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Detroit and Urban Crisis, 2008.
This paper looks at the urban crisis in Detroit, while studying the works "Detroit Arcadia" by Rebecca Solnit and "The Origins of the Urban Crisis' by Thomas Sugrue.
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as the industrial powerhouse that the United States was in the years of and immediately following World War II began to slow down in the 1960s, many of America's urban areas saw the economic base eroding with the disappearance of industry as well as the huge migration of Caucasians from the cities when the economies of the cities fell into decline. The writer discusses that the by-product of all of these occurrences was the fight to prevent racial integration of the suburban areas into which the Caucasians fled, and a swift decline of American cities. The writer looks at the city of Detroit that has been devastated over the years because of economic and racial issues. Such urban crises are the focus of this research. The research studies and cites the works of two pivotal writers on the topic in an effort to better understand the topic itself.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Consequences of the Urban Crisis
Political Consequences of the Urban Crisis
Agreements/Disagreements
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A brief history lesson of the socioeconomic history of Detroit is the best way to begin to understand the historical consequences of the urban crisis as well as what the crisis is in and of itself. During and immediately after World War II, the machine shops and automobile plants of Detroit, and as a result the other supporting businesses, were flush with cash because of the need for implements of war, during the war years of course, and the need for consumer vehicles after the war, as men and women returning from battle settled back into a state of normalcy and went on a buying spree in unprecedented quantities. Because of the proliferation of available jobs, Caucasians and African-Americans alike were able to gain employment; true, the racial inequality was existent, but it was not as acute or damaging at this point as it would eventually become. With the passage of time, however, the gap between the races was intensified by the power of capitalism, and the African-Americans of Detroit, as well as elsewhere, soon saw the economic and social gap between them and their racial opposites increasing to their disadvantage."
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Invisibility as an Escape from Racial Degradation, 2008.
A comparison of approaches to escape racial degredation in "the Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison and "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man," by James Weldon Johnson.
3,574 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two opinions of ways to escape from racial degradation and the pain associated with it as an African-American male. It analyzes the views of Ralph Ellison and James Weldon Johnson in their works "The Invisible Man" and "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man," respectively. The paper compares their approaches to escape and how they are portrayed in their books.
From the Paper
"Both Ralph Ellison and James Weldon Johnson chose a life of invisibility over the pain and suffering related to living in American society as a black man. Ellison's narrator chooses to ignore his individuality for the time being and instead to reside within the larger stereotype as a way to avoid the unwanted attention of a white audience. Despite his association with several African American groups aiming at social reform, the invisible man realizes that it is much easier to stay invisible then to try and force the white community to recognize you. James Weldon Johnson's narrator chooses a different form of invisibility but with the same motivations. Due to his mixed heritage, he has the choice to be seen as a white man. After seeing how horrible American racism can truly be, he decides to abandon his African heritage and all the degradation which accompanies it to live a middle class white life. He becomes invisible in that he "passes" as Caucasian in white society. This opens up new doors for him and ensures he will not have to deal with the prejudice many of his fellow black Americans must deal with on an everyday basis. Both characters show cowardice in their choice to become invisible to American racism, but can anyone really blame them for their choice?"
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Justice Delayed, Justice Denied, 2008.
An analysis and comparison of Constance Curry's "Silver Rights" and Tim Tyson's "Blood Done Sign My Name".
866 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper compares Constance Curry's book "Silver Rights" to Tim Tyson's book "Blood Done Sign My Name". The paper relates that Curry's work is a tale about the ability of the human spirit to overcome and triumph negative forces of racism and mistrust, whereas Tyson's work, in contrast, is about how South Carolinian blacks, long socially and legally oppressed, eventually used street violence to ensure that the violence done unto them was punished.
From the Paper
"Silver Rights specifically grapples with the complicity of the state's legal system in African-American disenfranchisement. When Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted as part of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 it prohibited "discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance" and its implications for student education were profound ("Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2007, U.S. Department of Justice Website). In an attempt to circumvent the strictures of the federal law, the state government of Mississippi passed a "Freedom of Choice" law."
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Reconstruction in African-American History, 2008.
An exploration of Reconstruction and its significance in African-American history.
2,188 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Reconstruction, the formal system set up in 19th century America to deal with the aftermath of the civil war, including dealing with newly-freed African Americans. The writer discusses how Reconstruction was responsible for the passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, and actively promoted African-American involvement in politics and public life. It was a very social as well as a political movement, and led to the increased educational levels of southern blacks. The negative effects of Reconstruction, such as the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist groups, are also discussed. The writer concludes that Reconstruction paved the way for there to be sufficient numbers of educated, organized, and determined African Americans to force the social changes that it promised by the time of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement.
From the Paper
"While the treatment of former slaves may have been an issue in Reconstruction, it is important to keep in mind that the North and the South had many political differences. Therefore, northern Republicans were concerned about the southern Democrat dominance in politics. As a result, the Republican Party took over Reconstruction. The first major act of Reconstruction was the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended citizenship to blacks and extended the protections of the Bill of Rights to the states."
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"U.S vs. Cecil Price", 2008.
An examination of the ramification of the 1964 case, "US vs. Cecil Price" for civil rights in the state of Mississippi.
745 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the historical case, "U.S vs. Cecil Price." The paper first describes the background of the 1964 case and those involved in it. It then discusses the ramifications of the case for civil rights in the state of Mississippi. The paper particularly looks at how this case was seen as a key to breaking the wall of segregation throughout the South.
From the Paper
"The population of the country was reluctant to offering any kind of information regarding the killings; in fact, it was children who gave the investigators the most clues. The two agents used tactics such as the observation of the sheriff's behavior as he was under heavy suspicion but could not be directly linked to the murders. Although he did not crack, information soon came from inside the Klan. James Jordan, a member of the KKK came forward and was confronted with investigators during the course of five rough interviews. At the end he was aware that his only chance to avoid going to prison was to give the full story. In recent years there have been several speculations regarding the involvement of the white mob in support of FBI's investigation; soldiers of prominent mob families such as the Colombo family allegedly participated in revealing the whereabouts of the three victims."
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Harlem Renaissance and Negritude Writers, 2008.
A look at the Harlem Renaissance and Negritude poems and a film that celebrate the rebirth of Black culture.
2,092 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the works of poets such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Leopold Senghor and Aime Cesaire and also examines Haile Gerima and Shirikiana Aina's 1993 film "Sankofa". The paper highlights how both the poems and the film develop themes related to the rediscovery of a Black culture and a new identity.
From the Paper
"The Black population coming from the continent was constantly perceived as an inferior race and was subjected to intense racial discrimination in the societies it came in contact with. In response to such attitudes, there were numerous movements which advocated an emancipation of the Black race and a rediscovery of their heritage. At the same time, initiatives such as the Harlem Renaissance and the Negritude constantly tried to reach out to the roots of the Black culture and promote a new vision of Africa and its people. Poets such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen were representative for the literary segment of the Harlem Renaissance, while Leopold Senghor and Aime Cesaire were strong voices for the Negritude movement."
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Hooks and Racism, 2008.
This paper discusses Bell Hooks' treatment of the issue of racism, focusing on the work "Killing Rage: Ending Racism".
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the scholar Bell Hooks' 'Killing Rage: Ending Racism' begins with the shocking defense of a severely psychologically disturbed black man who unleashed a killing spree on the New York subway. The writer notes that while by no means defending murder, Hooks engages in a kind of tacit endorsement of the man's motivation, or his sophisticated understanding that both blacks and whites can perpetuate institutionalized racism, by supporting institutions that foster racist attitudes. The writer points out that America is a nation founded upon a racial divide between blacks and whites, founded upon the economic, political, and social legacy of slavery. The writer discusses that the notion of institutionalized, rather than personalized racism demarcated by Hooks stresses that although the effects of institutionalized racism may disproportionately affect blacks, both black and white 'bodies' can and do enforce the prejudices and stereotypes.
From the Paper
" Hooks' criticism seems apt in the sense that 'whiteness' as a construct, much like 'heterosexuality' and 'maleness' has only recently been problematized within contemporary academic discourse. But Hooks' use of the term as the opposite of blackness, in reference to individuals is itself problematic. What about racial categories of white people who only 'recently' became white, such as people of Irish, Italian, or Mediterranean extraction? Or Jewish people and members of other minorities that have not been able, historically, to fully participate in American culture because they are not seen as 'white.' Do they all see blackness in the same fashion because they are locked in the same ideological system, or do they exist within their own subculture as well as participate in the dominant discourse of black/white racialization?"
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Wages of Whiteness, 2008.
This paper reviews and discusses the book 'The Wages of Whiteness' by D.R. Roediger.
1,069 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article discusses that in the work 'The Wages of Whiteness', the author, Roediger, explores the relationship between the growth of America's working classes and the social construction of prejudice behaviors or racism. The writer notes that the author structures the book chronologically, looking historically at the history of racism and working classes within the United States. The writer discusses that the primary premise behind the work is that white workers throughout history demanded or pushed for higher wages than their minority or African-American counterparts. The writer concludes that there is no doubt left in the mind of the reader that subjects of whiteness and discrimination continue within the United States.
From the Paper
"To support these arguments the author utilizes many resources, both primary and secondary. Much of the secondary information acquired by Roediger comes from his work with the Organization of American Historians, a select society that won Roediger a prize for his fervent work toward social equality. From the very first pages of the work, Roediger references tales of prejudice, by describing the experiences of two white boys, stating one carried a knife referred to as a "nigger gigger" which emphasizes the predominance of racism during the time periods the book reflects on. Kathleen Cleaver, who provides the introduction to the work, notes Roediger explores racism during the early years of US history, arguing that people cannot defend working class racism by reviewing socio-economic status only or alone. The same is true of students with economic advantages. Cleaver goes on to point out Roediger's belief that certain ideologies and psychological mythologies underpin many stereotypes against minorities, specifically Afridan Americans. These "ideologies" resulted in further classification of people of different color, enforcing pre-existing stereotypes about the ability or inability of any one class of people."
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"Phenomenal Woman", 2008.
An analysis of Maya Angelou's celebration of womanhood and blackness in "Phenomenal Woman".
3,111 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Maya Angelou in her four-poem collection "Phenomenal Woman" reflects the same enthusiasm for the self and elation that is present in the works of the American national poet, Walt Whitman. The paper analyzes how Angelou makes an unforgettable statement in favor of the belief in the self as the most important creed in the lives of black women. The paper portrays how Angelou's poetry is an art and an important teaching, with almost healing properties for the black audience that has to live under the shadow of the oppressive past.
From the Paper
"Maya Angelou's short collection of poetry, entitled Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women, is, as the subtitle indicates, a celebration of womanhood. Angelou's poetry breathes forth the same enthusiasm for the self and the same elation that is present in the works of the American national poet, Walt Whitman. Just as Whitman sings the national self as well as the transcendent self in all its possible forms, Angelou sings her pride of being an Afro- American woman. Her poetry has obvious social and feminist implications, but at the same time, a transcendent meaning and a universal message are inherent in the poems."
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Environmental Racism, 2008.
A look at the phenomenon of environmental racism in the United States.
2,116 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that environmental racism underlies policies, practices and directives which discriminate against people of color in environmental issues. The paper looks at studies that show how race has remained a major determinant of socioeconomic predictors and that more than half of the populations living in proximity to hazardous waste facilities were African-Americans, Hispanics, Blacks or Asia/Pacific Islanders. The paper discusses how environmental racism has persisted despite increased advocacy and awareness. The paper then looks at the major environmental health hazards that include lead poisoning, toxic housing, toxic schools and asthma.
New Ways of Viewing the Same Situation
Color Tips the Balance
Environmental Racism Persists Despite Increased Awareness
The Income Gap is Wider Today
The EPA Ineffective, the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement
Citizen Action and Litigation
From the Paper
"Inequality among communities is a concrete reality. Economics, political influence and race are among the criteria in the distribution of amenities as well as dis-amenities (Bullard 2003). Racism is a very major consideration in the United States. Environmental racism is one of its forms and found in housing, employment, education and voting. It is an environmental policy, practice or directive, which discriminates, intentionally or not, according to race or color. It is a form of environmental injustice concretized and reinforced by government, legal, economic, political and military institutions. It blends with public policies and industrial practices, which make Whites benefit more than color people to whom the costs are passed on (Bullard)."
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Single African-American Mothers, 2008.
A review of the social welfare aspects of of the Great Society and the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 with regard to single African-American mothers.
1,922 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews two approaches in social work to single African-American mothers and poverty. The first approach, practiced during the "Great Society" era of the 1960s and 1970s, focused on state-provided welfare, housing and other assistance for single African-American mothers and their families. The second era, starting with the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, focused on integrating poor African-American mothers into the workforce, and providing support services to insure that those mothers could support their children, learn a trade, and become self-supporting. Specifically, this paper presents a sociologically-oriented study of both approaches, establishing what works and why, and what elements can be improved. The paper discusses the two programs in three parts: (1) it explains the goals and implementation of the Great Society program, (2) it explains the goals and implementation of the Welfare Reform Act, and (3) it compares and contrasts the two programs, with a sociological analysis of the outcomes and consequences for social workers.
Outline:
Introduction
The Great Society: Goals and Implementation
Background and Purpose of the Great Society
Actual Implementation
The Social Challenge: Needed Assistance Wasn't Available
Welfare Reform Act, 1996
Background
Concerns about TANF and Current Welfare Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ambitious programs called on a significant increase in social workers. At the time, there were only 2,000 social workers in HEW, but the need was estimated at 35,000 in order to implement the imperatives of the CAP and the "War on Poverty." The predictable result was that many of the new hires had no experience, academic or working, in social work. By the time of the renewal of the act, in 1967, Congress attempted to modify the AFDC, or Aid to Families with Dependent Children, portion of the act in order to address concerns about absent fathers. The perverse effect was that those who had a father present were penalized, while those who were single mothers without an actual, even common-law, husband found their welfare payments reduced. In addition, AFDC provisions paid single mothers additional monthly amounts for each new child. The result was that, by 1970, poverty had been reduced, but the rate of single-parent families increased substantially."
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Standing Up For What is Right with Silver Rights, 2008.
This paper looks at the story of 'Silver Rights' by Constance Curry.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the story of 'Silver Rights', the story of Carters of Mississippi, is a story of seemingly unshakable faith and courage. The writer notes that the Carters were sharecroppers, individuals who were virtually one step above slavery, tied to the land in an unfair system where they could never make enough money to own their land and to escape the grip of white land owners. They lived and labored on a cotton plantation, almost like slaves. The writer explains that the state government of Mississippi was controlled by whites, and blacks had little voice or political support within the community. Even poor whites, looking for someone to demonize because of the terrible circumstances of their own condition, looked down upon African-Americans in their midst.
From the Paper
" As a result of their actions, the family was threatened with violence, and their children were harassed in school. They lost their jobs and their homes on the cotton plantation where blacks had worked for generations. The father, Matthew Carter, was denied a job anywhere else, and their home was riddled with gunfire. Even the children were treated like pariahs, as the teachers mocked the young Carters for their appearance, their hygiene, and even rotated seating partners, so that white children would not have to sit next to black children. The book is honest about the emotional trauma and abuse experienced by the children. The Carter children were subject to bullying and intimidation that would result, today, in lawsuits, even if the words wielded by the teacher were not racially charged--which they were. The children had to assume an emotional responsibility far beyond their years, and they knew that no one in authority at the school, not the principal, teachers, or administrators, wanted them there or would protect them. They only had their faith and their family. Even the youngest Carter children enrolled in school, age six, had a sense of what the family was sacrificing, for the children to attend school."
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"The Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa", 2008.
A review and discussion of "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African", by Olaudah Equiano.
1,632 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews the autobiography entitled, "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African,". It describes the storyline and the plot of the book and the discusses the writer's personal reactions to it. The paper then looks at how effective Equiano's narrative was as a from of propaganda to develop opposition to slavery.
Table of Contents:
The Book's Message about the Institution of Slavery and the Slave Trade
Surprising Aspects of Equiano's Account
Effectiveness of Equiano's Narrative as a Form of Propaganda Meant to Develop Opposition to Slavery
Editing Equiano's Account
From the Paper
"More than anything else, the book would have forced those far removed from the procurement of their slaves on a distant continent to face the ugly realities that paid for their source of labor. In the most developed and so-called civilized nations of the Western part of the world, treatment of slaves, while still atrocious by any moral standard, would likely have been much better, on the whole, than on the African continent."
"In retrospect, it is nothing less than astonishing that post-Enlightenment/post-Industrial Revolution men of education and societal distinction would ever have tolerated, much less partaken in the enslavement and life-long exploitation of fellow human beings. The justification most often suggested is that it is difficult, if not entirely unfair altogether, to judge social conventions of earlier times by modern ethical and humanitarian standards."
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Succeeding after College, 2008.
A research proposal to explore the influence of Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) leadership development on the planning skills of African Americans.
12,280 words (approx. 49.1 pages), 48 sources, APA, $ 236.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal that would help determine whether development task achievement status of African-American students enrolled in College Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) leadership development programs differ from African-American students not enrolled. The study is significant because it provides insight into some of the underlying variables that may be responsible for the lack of commitment in multiple developmental task areas. The paper relates that there is a lack of research addressing how college ROTC leadership development influences the behavior and attitude development tasks of African American students. The education gap, high levels of incarceration and income differences between African American and other groups may be a result of behavior and attitude development short falls. The proposed research illustrates that attitude is linked to talk development and behavioral adjustment which is part of the requirement for making the commitment for achievement in educational attainment. Principles of military discipline and leadership are also reviewed in relation specifically to college ROTC programs, which assist in development of character among students that may be applied in management in corporate management following college.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One
Introduction
Problem Statement
Background of the Study
Purpose
Methodology
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Hypotheses
Chapter Two
Literature Review
Chapter Three
Methodology
Research Population
Research Questions
Hypotheses
From the Paper
"A fourth finding of this study was that African American students' out-of-class recreational experiences (e.g., art, music, and theater experiences, experiences in the student union) had fewer positive effects on educational outcomes than did academic-related student involvement experiences. This finding is consistent with Astin's (1993) findings that watching television was associated with negative educational outcomes for college students. Perhaps for the African American students in the current study, their out-of-class and social experiences had similar effects as did watching television in Astin's study and may have served to distract students from engaging in more developmental activities."
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Jena 6 Controversy, 2008.
This paper looks at racial attacks, focusing on the Jena 6 controversy.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the United States claims equality and tolerance as part of its national policy. The writer points out that while this has been somewhat challenged since the 9/11 attacks, many Americans still feel that the country advocates the values of humanity over those of racial or ethnic segregation. It is therefore tragic when racial conflicts and hatred attacks occur, particularly among the young. The writer discusses that one example of racial conflict is the "Jena Six" controversy. The writer explains that the case involves six black high school students who were arrested on charges of allegedly trying to beat a white classmate to death. The writer also provides her personal opinion on the incident and how it was treated by the justice system.
From the Paper
"Being racial in nature, the case has also attracted the attention of civil rights activists, bloggers and black radio hosts. Many of these persons criticized the events leading to the court case and conviction, citing unequal justice as their opinion on the matter. Indeed, even the Rev. Jesse Jackson has been inspired to fight for justice until all the charges against the Jena 6 are dropped, and the American Civil Liberties Union is investigating the case for possible evidence of racial disparity. Kovach cites studies finding that African-Americans are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. Many reasons are cited for this, including the poverty level of certain ethnic groups, as well as the assumption of criminality that is associated not only with the poverty level, but also with the specific ethnic group."
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Slavery and the Civil War, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between the institution of slavery and the outbreak and course of the Civil War.
1,209 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how slavery was a burning issue between the North and the South that led to the outbreak of the Civil War. The paper explains that the North won and despite several stumbling blocks, slavery was abolished and made illegal. The paper shows how the institution of slavery and the Civil War made it possible for a young nation such as the United States to settle their differences. The paper concludes that the course of the Civil War facilitated understanding and cooperation, which eventually lead to a United States of America truly united in nurturing freedom, justice and democracy.
From the Paper
"The history of the United States as a nation is filled with greatness and stories of heroism and altruistic endeavors. It is a nation founded on freedom, justice and democracy, and whose independence was made possible only through the spilling of the bloods of its sons and daughters. Despite the glorious and positively uplifting history of the great American nation, there are also dark shades and telling tales of how this nation evolved into what it is now. Pivotal amongst the history of the United States is the Civil War that lasted from 1861 to 1867."
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Booker T. Washington, 2008.
An analysis of the work of Booker T. Washington and his creation of the Tuskegee Normal and Vocational Institute.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Booker T. Washington, who was an excellent example of change for his race and for the nation, during a significantly difficult period of US history. The paper discusses the Tuskegee Normal and Vocational Institute which was created by Washington and the purpose of the institution. The paper specifically focuses on how Washington worked for the education of Black people in America and the personal philosophy he applied to his work.
From the Paper
"Though some have said that the ever cheery manner in which Washington addressed the world, through his orations was a pacification of sorts that was intended to glean support for his school, rather than tell the nature of his real standing on the issue of the education of blacks. Regardless the development of Tuskegee as a cornerstone for the development of other educational offerings for blacks in the south was of significant impact to nation, as more and more people began to appreciate the need to elevate former slaves and their children and grandchildren to a level of opportunity that would have higher forms later. Washington was clearly a pacifist by nature, and he had a sense of the need to take short steady strides toward opportunity, as those who still held the power and the resources would be guided, little to his side if he insulted and cajoled them for an institution, that many had fought to eradicate."
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Race, Gender and White Collar Crime, 2008.
A research proposal exploring the perceptions of race and gender on white collar crime.
3,813 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes research on a New Jersey college campus to ascertain the perceptions of race and gender on white collar crime. The paper provides a literature review to either prove or disprove the hypothesis that white males will find white-collar crime less prevalent and damaging then racial minorities and women. The paper explains the methodology to be used and looks at previous research on this topic.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Theory and Hypothesis
Methods
From the Paper
"How can one expect society to act towards a crime if the lines are so vague that it often is only used to characterize those considered elite and upper class? This study attempts to further explain and clarify the perceptions of white collar crime by gender and race. It is our belief that White males (who benefit the most from the practice) will find white-collar crime less prevalent and damaging then racial minorities and women. This research helps to affirm not only is there a need for further research regarding perceptions men and women of various races regarding how they view white collar crime, there is a need to see why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade of research."
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