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Race and Masculinity, 2008.
A review of the book "Battle Royal" by Ralph Ellison.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
An examination of racism and cruelty towards African Americans in Ralph Ellison's book, "Battle Royal". The paper explains that in Ellison's story "Battle Royal", powerful symbolism, e.g. that of blind fighting on an electrified rug, is used to significantly portray African Americans' struggle for equality, and to also show both the artificial construction-connection and the degradation of race and masculinity at once. The paper also points out that within Ellison's "Battle Royal", race and masculinity are also deliberately constructed, especially vis-a-vis prejudiced white society, by the African-American author in order to illustrate the conjoining and the degradation, by whites, of African-American race and masculinity.
From the Paper
"Near the end of Ralph Ellison's "Battle Royal"; in the scene where the young black narrator finally repeats his recent high school graduation speech to the assembled white businessmen and other pillars of the [racist] community; Ralph Ellison juxtaposes 1940's-era African American typically degraded masculinity, against the dominant but nervous masculinity of the town's leading middle-aged white males. Here, Ellison describes a clearly well planned and orchestrated afternoon of deep racial and sexual humiliation, combined, of the teenage narrator and other black youths his age who are pressured and coerced into fighting one another, supposedly for prize money."
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Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement, 2008.
A review of the book "Why We Can't Wait" by Martin Luther King, Jr.
852 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the book "Why We Can't Wait" by Martin Luther King, Jr. which describes the 1963 struggle for civil rights that climaxed with legislation that ended segregation in the United States. The paper looks at how this book is written in graphic terms, in language that is intended to move people. The paper also points out that the chapters in the book are, in essence, written sermons. The paper then explains why "Why We Can't Wait" is an important document concerning this period of segregation and oppression of black people in America.
From the Paper
"In the opening chapter, Dr. King addresses the question, "Why 1963?" and summarizes the many events that brought the emotional crisis which black people had endured to a head. Segregationists were proving the depth of their intransigence. Africa was moving to full independence, yet in much of America neither African diplomats to the United States nor United States Marines were accorded basic human decency. To combat this situation, Dr. King had studied and been profoundly influenced by the doctrine of non-violence, which he discusses in his second chapter, "The Sword That Heals.""
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Article: Jill Smolowe's "A Town Divided", 2008.
An analysis of Jill Smolowe's article "A Town Divided".
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Jill Smolowe's article, "A Town Divided", about six young African-American male high school students, labeled the Jena 6 by the media, who were arrested and charged with attempted murder in an adult courtroom for beating a young Caucasian male student to unconsciousness. The paper first presents background information about the incident and then takes a look how the article covered it. Specifically, the paper discusses the ethos, logos, and pathos of the articles and concludes that, overall, the article is effective in creating sympathetic feelings for the Jena 6, as the original charges they faced and their initial treatment was definitely unfair.
Table of Contents:
Commentary
Argument Analysis Essay
From the Paper
"The argument in this piece is very subtle but obviously clear and seeks to present the six African American males as sympathetic characters, which is the ethos of this article. Only the African American point of view is presented in interviews with some of the accused and their families, with none of the Caucasian participants given a chance to speak or express their side of the story. This logos makes sense when the aim of the article is to humanize one faction in a story, while demonizing the other."
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Self-Definition and Development, 2008.
A discussion on the subject of self definition and development with respect to the African-American culture.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper relates in descriptive terms the understanding of many African Americans that knowledge, values and principles are necessary to fulfill their ambition of self definition and development. The paper highlights with examples and discussion, the necessity for African Americans to recognize their cultural knowledge, values and principles and to self define or self develop to prevent loss of identity.
Outline:
Essential knowledge
Important principles and values
From the Paper
"Knowledge is definitely power, and the knowledge of one's roots and heritage is empowering for the individual of African America descent. In an introduction to an article entitled, Black Homeland Black Diaspora, Drachler emphasizes the importance of acknowledging one's African roots, cultures, and customs. However, Drachler also writes how this knowledge can become quite confusing with the pressure to be Americanized into a universal melting pot. This search for an "identity of wholeness and pride [...] have offered themselves, pointing toward Africa [...] the ancestral homeland" (Draschler 8-9). Drachler lists several "main tendencies" that have been attempted by African Americans to gain self-knowledge and awareness."
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Subversions and Mixed Messages, 2008.
An analysis of the contributions of African-American performers
to the minstrel tradition.
1,587 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the minstrel tradition, although apparently racist, also provided a platform for African-American artists not only to launch themselves into careers in theatre that would otherwise have been closed to them, but also to use the form of the tradition for their own purposes. It looks at how through the integration of African-American musical traditions, the subtle alteration of minstrel imagery, and the addition of protest lyrics which brought issues of race to the forefront, these artists were able to subvert and transcend the very medium which had been created at their expense.
From the Paper
"In an article entitled "The Influences of Nineteenth Century African American Music on the Popular Music of South Africa", Robbie Fry writes that "After the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 the number of black [minstrel] troupes grew rapidly. Their appeal was their 'authenticity,' which they promoted in advertisements and exploited in their performances. This authenticity drove the white performers out of the business and opened the doors for many African American musicians and actors" (Fry, 1). Their involvement in the heretofore whites only minstrel scene altered it drastically--and, in fact, they proceeded to use the genre, its images and its traditions for their own purposes, using the platform they were given by white audiences continuing to seek confirmation of the racial order they were so heavily invested in. While Fry admits that the draw of potential financial freedom, away from the harsh realities of plantation life, presented a powerful inducement to join in the minstrel tradition, he also insists that this was not simply a case of African American performers selling out, and giving their white audiences what they wanted. "
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"A Time to Kill", 2008.
This paper discusses the social implications of John Grisham's movie "A Time to Kill".
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how the movie "A Time to Kill" addresses the issues that surround the rape and murder of a young African-American girl, the justice dealt to her white rapist-killers and how the revenge meted out by her father is dealt with. The paper highlights how, with the characters acting as realistic representatives of life in the American South, the movie shows how racist socialization is both widespread and inevitable.
From the Paper
"The plot of the movie "A Time to Kill" contains several social implications. Each one of these social factors plays a role in how the movie addresses the issues that surround the rape and murder of a young African American girl, the idea of "justice" being dealt to her rapist-killers, and with how the vigilante justices meted out by her father is dealt. While the protagonist, portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson has clearly committed the act of which he has been accused, his character is more sympathetic than the men that he has killed. The sympathy that his story creates in the minds of both the jury--and the audience--is such that it transcends the actual demands of the justice system."
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African-American Identity, 2008.
This paper explores African-American self-definition and development.
999 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the need for a communal African-American identity, with a commitment to acknowledging racism and combating it. The paper looks at the works of Chinua Achebe, Kwame Gyekye and Aime Cesaire who, from different viewpoints, each make a strong call for African-Americans to form a community or family that remembers and reclaims its cultural legacy. The paper explains that claiming membership in a global community of Africans is a way of building a well-grounded and powerful identity that can heal and liberate.
From the Paper
"The question of the self-identity of African Americans is a complex one. On the one hand, their identity is clear - they are Americans, with all of the challenges and responsibilities that go with this identity in 2007. On the other hand, however, they have a broader identity: their African identity. To some extent, this is true of most Americans - for example, there are many Americans of Irish descent. However, there are two important differences. One of them is that African Americans comprise a visible minority, merely by being clearly and visibly African. The second is that unlike Irish people, millions of Africans today still live in extremely difficult circumstances. Moreover, as famous Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe claims, this is arguably part of the legacy of racism."
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Race and My Community: The Case of Brooklyn, New York, 2008.
A discussion on race relations in the Brooklyn suburb of New York.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper investigates racism with specific reference to the Brooklyn suburb of New York and taking into account the population groups and the manner in which civic leaders react to the African-American race groups. The paper looks at how the media portrays this racial group and finally the writer sets forth suggestions as to how the situation can be improved.
From the Paper
"Naturally, any commentary on how African-Americans in Brooklyn are perceived leads inevitably to the question of how they portrayed by the local media. I was unable to find local statistics that revealed the number of African-Americans working in management or high-profile positions on local television, but I would have to concur with Kanye West's criticisms in the past that African-Americans are shown in a generally negative light by the media (Gold & Collins, 2005); specifically, there is a predisposition among many in the media to downplay white offenses (like stealing) while failing to do the same for African-Americans. For my part, I have often looked at the local news and puzzled over the fact that so many of the criminals shown on television are African-American - even though I know full-well that Caucasians and Asians are hardly uninvolved in criminal activity. It is this image of African-Americans - especially African-American men - as criminals that cause us to be ignored by local cabbies and passed over for job openings. "
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African Immigrants in the Rural South, 2008.
A research proposal to study health care among African immigrants in the rural south of the US.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, without preventive services, such as regular physical exams and dentist visits, African immigrants in the rural south of the US are the victims of great health disparity. The paper points out that health care information may not reach the needy African immigrant population due to their inability to read and comprehend flyers, poster and pamphlets explaining the services available in the area. The paper then presents the research methods for a qualitative case study in which the local health care system will look at how to best reach this African immigrant population. A health care survey is included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Methods
Limitations
Appendices
Interview
Survey
From the Paper
"The Untied States Center for Disease Control (CDC) focused on African immigrants in a study of health disparities in 2005. The CDC found that health disparities affecting African immigrants in the rural south included HIV/AIDS and a variety of mental disorders. The CDC stated that African immigrants are at an increased risk for chronic disease and injury due to lack of English fluency and education regarding the United States health care system. Also, cultural attitudes were cited as a contributing factor in the health disparity of African immigrants residing in the United States."
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"To Kill a Mockingbird", 2008.
A critical analysis of the theme of racism in the 1962 film "To Kill a Mockingbird" directed by Robert Mulligan.
808 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the critical elements of racism that arise as they pertain to Robert Mulligan's film "To Kill a Mockingbird". It looks at how in many scenes within the film, Mulligan effectively captures the spirit of Atticus Finch (Gregory Peck) and his desire to defend a black man from being wrongfully charged with raping a white woman. The paper also discusses how, by acknowledging the problems of racism in the South in the 1930s, Mulligan provides cultural and community based examples of racism that are realistic and poignant.
From the Paper
"The major issue in Mulligan's civil rights era film To Kill a Mockingbird is how racism is prevalent between families within the town. The Radley's are the racist faction that seeks to have the black boy hung for supposedly raping a white girl, and it is the Finch's that help to bring about justice to seek a legal means to try the case. Mulligan brings this conflict into focus, which is a major reason why the film depicts racism effectively as a cultural issue that divided communities in the 1930s. In Mulligan's characterization of the families, Nathan (Richard Hale) is very similar to Boo's dad, as he is racist and does not care for outsiders to interfere with the events that occur inside the Radley home."
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A Look at America in the 1940s, 2008.
A look at how American women and African Americans changed their view of themselves after the Second World War.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at how the Second World War changed American society in ways that few could have envisioned in 1939, by changing how African Americans and women saw themselves. It also explores the social, cultural, economic, racial, political, and gender contexts of the age in which two important primary documents shedding light on the struggles of both of these aforementioned groups were written.
From the Paper
"In 1941, A. Philip Randolph penned an article in the Black Worker entitled, "Call to Negro America to March on Washington for Jobs and Equal Participation in National Defense." In this piece, Randolph spoke of a "crisis" unfolding within America - a crisis that involved America's black population. As Randolph put it, "What is this crisis? To American Negroes, it is the denial of jobs in Government defense departments. It is racial discrimination in Government departments. It is wide-spread Jim-Crowism in the armed forces of the nation." Mr. Randolph went on to vigorously argue for full integration in the nation's fighting forces and for jobs in critical national defense projects; he also told his readers of what would happen to America if the cries of African-Americans for equal treatment was not reached: "if American democracy will not defend its defenders; if American democracy will not give jobs to its toilers because of race or color; if American democracy will not insure equality of opportunity, freedom and justice to its citizens, black and white, it is a hollow mockery and belies the principles for which it is supposed to stand..." In the end, it may be argued that the cataclysmic upheaval of a world war became the moment within which African-Americans set in motion the civil rights movement still to come."
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Mary Ann Shadd, 2008.
A look at the life and work of Mary Ann Shadd and her important place in North American history.
1,651 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at Mary Ann Shadd and assess her important place in North American (not merely Canadian or American) history. To wit, the ensuing several pages look at Shadd's prominent role as the first Black woman in North America to edit and publish a newspaper when she brought into existence the 'Provincial Freeman' in Windsor, Ontario, during the 1850s. Moreover, the paper looks at how Shadd vehemently rejected the strictures imposed upon her by virtue of being female and black and how she self-consciously carved out for herself a very public position on a wide array of issues. To determine what precisely it was that made Mary Ann Shadd so different from so many other women, the paper begins first by looking at her upbringing in a home wherein both her parents played integral roles in the early nineteenth-century Underground Railroad. Additionally, this paper explores her education and inquires into the role Quakerism played in shaping her vigorous intellect and her determination to use "common sense" - via the written word - to awaken revulsion against slavery and racial inequality. Finally, some time is devoted to looking at her many accomplishments as a publisher and as an educator.
From the Paper
"Shadd's work as an editor and publisher is only one small part of her contribution to history - both Canadian and American. In addition to her involvement in the newspaper industry, Shadd was also a teacher who, while not even in her 30s yet, organized a school for black children in Wilmington, Delaware - the same slave-holding state her family had fled from not so many years earlier. She also somehow found time to teach in New York City, West Chester, and Norristown, Pennsylvania. More significantly, Shadd opposed school segregation and, upon arriving in Windsor, Ontario, somehow scraped together the money from bemused parents to found a private school (with her at the head of course) that, ostensibly, rejected educational segregation. "
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Impact on USA, 2008.
An explanation of the "Brown v. Board of Education" case and its impact on American education.
1,963 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that compelled school administrators and school districts to throw open their doors to African-American students after generations in which segregation had been the accepted norm in US education. This paper argues that "Brown v. Board of Education" was historic because it overturned the Supreme Court decisions of the past that had guided and legitimated segregationist education in America for decades.
From the Paper
"The case was significant, first and foremost, because it over-turned Supreme Court precedent. To be more precise, the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 had upheld the public policy of the state of Louisiana to segregate African-Americans. Particularly, the Court said that Louisiana was fully justified in having separate facilities for African-Americans and for whites as long as though facilities were "equal". In the Court's considered opinion, the Fourteenth Amendment - a constitutional amendment demanding equal protection under the law for all citizens and one that also impels states to treat equally all citizens under their respective jurisdictions - was not violated by the Louisiana policy of dividing black from white. As the High Court chose to interpret the matter, to the extent African-Americans and their sympathizers saw segregation as a sinister plot to suggest the racial inferiority of African-Americans, such a suggestion or intimation only existed because African-Americans chose to put that construction upon the situation. Of course, as it turned out, the High Court was rather profoundly mistaken."
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The 1950s: A Decade of Peace?, 2008.
This paper provides an outline of the 1950's political and social climate.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the political climate of the 1950s was shaped by the Cold War, the fear of Communism, economic changes seen in the rise of big business and the military-industrial complex and by the aftermath of the success of the U.S. in World War II. The paper looks at the Korean War that started the decade and the foundation for the Vietnam War that was set by the end of the decade. The paper also examines the social change and social turmoil, with the Civil Rights Movement's birth. The paper illustrates how this era was not one of absolute peace, although it is seen as peaceful when compared to the demonstrations and protests of the 1960s.
From the Paper
"A security crisis developed in the 1950s with the fear of communism and the certainty that subversives had infiltrated nearly every facet of American life. The McCarthy era, as it came to be known, was referred to by many as a witch-hunt. This was a political crisis that was used by Senator McCarthy as a way of elevating himself and boosting his career, but the mass hysteria of the time made it possible for him to do this and also caused others to be accomplices in accusing people of being subversives."
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Educating, Empowering and Mentoring Young Women, 2008.
A discussion about the empowerment of women to ensure equality in society.
2,092 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how women have struggled for equality in society, though have never truly achieved it. The author mentions various women who have risen to positions of power and achievement, such as Margaret Thatcher and Mother Teresa and provides a more detailed account of Rosa Parks, the black woman who became a globally known Civil Rights leader. She concludes her paper by suggesting that more changes be introduced into society to empower and educate more women to become leaders of tomorrow.
From the Paper
"Educating, empowering and mentoring young women for leadership tomorrow sounds as though it is an idea that we may speak about, but one that in reality is too complex to achieve. This is because throughout society women have struggled for equality, though never truly achieved it; women have gained advancements, but only marginally; and women have maintained roles of leadership, though in minimal numbers as compared to men. Traditionally, women are taught to be "sugar and spice and everything nice", while males are taught that they have power over all that they survey and that their mistakes can be attributed to "boys being boys", while women are constantly reminded of Eve and that apple. So it must be asked, "how do we overcome these societal views and create an environment that supports achievement of this vast undertaking?" We begin by reflecting on history..."
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African-American Women and Drug Trafficking, 2008.
This paper explores the relationship between African-American women and the selling of drugs.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the observation that young African-American women have a higher proclivity to sell drugs than other races such as their young Caucasian counterparts. The paper examines studies that shows this relationship between at risk behaviors and young African-American women. The paper also looks at research that explores how early adolescence affects African-American women later in adulthood insofar as drug-related problems are concerned. The paper discusses a proposed study that will determine the degree to which poverty and economic related circumstances contribute to drug trafficking in a specific urban center among the young African-American female population.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
II. Literature Review
III. Methodology
From the Paper
"This research project is designed to identify the primary factors related to the high incidence rate of young African American women who commonly sell drugs or engage in drug trafficking activity in the nation's urban centers. The working hypothesis states that poverty and related economic factors directly impact the study populations' proclivity to engage in drug trafficking as an economic alternative. While this might seem criminally obvious, there are social and cultural implications related to the study outcomes which the criminal justice system must learn to accommodate for such as devising adequate drug treatment programs for repeat offenders that better assess and target the contributing behaviors (Laudet, Cleland, Magura, Vogel & Knight, 2004). "
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Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin", 2008.
Examines racism in Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin".
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, without question, there are many troubling characterizations of African Americans in Harriet Beecher Stowe's, "Uncle Tom's Cabin". For example, the paper notes, the most articulate and "sympathetic" African Americans in Stowe's book are light-skinned, which clearly suggests that lightness of skin and personal merit were correlated in the mind of the author. The paper then argues that, in spite of these characterizations, Beecher Stowe generally sought to portray African Americans in a way that emphasized their humanity and potentiality. Thus, the negative stereotypes in the novel are outweighed by the book's many strengths.
From the Paper
"Obviously, besides the characters highlighted above, other black individuals in Harriet Beecher Stowe's most enduring work need to be looked at carefully - although there is really only room for one. That "one" is Tom, the apparent "accomodationist" whom critics have perceived for generations as a weak-willed and subservient individual who sought to ingratiate himself with whites as opposed to acting as a forceful leader of the African-American cause in his community."
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Civil War and African Americans, 2008.
A discussion of the Civil War's impact on African-American soldiers.
709 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Civil War greatly altered the lives of tens of thousands of African-American soldiers and their families because of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and his related decision to authorize African Americans to serve in the Union Army. The paper shows how historic events inspired an overwhelming number of former slaves to enlist in order to fight against the Confederacy that had enslaved them and also earn military wages so they could support their families.
From the Paper
"In the second chapter of his book, Climbing Up To Glory, Wilbur Jenkins examines how and why initial Northern opposition to African-American participation in the Civil War was related to the respective treatment African-Americans received from the Union and Confederate governments during the fighting. African-Americans eagerly offered to fight for the Union as soon as the war broke out, but authorities in Washington D.C. rejected their offers for political reasons. (Jenkins 29-31)"
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