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"Mr. Local Custom Must Die", 2008.
A critical review of the article "Mr. Local Custom Must Die" by George McMillan.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the article "Mr. Local Custom Must Die" that conveys the depth of frustration felt by the southern Black in 1960. The paper explains that although the desegregation of the army and the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision "Brown vs. Board of Education" paved the way for future change, there was little of that change visible to a black man in the South in 1960.
Outline:
Introduction
The Setting for the Article
From the Paper
"As the author mentions, hopes had been raised in the past, only to be dashed by subsequent stonewalling by the aristocracy of the southern power structure.
"There had been two events in the recent history of the author which provided encouragement that the black family might come closer to equality with their white counterparts: the integration of the armed forces following the Second World War, and the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision."
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Discrimination in the Music Industry, 2008.
This paper discusses how white musicians receive credit for musical genres originally created by African Americans.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the racism and discrimination that still appears to exist in the music industry in general and in the jazz and hip-hop world specifically. The paper gives examples of white musicians who have grown rich by performing African-American music without having the actual African-American artist involved in delivering it. The paper believes that society must give recognition to African-American musicians where it is due.
From the Paper
"One type of music, Jazz, has its roots in many different countries and cultures, however, the primary development of jazz occurred in the United States in the deep south within the African American culture. In the early days of jazz, there existed a "set of white Americans, who had identified jazz only with liberation from the social responsibilities of full citizenship" (Jones 188). "As a musical language of communication, jazz is the first indigenous American style to affect music in the rest of the World" (Morgan). Jazz music is prevalent in most major metropolitan cities such as New Orleans, Chicago, and New York City (Morgan)."
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Frederick Douglass, 2008.
An analysis of the relevance of Frederick Douglass' writings today.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Frederick Douglass was a former slave who went on to become a leading abolitionist. It discusses how his speeches and writings had great influence during his lifetime and how his concerns over the ability to think freely, the unified family, education, and other cultural concerns continue to have relevance in today's world.
Outline:
Admonitions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In part, Southern slave owners kept their slaves' minds captive by promoting their illiteracy. Individuals who are unable to read and write are also prone to what Harris, Kamhi, and Pollock (2001) refer to as "functional illiteracy," the inability to use certain resources that society provides for the convenience and for the success of its inhabitants (p. 6). While the slaves might not have had access to the technology that is used in the authors' example, they were kept from accessing the technology of their times, being limited to the physical labors and primarily unskilled household tasks to which their masters assigned them. Illiteracy also kept these slaves from participating in society and learning of things that might have freed them from slavery had they known about them. "
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Toni Morrison's "Beloved", 2008.
An analysis of the themes of ghosts, time, memory and trauma in Toni Morrison's "Beloved".
1,814 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Toni Morrison's "Beloved" offers sometimes confusing allegories stressing the power of the past over what may be bizarre events of the present and future. The paper also examines the ghost in the story, called "Beloved", and how the power of Beloved can be seen in how it forces attention to the past in those who need to exhume it and that whatever or whomever Beloved was, she had worked a kind of magic in evoking the deepest feelings of those with whom she insisted on living. The paper concludes that the surviving adults in the novel must make an effort to overcome their pasts, realizing they are past what harmed them, and transform themselves.
Outline:
124 Bluestone Road, Cincinnati
Beloved
From the Paper
" At the beginning of Beloved, Morrison commented that Paul D had read of an incident in Cincinnati involving a slave woman who killed one of her children when her owner caught up with her, an example of the way in which Morrison added details in a matter of fact way that leaves the reader to knit together the story as he or she will. The manner in which characters arrive and leave is part of Morrison's able way of suggesting fluid time and how characters are often distracted by matters not of the immediate present. For instance, Sethe's son's, Howard and Buglar, ran away in 1873 after years of life with phenomena that made the household a misery. (Beloved 272) As for Paul D, upon his arrival he comes to terms with an obviously haunted house. "
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Civil Rights, 2008.
This paper describes the history of civil rights in the United States for blacks, women and gay men and women.
992 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how great strides have been made regarding civil rights in the US since the inception of the idea in the 1940s. The paper relates that although racism has not been totally eradicated, in the eyes of the law today every race is equal and constitutionally protected. The paper then focuses on the 1960s as a decade that interests the author in terms of issues, events and experiences and on the 1980s as a decade that least interests him. The paper also discusses how the United States has experienced the most change in its culture, becoming more gender equal.
From the Paper
"Civil rights became an issue of concern in the 1940s when President Harry S. Truman made it the main focus of his fighting liberal program and even championed a bill that would end racial discrimination in the military. However, Truman backed down from this platform after he endured a wave of political backlash from those who feared the program: mainly southern politicians.
"In the 1950s, the National Association of Colored People (NAACP) emerged, led by Reverend George W. Lee. The group was formed to encourage blacks to use their voting power and their civil rights to enact change in society. However, at the time, fervent opposition and violence met the NAACP and Reverend Lee was murdered in 1955 Mississippi because of his efforts."
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The Watts Riot, 2008.
This paper looks at the racial violence in Los Angeles in the 1960s.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the events and occurrences that led up to the Watts riot. This includes the urban decline in the inner city, racially biased highway construction, preferential suburban housing developments for whites and racial segregation in communities and schools. The paper shows how the Watts riot was an inevitable outcome of this racial, social, and economic divide that plagued Los Angeles and the rest of the country in the 1960s.
Outline:
Introduction
The Watts Riot
Urban Decline
Highway Construction
Suburban Development
Racial Segregation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the 1960s, civil unrest was anything but uncommon, from the women's movement to the Chicano movement, to the "Black power" uprising, each group claiming rights that they were entitled to, but had never sought so vigorously before. In Los Angeles, California, this civil awareness eventually escalated in the form of a riot that would send shockwaves across the country, the Watts Riot of 1965.
"The events and occurrences leading up to the riot are many including such things as urban decline in the inner city, racially biased highway construction, preferential suburban housing developments for whites, and racial segregation in communities and schools."
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Interdependent Waves of Feminism, 2008.
An analysis of the wave theory in feminism.
1,361 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the wave theory in feminism. The paper points out that some scholars and activists argue that this metaphor aptly describes the historical progression of feminist theory, while others explain it as a historical progression through the use of waves. This paper argues that the wave theory, because it is essentially a generational paradigm, deceptively suggests that the challenges and struggles of an earlier generation do not apply to those that succeed it. The paper then analyzes a seminal issue, from each of the three waves, that continues to reverberate today: black women and poverty, negative feminist stereotypes, and the continued demotion of a black woman's status and word.
From the Paper
"Most historians delimit the years of the first wave as those between the 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in 1920. The women that formed this generation of feminists (even though they never used that rather modern word) were concerned, above all else, with de jure political inequalities like the withholding of suffrage. However, these same women were integrally involved in the anti-slavery movement, and much of their activism aimed to alleviate the situation of African-American women in the southern states. Slavery, of course, ended after the Union's victory in the civil war, but that sad chapter in American history still reverberates loudly today, and it would not be an exaggeration to write that the trauma of that experience trickled down through the generations and is directly responsible for the social and economic predicaments that so many African-Americans find themselves facing today."
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"Revisiting America" Through the Eyes of Susan Wyle, 2008.
A review of the book "Revisiting America" by Susan Wyle.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Susan Wyle's book "Revisiting America". The paper explains that this book is a collection of stories of national treasure and bound together through her love of teaching, writing and desire to understand the implications of American History on our world today. The paper examines how Wyle uses a historical context to look at issues such as race, culture and conflict through the memories of people whose lives history sculpted. The paper also points out that each story calls for tolerance when dealing with ethnic differences in a way no other has seemed to be able to do. In conclusion, the paper shows that Susan Wyle, through her methods of teaching, has brought all her readers into her think tank and enlightened many.
From the Paper
"Another example of how Wyle (2004) demonstrates the commonality between all human beings is through minority groups. Although minority groups preserve their culture they also process the broader culture of their host country--in this case America. Take the immigration of the Irish. Although they left their country behind they brought with them their language, their religious beliefs, their culture specific foods and beverages and their music--by migrating to America the Irish brought their culture and became interdependent with the host culture of America."
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A Review of Major Themes in Rothenberg, 2008.
A review of a book by P.S. Rothenberg entitled "Race, Class and Gender in the United States".
1,159 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews the work of P.S. Rothenberg in her book entitled "Race, Class, and Gender in the United States", that focuses on power in relation to gender, race and class. The paper relates that the style of the book, which consists of short essays, provides an epiphany formulation of where you are in your thoughts regarding the subject matter of gender, race and class. The paper further relates that Rothenberg's book takes a difficult classroom subject and eases the challenge for teachers by supplying teaching material that discusses white privilege, the social construction of gender, poverty statistics, homophobia and racial profiling.
From the Paper
"Rothenberg's approach in her book entitled Race, class, and gender in the United States, focuses on power in relation to gender, race and class. The style of the book, which consists of short essays provides an epiphany formulation of where you are in your thoughts regarding the subject matter of gender, race and class. Rothenberg takes a difficult classroom subject and eases the challenge for teachers by supplying teaching material that discusses white privilege, the social construction of gender, poverty statistics, homophobia and racial profiling. Not only does she supply material for teachers she provides extra reading sources for students. Her book is classified by systems of oppression. The common thread that runs through each system of oppression is a generic list of common traits identifying immigrants in America today."
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Is The Death Penalty Biased?, 2008.
This paper explores whether there are biases in the application of the death penalty in the United States.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of racial bias, gender bias, juveniles and capital punishment and the link between poverty and the death penalty. The paper contends that overall, the death penalty may be a necessary evil in our society, however, until we can be one hundred percent sure it is meted out fairly, a moratorium on the act may be in order.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Bias and Capital Punishment
Gender as a Factor in Death Penalty Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Juveniles
Poverty and the Death Penalty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been administered and accepted in this country for over 200 years, however, some states have now abolished the practice, while others continue with sanctioned executions. In 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois suspended executions in that state and "commuted the death sentences of all Illinois death row inmates in 2003" (Wolfers 791). Following Ryan's lead, in 2004, New York's highest court ruled that the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional. Although prisoners still sit on California's death row, executions in that state are virtually nonexistent, however, executions in Texas continue at an even pace (791). "
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George Washington, 2008.
Evaluates the character of George Washington based on his controversial actions relating to slavery.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that scholars, especially blacks, have attacked Washington, denouncing him as a racist, anti-black and a licentious adventurer who fathered black children by his slaves. The author points out that, initially, he treated slaves essentially as chattels, oblivious of trauma they endured; however, over the course of his lifetime, his views gradually changed. The paper reports that, in his will, he manumitted his slaves and provided for former slaves unable to support themselves, paying pensions as late as 1833. The author concludes that this act confirmed his public virtue and made him an embodiment of the ideas of popular sovereignty and liberty.
From the Paper
"His leadership of the Continental Army forced Washington to confront his own attitudes towards slavery. Finding large numbers of free blacks serving in the Army, he initially dismissed these soldiers. However, when the British offered freedom to blacks who took up arms for the crown, Washington reversed himself and allowed the free blacks to reenlist and fight to keep this force from the British. Blacks were eventually some twenty percent of the Army. During the War, Washington was apparently quite an impartial commander, treating black as soldiers, and paying them full respect."
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Racism and the Judicial Process, 2008.
This paper argues that the judicial process does not result in racial discrimination.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the argument that the judicial process is to blame for the large percentage of African-American prison inmates in the USA. The writer argues against the idea that the large number of African Americans in jail is due to racism in the judicial system. The writer maintains that it is not the judicial process that is to blame. The writer concludes that it seems likely that more African Americans are arrested and later put in prison simply because more African Americans commit serious crimes.
From the Paper
"It supports the argument that more African-Americans are arrested and put in jail simply because they commit more serious crimes. It cannot be because of bias at the arrest stage, because the data shows that African-Americans are less likely to be arrested. It is of course possible that African-Americans are discriminated against later in the judicial process - for example, at the sentencing stage. However, we can conclude that their race does not make them more likely to be arrested in the first place, at least in the three crimes of rape, robbery and assault. D'Alessio and Stolzenberg sum it up as follows .. "
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Higher Education and African Americans, 2008.
This paper explores the predictors for the failure of African Americans to access and succeed in higher education.
3,626 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
The paper attempts to determine the predictors that reveal attrition rates among African-American college students or aspiring college students. The paper provides a literature review and devises a variance analysis of different groups to argue that attitudes which value or devalue a post-secondary education are tied to racial affiliation. The paper therefore shows how, ultimately, these predictors are chief explanatory factors for why students fail to apply to school or drop out long before they have achieved final success.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The research/empirical literature
Methodology
Methodological limitations
From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that African Americans fail to access (and to achieve success in) higher education because of underlying factors that can easily serve as reliable predictors of troubles to come. For instance, racial quotas or affirmative action policies in America have distracted attention away from school failures and from ecological problems (de-emphasis upon higher education, de-emphasis upon scholastic achievement) that keep African-Americans out of school or from finding the levels of achievement they deserve. Additionally, students will fail to attend university if they sense that the reward simply is not there in the end or if they feel that they will be the victims of racial stereotyping (in short, it may be extrapolated from the literature that academic persistence is directly impacted by what people believe they will experience when attending an institution). Lastly, one other key predictor is the extent to which parents value higher education and the educational attainment they themselves possess."
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"When Affirmative Action was White", 2008.
A critical review of Ira Katznelson's, "When Affirmative Action was White".
1,447 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of Ira Katznelson's book, "When Affirmative Action was White". The paper looks at the main idea of the book, some key supporting ideas or themes and the perspective the author assumes with regards to the historical record. The paper shows how although Katznelson presents a credible argument, his ideas are clearly biased.
From the Paper
"The primary focus of Katznelson's book is to argue that affirmative action is not something that emerged substantively in the 1960s but, rather, has its roots in the policy decisions of the 1930s and 1940s. Specifically, policies crafted in that seemingly long-ago time dealt with issues like welfare and work in ways that marginalized the overwhelming majority of African-Americans - and this marginalization is still be felt even today. Furthermore, the inequalities that ostensibly found their expression in the legislation of the period were largely the product of trying to please Southern Democrats; to put it another way, Democratic representatives of the American south bristled at any attempt to elevate the condition of the "negro" and many of their Northern colleagues (on both sides of the aisle, apparently) ably assisted them in efforts to thwart meaningful reform (Katznelson, X). In a real sense, Katznelson wants to emphasize how the struggles of the past remain very much the struggles of the present - and how affirmative action today is only incompletely dealing with the issue of racial inequality."
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Integration and Nationalism During the Civil Rights Era, 2008.
An examination of two dominant philosophies from the civil rights era: Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theories of the two leaders that have come to symbolize the American civil rights era: Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam. The paper discusses these different theories on integration and African-American identity. The paper then argues that the civil rights era brought to the forefront some diametrically opposed theories on the solutions to the African-American dilemma in the United States. The paper also looks at the intrinsic and fundamental differences of two dominant philosophies from that turbulent era: the one embracing America and working within the context of the founding fathers and the Constitution, the other dismissing the intentions of the founders and unveiling the unfulfilled promises of the constitution. In conclusion, the paper shows that both met with success, and both contributed to the overdue "cracking open" of the race issue in the United States.
From the Paper
"Any attempt to understand the turbulent post-World War Two decades in the US must commence with this assertion: the civil rights movement was not the unexpected child of the 1950s and 1960s, but rather, the climactic achievement of decades, if not centuries, of toil and struggle. However, it was during these decades that the idea of civil rights (that is, African-American civil rights) permeated the national consciousness as never before. A casual perusal of the harrowing images from that period may lead one (wrongly) to assume that the African-American community's stance on the issues of the period was unanimous and impervious to internal fragmentation. Civil rights leaders did agree on one seminal issue--mainly, that the conditions in which most African-Americans, and particularly those in the South, found themselves living in were simply intolerable."
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Was Conrad Racist?, 2008.
This paper critically examines Chinua Achebe's essay "Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'".
1,067 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Chinua Achebe's claim that Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" was intentionally racist. The paper examines the historical context of the novella and argues that Conrad was a man of the times, with its prejudices, values and its dehumanizing view of people of color. The paper further contends that the picture Conrad paints is merely a true representation of African life as he witnessed it.
From the Paper
"Chinua Achebe wrote a radical easy in 1975 claiming that the Heart of Darkness was not the great work of art that it is depicted as due to the racism that is so prevalent in the novella. Achebe even went a step further to say that Conrad was a racist and that he intentionally wrote into the Heart of Darkness his racist views. Historically it has been argued since the publication of the Heart of Darkness in 1897 that Conrad wrote of the Congolese he knew through his work as a seaman and that his life in Europe, specifically Poland where he resided was a great factor in his writing of imperialism."
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Integrationism and African-American Nationalism, 2008.
This paper compares the difference between the political ideas of integrationism and African-American nationalism during the Civil Rights era in the US.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that both the integrationists and the African-American nationalists were stirred to action by the racism directed against African Americans in the US. The author describes that, while the integrationists favored non-violence, the African-American nationalists were prepared to use violence. The paper further relates that integrationists would work with whites; whereas, the African-American nationalists would not. Additionally, the author relates that the integrationists wanted a future of living harmoniously with whites even as the African-American nationalists wanted a future of living separately and making their race strong, proud and independent. The paper concludes that neither group achieved its aims because the US remains deeply troubled by racism today.
From the Paper
"Another important different between the two groups was the goal they aimed for. It was not as simple as wanting to end oppression, racism and discrimination. Both sides were working towards their own vision of the future. The integrationists wanted an integrated future in which both races would live side by side in peace. This was expressed in the speech given by the most well-known integrationist,Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. His most famous speech sums up his dream of an integrated future, in which all races live together in harmony."
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The Harlem Renaissance and "Negro Art", 2008.
This paper explores the concept of "Negro Art" from the Harlem Renaissance period by analyzing the philosophies of two of that movement's central leaders.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophies of three leading figures of the Harlem Renaissance--Langston Hughes, George Schuyler and W.E.B. DuBois. The paper describes Langston Hughes' "The Negro and the Racial Mountain" in which he attempts to prove that the desire to not be associated with a specific ethnic class is tantamount to racial self-hatred. The author then explains that George Schuyler in his "The Negro Art Hokum" argues that African-American artists are not some sort of unified bloc and that the imposition of subject matter and style is belittling and racist. Next, the author of the paper applies the conclusions of Hughes and Schuyler to two paintings by Beauford Delaney, a prominent painter of the Harlem Renaissance. The paper concludes that the fairest and most logical approach to the study of "Negro Art" lies somewhere between Langston Hughes and George Schuyler.
From the Paper
"Another of Delaney's works that highlights the necessity of forming a compromise between Hughes' and Schuyler's contrasting theories on art is his famous pastel drawing of James Baldwin, the American writer and novelist. Although the two were close friends, Delaney does not attempt to transmit, through his strokes, a sense of his love of and appreciation for Baldwin. Had he wanted to do that, he surely would have created a different portrait than the eerie, anxiety-riddled, and yellow-hued portrait that he actually made."
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African-Americans and Civil Rights, 2008.
This paper discusses the differences between the integrationist movement and African-American Nationalism during the civil rights era.
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper compares the two approaches to the American Civil Rights Movement: the moderate integrationist movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the more radical African-American nationalism movement, associated with Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party. The paper shows the intense rivalry between these two different approaches. The paper points out, however, that they were working for the same ideal of true equality for African Americans.
From the Paper
"The Civil Rights struggle was the struggle of African Americans to gain equal rights to whites in the USA. It took place mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Some of those involved in the struggle preferred moderate means. A famous integrationist was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. On the other hand, some activists were more radical. Most of these radical activists did not believe in working with whites. This is referred to as African American Nationalism. Famous African American Nationalists include Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party."
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