds, the primary author of the first ten amendments to the Constitution was James Madison, but his reasons for advocating these civil liberties was substantially different than many modern observers might believe.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Perspectives Articulated at the Constitutional Convention
The Changing Views of James Madison
Analysis and Discussion
Implications of the Ratification of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Moreover, in spite of significant across-the-board gains for many formerly disenfranchised citizens during the latter half of the 20th century, the Bill of Rights continues to experience the ebb and flow of political thought in the nation today. Indeed, the civil liberties contained in the Bill of Rights have been subject to the arbitrary vicissitudes of executive whim and fancy more than once in the nation's history, and the U.S.A. PATRIOT Act is just a recent example of how these rights can be adversely affected even with the constitutional guarantees therein contained. In the final analysis, then, it is reasonable to say that James Madison did a better job of executing his responsibilities at the Constitutional Convention and thereafter than many of his peers could have done, and the implications of his failure to do so have also been the subject of much scholarly debate over the years and these issues are discussed further below."
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Cultural Misunderstandings Versus Police Misconduct, 2007.
An analysis of the cultural misunderstandings and racial discrimination that can occur in law enforcement.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cultural diversity and misunderstandings, as well as the police misconduct that might be seen when cultures collide. It begins by discussing the importance of cultural diversity in society and then goes on to describe some of the clashes that can occur due to this diversity. The paper also discusses racial discrimination and how it can be seen in law enforcement, as well as society in general.
From the Paper
"At the same time, black judges were more likely to incarcerate white offenders than black offenders (Coker, 2003). All of this information suggests that, while not all studies agree, overall it appears that blacks are incarcerated more often than whites, given harsher sentences, and are generally discriminated against in various facets of life. While the justice system is certainly one of those areas, it is not the only area where blacks are discriminated against, and many of the prejudices that were shown toward blacks and other minorities in the past still remain today, which is a cause for action in the criminal justice system and in other facets of life as well. The color of one's skin should have nothing to do with the quality of the person and therefore all people should be judged for who they are and what they have or have not done, regardless of what color skin they have or where they come from."
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Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), 2006.
Discusses the writer's personal experience of being hit by someone who was driving while intoxicated (DWI).
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reflects the author's personal experience of being hit by a drunk driver. According to the paper, no mercy needs to be shown to drunk drivers; the maximum allowable blood alcohol content (BAC) should only be 0.05%, and there should be a zero tolerance program for young men and teenage boy drivers caught driving while intoxicated.
From the Paper
"My truck wasn't drivable but the door worked. I got out and could hear the glass pop off my clothes and make weird sounds like Rick Krispies popping in a cereal bowl, and when I got to the Mercedes I could see these two guys, drenched in gin, beer, and glass. They were laughing. From ten feet away you could smell the alcohol. When I asked them if they were alright, they gave some quick answer and tried to get the car to move. It wouldn't. I asked them for their insurance and they rattled off some expletives and told me to go to hell and asked if I knew who their father was. However he was, he was going to be very angry when he saw that brown Mercedes, it was totaled."
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Feminist Jurisprudence, 2006.
A discussion regarding feminist jurisprudence and landmark decisions relating to gender.
1,572 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the topic of feminist jurisprudence. According to the paper, feminist jurisprudence as a philosophy and practical enterprise began in the 1960s. The paper continues saying that the foundation of feminist jurisprudence lies in the struggle for equal rights and against gender discrimination. It is essentially based on the view that societies have shown a tendency towards gender subjugation and discrimination.
From the Paper
"Sexual harassment in the workplace has been the focus of some important legal decisions. The first sexual harassment case in the United States is considered to be Barnes v. Train (1974). Another landmark case which established sexual harassment as a form of sexual discrimination was Williams v. Saxbe, 1976. This case showed that "...when sexual advances by a male supervisor towards a female employee, if proven, would be deemed an artificial barrier to employment placed before one gender and not another. " (Sexual harassment) The issue of sexual harassment was also spelt out by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) which issued various regulations in 1980 and which stated that sexual harassment was in fact a form of gender discrimination that related to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. "
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HIPAA and PACS, 2006.
A review of the relationship between HIPAA and PACS regarding the delivery of healthcare.
2,999 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the personal access communication system (PACS) and discusses how they relate to each other.
The paper presents a detailed examination of the HIPAA act and the PACS program to determine whether they collide or coincide with each other.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Hypothesis
Discussion Through Literature
Collide or Coincide
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first indicator that PACS dovetails with HIPAA is the need for passwords and various codes to get into the system and maneuver around its components. When PACS is first installed there is a training period in which those who will be working with the medical imaging department will be trained in how to use passwords and codes to open and enter the system. In addition, many hospitals and other medical facilities have opted to change and rotate passwords on a frequent basis thereby reducing even further the chance that the information contained within the storage area of the system will be accessible by a hacker. "
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Murder Comparison, 2007.
This paper provides a comparison of purposeful murder and reckless manslaughter.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the idea of purposeful murder is one that has been in the statutes of various states for some time. The writer notes that generally, crimes that are planned, or premeditated, are seen as being much more significant and worthy of much more prison time or harsher penalties than crimes that are not planned and just 'happen' because of the provocation that an individual faces from someone else, such as in a fight. The writer discusses two different cases and then notes that it is clear that there are many differences in the issues that relate to culpability, conduct and causation, which is why the verdicts ended up much different for the two individuals involved. The writer points out that this makes a strong difference in the severity of the penalties that the individuals received and the way that the court determined what these individuals were actually guilty of where each case was concerned.
Outline:
Purposeful Murder
Reckless Manslaughter
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case discussed where reckless manslaughter is concerned, the individual in question had two altercations with a bouncer in a bar, and then later shot another man, who he then claimed he thought was the bouncer from the bar. The original jury did not agree with this, but the other court reversed that verdict and determined that the individual was indeed guilty of reckless manslaughter and not purposeful murder. There were specific reasons why the new assessment of the case determined that the man was guilty 'only' of reckless manslaughter as opposed to purposeful murder. These include the culpability, causation, and conduct elements that are seen in a manslaughter conviction."
"Where culpability is concerned, it is clear that the convicted man was the one that killed the other man, who he states he believed to be the bouncer from the bar. However, the man was also quite drunk at the time, and therefore his judgment of who was who, as well as his judgment of how upset he should be for being denied entrance to the bar, was likely impaired."
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Crime in New York, 2007.
This paper discusses statistics regarding violence and crime in the city of New York.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper points out that from the 25 largest cities in the US, New York shows the lowest level of crime. The paper further points out that the reduction in crime is a continuous result of fifteen years of change, that has brought along a feeling of security in the areas once known as dangerous. The paper then considers reports and statistics concerning various types of crime. Next, the paper explores reasons and factors which have determined the fall in the level of criminality. The writer of the paper concludes that one cannot say that every sector of the city had a diminished level of criminality. The writer maintains that the diminished level of criminality must be regarded as a whole, with each district of New York contributing more or less to the final outcome.
From the Paper
"As the charts prove, there has been a decrease in the number of murders, larceny thefts, assaults, burglaries and vehicle thefts. As for rape and robbery one can notice that year 2005 has brought a slight increase in the percentage comparatively with the previous year, meaning 2004."
"The writer believes that these drops in criminal activity are not due only to the better coordination of the police compared to the previous years. The writer has to admit, though, that the greatest part may have been achieved by it. How? By employing a greater number of officers; by patrolling the streets more often; by harshening the controls made to prospective criminals; by keeping a more developed database containing names of criminals, pictures and all aspects related to them; by going online with this database (as far as their internal rules permit) and by raising awareness among inhabitants of the city."
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Workplace Privacy, 2007.
An analysis of the legal and ethical ramifications of employee testing and surveillance.
1,688 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses workplace privacy. It looks at the new and increasingly controversial ways in which employers can impinge upon an employee's privacy, such as drug testing, genetic testing and electronic surveillance. It then discusses, in detail, the legal and ethical ramifications of employers using these tools and how they can impact on the workplace.
From the Paper
"From the utilitarian standpoint, it is certainly imaginable that genetic testing, drug testing, and electronic surveillance might contribute to the overall good by increasing the output of various businesses. However, it is also imaginable that the negative aspects associated with these measures might detract from the total happiness of society: increased surveillance and the inability to use certain drugs might decrease employee contentedness; meanwhile, genetic testing might leave major subsets of society out of the economy and impoverished. Deontologically, people might take a stand for personal physical privacy as an innate moral good; yet, precisely what each deontologist might define privacy to be may vary. Consequently, some deontologists might think that workplace surveillance and drug tests are morally acceptable, while genetic tests are not. Others might organize their beliefs differently--all measures may be seen as morally unacceptable, for instance. Essentially, attesting to be either a utilitarian or a deontologist gives little indication of which way an individual might lean with respect to physical privacy in the workplace."
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Death with Dignity Act (DWDA), 2006.
This paper is a literature review of physician-assisted suicide and a policy analysis of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act (DWDA)
7,800 words (approx. 31.2 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 169.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that some of the issues regarding physician-assisted suicide are the evolution of rights, ethics and "the slippery slope" argument. The author points out that the issue of physician-assisted suicide has rapidly moved from being a secret, marginal matter to a real topic of discussion for most people in the United States. The paper contends that the issue of physician-assisted suicide is related to the availability of end-of-life palliative care.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Dr. Jack Kevorkian
The Federal Government and States Treat Physician-Assisted Suicide in the Courts
Doctors Speak Their Mind on Physician-Assisted Suicide
Scope of the Problem
A Question of Healthcare
Do The Terminally Ill Really Want Physician-Assisted Suicide?
Breakdown of Policy
Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly
How the Act Was Brought Into Being
Subsequent Progression to Present Day
From the Paper
"In 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that affected assisted suicide and made it illegal. They overturned rulings in the 2nd and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeal striking down state statutes banning physician-assisted suicide. Those statutes, which prohibited doctors from prescribing lethal medication to competent, terminally ill adults, were found to violate the 14th Amendment. In striking the appellate decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court basically declared that no constitutional "right to die" existed, but individual states might enact legislation permitting or prohibiting physician-assisted suicide."
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Public Policy-Making Process, 2006.
A review of public policy making and the public policy-making process.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the process of public policy making. According to the paper, the policy making process that occurs in governmental organizations is a complex process that involves many organizations and entities, and is inclusive of several stages in the policy-making process. The paper further discusses the thesis of Charles E. Lindblom and Edward Woodhouse.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of Policy
Different Kinds of Policy Analysis
How Perceived Problems gets on the Public Agenda
The Major Players in the Process
The Decision-Making Processes Used to Adopt Policies
The Environment Within Which Policy Must Take Place
How Federalism Impacts the Policy-Making Process
Assessment of the Process Using the Thesis of Lindblom and Woodhouse
From the Paper
"Policy analysis is stated to have its limitations in the work of Lindblom and Woodhouse and the policy-makers are generally given too much advice or information which is incidentally extensive but does not offer a contrary or different point of view. Another limitation exists in the fact that while one group would hold that the correct action was taken yet another group would believe that the action was incorrect and this is based on individual reasoning. Stated is: "There runs a deep and wide river of information and opinion fed by many springs, from formal research projects to letters to the editor, some of which makes it way into the thinking of those with direct influence over policy." [p.15]"
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