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Kennedy, Johnson and the Cold War, 2008.
A comparison of John F. Kennedy's and Lyndon B. Johnson's presidencies.
1,308 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the presidencies and administrations of John F. Kennedy (1960) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964). The paper relates that both presidents were elected to back-to-back terms as president and both faced difficult foreign policy decisions that defined their presidencies. The paper looks at the different backgrounds, political strengths, style and image of the two men. The paper also discusses the goals shared by both Kennedy and Johnson and compares Johnson's presidency to that of President George W. Bush today.
From the Paper
"John F. Kennedy (1960) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) were the only two Twentieth Century Democrats to be elected to back-to-back terms as president since Franklin Roosevelt (1944) and Harry Truman (1948).
Both Truman and Johnson inherited cabinet members and policies from a popular predecessor who died in office. In both cases they followed popular presidents about whom citizens had strong feelings. Roosevelt after twelve years in office was like a father to many people, Kennedy, then the youngest man elected president, represented youth and change an image he worked very hard to cultivate (Hammond, pages 139-142). Today people running for president try to copy Kennedy's style and want to be compared to him - not so Lyndon Johnson."
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Bush, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2008.
Looks at the entrance of President Bush into the Iraq War based on the possible existence of weapons of mass destruction.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the allegation that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, which were never discovered, was a deliberate deception by the Bush administration to justify their aggression in terms of containing terrorism by maintaining the international balance of power. The paper further asserts that Bush ignored the truth that he heard from his advisers and deliberately misled the American people to make an excuse to go to war with Iraq. The paper contends that Bush wanted to secure America's position of dominance, power and access to oil resources in the Middle East and tricked the American people into thinking that going to war with Iraq was a way of waging war on terrorism.
From the Paper
"The primary thrust of Bush's argument for the invasion of Iraq was that Iraq was a serious threat to the rest of the world because it was building WMD. This is an interesting allegation, given that the only country that really has a large supply of WMD is the USA. However, it must be borne in mind that those countries who seek to justify owning WMD - such as the USA - seek to do so in terms of deterrence theory. The idea is that if rational countries such as the USA and Russia possess nuclear weapons, their mutual knowledge that the other country has WMD will deter either country from ever deploying the WMD."
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Loyalty Oaths, 2008.
A discussion on why loyalty oaths don't work with a focus on loyalty oaths in President Truman's America.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, when President Harry S. Truman instituted a loyalty program in March of 1947, he did so because the U.S. was facing an insidious assault from Communist forces trying to infiltrate. It then examines several instances of oath-taking pursued by the U.S. Federal Government and by other institutions in the middle of the last century and outlines how each one did nothing to thwart unfriendly Communist activity. Next, the paper argues that, instead of wasting time and energy on a fatuous loyalty oath, public and private employers should have focused wholly upon improving security and clearance measures, should have educated the public on the dangers Communism presented to the American way of life, and should have reminded American citizens of what they needed to do to keep the country safe at the height of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"Understandably, loyalty oaths were frequently demanded of those who, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, were prospective recipients of the largesse of the American government or its various appendages. For instance, May of 1949 saw the Atomic Energy Commission pass a rule that all future holders of Commission fellowships were to provide an Oath of Loyalty and to fill out a non-Communist affidavit if they wished to receive the much-coveted prizes (Waggoner, 1; for another example of the ubiquitous Loyalty Oath in action, please see "Edison, CIO Agree on Loyalty Oath," 20). Although such a measure might seem like a good idea at first glance, the simple truth is that someone trying to secure one of the nation's most prestigious fellowships (this was certainly the case in 1949) is already tempted to tell Commission Board members whatever it is they want to hear - and they will undoubtedly sign most any document if doing so will gain them a competitive advantage over someone else."
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The 1950s: A Decade of Peace?, 2008.
This paper provides an outline of the 1950's political and social climate.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the political climate of the 1950s was shaped by the Cold War, the fear of Communism, economic changes seen in the rise of big business and the military-industrial complex and by the aftermath of the success of the U.S. in World War II. The paper looks at the Korean War that started the decade and the foundation for the Vietnam War that was set by the end of the decade. The paper also examines the social change and social turmoil, with the Civil Rights Movement's birth. The paper illustrates how this era was not one of absolute peace, although it is seen as peaceful when compared to the demonstrations and protests of the 1960s.
From the Paper
"A security crisis developed in the 1950s with the fear of communism and the certainty that subversives had infiltrated nearly every facet of American life. The McCarthy era, as it came to be known, was referred to by many as a witch-hunt. This was a political crisis that was used by Senator McCarthy as a way of elevating himself and boosting his career, but the mass hysteria of the time made it possible for him to do this and also caused others to be accomplices in accusing people of being subversives."
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The CIA in Vietnam, 2008.
An in-depth examination of the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Vietnam War, 1956-1975.
3,017 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper explains why the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s role in Vietnam has been difficult to assess completely. The paper first looks at the degree of commitment that the US government had developed in the political outcome of Vietnam. The paper then discusses the conflict over whether the military or the CIA should establish precedence over covert operations in Vietnam and describes what actually led to the eventual dominance of the CIA in Vietnam. The paper focuses on the many failures of the CIA's covert operations and counter-insurgency effort and contends that the war was already lost when intelligence failures of the CIA failed to adequately prepare the US and its forces to function appropriately in the region.
From the Paper
"The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the United States (US) and its role in Vietnam during that country's involvement in Southeast Asia is a role that has been difficult to assess completely. Part of the difficulty is that the CIA's role is, of course, almost completely related to covert operations in the conflict which are, by nature, secretive and most often censored. Additionally, the role of the CIA in Vietnam was also often one that was competitive in nature with the role of the military's own covert operations with both bodies vying for dominance in the conflict. Yet, there is a long precedence of CIA involvement in Vietnam and it is one that generally established the US government itself in the region while the French colonial forces were still struggling for dominance."
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Adam Harmes and Global Government, 2008.
An analysis of Adam Harmes' dissertation, "The Return of the State: Protectors, Power-Brokers, and the New Global Compromise."
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Adam Harmes' text, "The Return of the State: Protectors, Power-Brokers, and the New Global Compromise". The paper explains that while Harmes' thesis is a thoughtful treatise on how the historical pendulum has swung back and forth between unrestrained capitalism and tight, welfare-state regulation, his work offers a solution to the ills of global capitalism that may ultimately prove more unlikely than practical. The paper looks at the likely reasons why both powerful and impoverished nations will find objections to global governance. The paper also points out that Harmes' book becomes a laudable exposition of the usually-antagonistic relationship between the state and the marketplace - and a good example of how something that sounds wonderful in theory may not work in the real world. The writer concludes that Harmes' text has many fine points, but it seems his over-eagerness to press his case causes him to forget that the world may not be as ready for the "international state" as he evidently is.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately for Harmes, there are complications that get in the way of the practical fulfillment of his political globalization. For one thing, Adam Harmes blithely assumes - or at least confidently assumes - that nations great and small will embrace the kind of political globalization of which he speaks. For one thing, all nation-states - whether America or a tiny, backwater country in Southeast Asia - have socio-cultural, anthropological and political forces that bind together their citizens and shape their world view; in short, people in France (to give just one example), because of a collective national historical narrative reaching back many centuries, tend to see themselves as "French" before they see themselves as anything else."
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Rwanda and the United Nations, 2008.
This paper explores the 1984 genocide in Rwanda and the role of the United Nations in this tragedy.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the history of the ethnic conflicts in Rwanda and the outcome of the genocide. The paper determines that the United Nations (UN) facilitated the catastrophe and failed the suffering people of Rwanda. The paper also asserts that the UN may be closer to the brink of disaster than almost any of the conflict-torn states it has failed to help in the past. The paper includes a copy of the source material and an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"When the fighting broke out in April of 1994, most of the world was caught in the unhappy position of trying to figure out what could have triggered some monstrous acts. What it learned is that the history of Rwanda has long been, for all intents and purposes, a history of two people: the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority. For many generations, there has been a lingering enmity between the two parties that only needed one spark, however contrived, to burst into a conflagration. In early April of 1994, the murders of Rwandan president, Juvenal Habyarimana, and Burundian president, Cyprien Ntaryamira, proved that fateful spark (Michaels & Mutiso, 44). The question thus becomes, what was it precisely that turned the Hutu against their Tutsi co-citizens in such a dramatic and barbaric way? The answer, perhaps not surprisingly, is found by looking at Rwanda's colonial past."
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Canada-American Relations, 2008.
Looks at Canadian-American relations during the Cold War.
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, most of the time, Canada was a loyal ally of the U.S. during the first three decades of the Cold War. The paper also argues, however that, in the period from 1968 to 1975, Canada deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. The paper concludes that Canada may have failed to "tow the line" on occasion, but its record as an ally of Washington's is a strong one, especially during the late 1940s, 1950s and most of the 1960s.
From the Paper
"In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Canada's contribution to continental air security extended beyond simply being a welcome cushion for America in the event of an all-out war. Firstly, Canada erected, maintained and operated the Mid-Canada or McGill Radar Warning Line - an installation that paralleled the complex US Pine Tree System. The existence of the Mid-Canada Radar Warning Line says a couple things about Canada during this period: firstly, it says that Canada was willing to expend large sums of money on a defense project that would benefit America as well as the Dominion."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the crisis itself and the way that President Kennedy handled the issue.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cuban Missile Crisis and President Kennedy's handling of this confrontation with the Soviet Union. First, the paper briefly examines the global events and Cold War conditions that precipitated the missile crisis. The paper then discusses the tensions between Moscow and Washington and why they had increased throughout the decade of the 1950s after the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, then its first hydrogen bomb and brutally invaded Hungary in 1956.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, President John F. Kennedy's ability to balance issues of national interest against the imminent threat of global nuclear war was the most important aspect of his leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October of 1962. Ironically, it was disagreement among Kennedy's advisors that ultimately produced a tough but measured response that compelled Khrushchev to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and thus avoid an American invasion and likely escalation into nuclear war.
"By the narrowest of margins, World War III had been avoided. Despite the ill-considered decision of Premier Khrushchev to antagonize the United States by deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba certain to be discovered, and President Kennedy's ill-considered decision to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion the preceding year, which antagonized Khrushchev into deploying those nuclear missiles to Cuba, both leaders managed to restrain their hawkish advisors and generals, and found a way to resolve the crisis through back-channel diplomacy and covert compromise."
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Human Rights, 2008.
Argues in favor of global human right protection.
2,415 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that human rights should be practiced and protected around the world because they are the inherent right of every human being. The author of the paper points out that it is much easier to proclaim human rights than it is to grant and preserve them and states that it is critically important to extend human rights to everyone because humanity can never truly consider itself civilized if human rights are being violated anywhere in the world. The author also examines human rights problems, such as totalitarian dictatorships, theocracies, the abortion debate, the death penalty and genocide.
From the Paper
"The history of human rights has been rather bleak, for throughout most of human history, war and conquest have been pervasive and the brute force of rulers has determined the structure of societies. Under such conditions, human rights have been irrelevant. The vanquished were enslaved and the lower classes in every society were at the mercy of the classes above them. It was only when the Enlightenment generated the development of democracy that human rights began to recognized and protected in developing democracies."
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Link between the Canadian and American Economies, 2008.
A discussion of the link between the Canadian and American economies, specifically with regard to the US current account deficit.
813 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the spread of the global economy and the greater dependence that the Canadian economy now has on the United States economy. It discusses the foreign investment markets for Canada and looks at the view of the United States with regards to it current account deficit. Finally the paper lists some of the actions that the United States can take for which Canada must be prepared.
From the Paper
"While many analysts predict a fairly painless global adjustment once the US current account seeks a more equitable balance, the increasing uncertainty in the market seems to betray a growing fear of a sudden and profound systemic shock. Researchers point out that the US is currently the greatest investment vehicle for most of the world's leading economies with its current account deficit standing at -22% of GDP (The 1). Yet, framing the current account in this manner does not accurately represent the true disparity in the US economy as opposed to those of its foreign counterparts such as Canada. The US basically considers deficits normal between most of its trading partners and this is definitely the case with Canada. However, this gap is even more severe when examined in relation to specific countries such as China that have created an export economy through the financing US spending: "The United States runs a current account deficit of more than $600 billion per year...foreign central banks...have made substantial purchases of U.S. government bonds to add to their foreign exchange reserves" (Clarida par.3)."
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The Role of America in the Current Global System, 2008.
An examination of America's rivals - political, economic, technological and cultural.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the United States faces a powerful, upcoming challenge from Asian rivals - most of all, from India - that may lead to the end of the Pax Americana by the end of this century. The paper examines how America rose to pre-eminence in the world, in part, because of war; that is to say, the Civil War allowed it to develop a formidable army, infrastructure and communications network, while the Second World War so enervated Europe that the US was able to confidently step into the vacuum. The paper also looks at how America's enemies or rivals can engage the US by fighting a variety of different "wars" that are not military in nature - wars that are technological, economic, political and cultural in nature. The writer suggest that although the pillars of American prosperity and might have been historically durable, shifting currents could change all that. The writer then concludes that ultimately, America must start re-assessing the course it is on or its empire will end up in the dustbin of history.
From the Paper
"The origins of the rise to power of the United States may be found in the nineteenth century. Obviously, this was the century that saw America overwhelm natives at home, settle the vast expanses of the west, capture Texas and New Mexico, and finally resolve the painful slavery issue that had taken so much out of the union for so long. More than that, the nineteenth century was a period in which the country emerged as a formidable military power - ironically because of the very Civil War that resulted in so much carnage. Specifically, the American Civil War was the first war in which "mechanized and electrified devices" like railroad trains, aerial observation, photography, telegraphy, mines, torpedoes, ironclad ships and rifles were all used; in short, these recent innovations were modified and adapted to the exigencies of war."
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The UN and Iraq, 2008.
This paper contends that the United Nations is plagued by bias, as shown by the Iraq war.
719 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that although the United Nations presents itself to the world as a neutral body, it is plagued by the rivalries between its member states. The paper discusses how rivalries and bias at the UN were especially troublesome during the Security Council debates preceding the invasion of Iraq by the United States. The paper contends that ultimately, the UN is going to be plagued by bias, for its member states will always be far too inclined to place their own national interests above the interests of the international community as a whole.
From the Paper
"Over the past sixty years United Nations operations have reflected the peacekeeping mission statement of the UN, and have most commonly been implemented in order to supervise and help maintain cease-fires, to assist in troop withdrawals, and to provide an internationally supervised buffer zone between opposing and hostile forces. However, peace-keeping operations are flexible instruments of United Nations policy and have been adopted to a variety of uses, including helping to implement the final settlement of a conflict. (Rikhye 55-61)"
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The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Unsung Leadership of Khrushchev, 2008.
An in-depth argumentitive report on the Cuban Missile Crisis and its implications as a result of the interactions between Kruschev and JFK.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of the challenges that arose between Kruschev and Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the result of their actions and decisions.The paper endeavours to portray Kruschev as the person responsible for easing tensions in the area and not being responsible for causing the Cuban missile crisis and further shows that, in fact, as a result of Kennedy's actions in the area, Kruschev had no option but to assist Cuba as he did. The paper appends relevant source material.
From the Paper
"Those who want to rescue Khrushchev's reputation from the dustbin of history frequently note that the Soviet Premier was every bit as responsible in his thinking as was Kennedy during the height of the crisis and, in many respects, even before it began. For instance, whatever his failings, it was not Khrushchev who stepped up surreptitious assaults against Castro, launched the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion - those were all things initiated by the Kennedy Administration. Further, the aggressive American build-up under Kennedy was understandably worrisome for the Soviet Leader, who had to watch this unfold fully cognizant of the fact that NATO had missiles pointed at the heart of the Soviet Union from nearby Turkey (Meyer, 113). Seen in that light, Khrushchev's secretive military support of Castro during the summer and fall of 1962 was entirely understandable - even if he erred in deploying missiles by stealth to the tiny island. More significantly, Kennedy's clandestine and not-so-clandestine efforts to unseat Castro surely raised tensions between the Soviet Union and America inasmuch as the US President had to have known on some level that the Soviets would feel compelled to protect the embattled Cuban leader from US efforts to kill him. All in all, the blame for the escalation of the crisis prior to mid-October of 1962 cannot solely, maybe not even mostly, laid at the feet of Nikita Khrushchev."
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Diplomacy and International Terrorism, 2008.
An analysis of the purpose of the official face-to-face talks held recently by representatives of the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses diplomacy and international relations with particular regard to official face-to-face talks held recently by representatives of the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The paper discusses the contradictory nature of the foreign policies agendas of the two nations and concludes that the recent face-to-face talks were little more than a superficial public relations stunt and will have little if any impact on combating international terrorism.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the first official face to face talks in thirty years between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran generated a lot of media attention and speculation, but they are unlikely to produce any meaningful progress in dealing with international terrorism because of the diametrically opposed worldviews of these two nations. Iran and the United States have incompatible foreign policy agendas--the Bush Administration is implacably opposed to any expansion of Iranian influence in the Middle East and the Teheran government is implacably opposed to the expansion of American influence in the region. Consequently, the recent face to face talks were little more than a superficial public relations stunt and will have little if any impact on combating international terrorism."
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Influences on the Duration Character of US Imports, 2008.
An analysis of factors that influence the ways that imports impact the US economy.
1,977 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several key aspects in which imports affect the US economy in not so apparent, but nonetheless influential ways. It discusses trade theory, the comparative advantage and particularly aggregate goods theories. It then looks at the influence of geography related to trade and specifically the corporate strategies of outsourcing and off-shoring which has led directly to an increase in imports. Finally, the paper discusses the role of immigration and its impact on imports in the US.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Products and Services-Comparative Advantage
Regional Location
Immigration Aspects
From the Paper
"If one were to factor in the increase in the number of foreign immigrants and the factors that are weighted positively in terms of determining qualification for entry, such as Master's Degrees, PhDs as well overall length of time within a certain career field, it is clear that education and job skills are going to concentrated among this immigrant population ("Selection"). These immigrants tend to maintain the professional and social relationships they had in their countries of origin. By maintaining these professional relationships and social contacts immigrants into the US actually come to facilitate expanded trade activity as they recognize opportunity or are actually tasked with sourcing products or services in their home markets by their employers (Rauch 1180-83). Thus, immigration into the US also tends to facilitate expanded trade in the form of imports and, to a lesser degree, exports."
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Sanctions against Cuba, 2008.
A discussion of the history of the sanctions against Cuba and the reasons for the arguments in favor of dropping them.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history, aims, and effectiveness of United States economic and travel sanctions against Cuba. The paper then focuses on the change in public opinion within the United States that favors dropping the sanctions against Cuba. Next, the paper discusses the arguments in favor of dropping the sanctions and presents them as personal recommendations to the President.
Table of Contents:
Situation
Recommendations
Benefits of Change
Short- and Long-Term Change
From the Paper
"Passage of this legislation came at a time when many in congress believed that the fall of Cuba was imminent, based on the example of the Soviet Union and its disintegration. They were wrong, though the sanctions they imposed continue as if they were effective. The formation and maintenance of the policy has been affected from the fist by competing interests in the U.S., and this only adds to the uncertainty seen by many: "The oddities of American politics being what they are, no one can be absolutely certain that the embargo will not last another forty years." Even as the Helms-Burton law was passed, future U.S.-Cuba relations were characterized as bleak as far as any positive change was concerned."
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The Factors of War, 2008.
This paper discusses the socio-cultural and technical development of war.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that war has developed from a primarily socio-cultural phenomenon with limited technological elements to a mostly technological event that is shaping the socio-cultural nature of human existence. The author hypothesizes that the development of the military-industrial complex marked a turning point in human socio-technological development and identifies external influences, including the social, cultural, economic and political factors, that affect war and war techniques. The author states that warfare can be seen as a continuation of the McDonaldization thesis, which suggests that western societies are becoming dominated by the principles of the fast food industry. The paper concludes that, at the beginning of the 21st Century, the corporations dominating the war techniques, high-technologies virtually have eliminated the socio-cultural aspects.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Thesis: War
War: from the Socio-Cultural to the Industrial-Military Complex
Internal Influences: Increased Economic Globalization
Conclusions: The Overall Influences
From the Paper
"Corporations have realized that instability is bad for business. For example, in "The Silent Takeover", one of Noreen Hertz's central arguments is that corporations are engaging in socially beneficial projects because they realized that socio-economic inequality leads to economic instability which is bad for business. This has lead many international corporations to push nation states. In particular they have pushed them to avoid war."
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China, 2008.
This paper discusses the role of government policy in attracting
foreign direct investment (FDI) in China.
2,860 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with the advent of its reformist policies in the late 1970s, China opened what is potentially one of the world's large markets to foreign direct investment (FDI). The author points out that, initially, the government tried to draw that investment into areas that were familiar to emigres resulting in a spectacular influx of FDI. The paper reports that, in subsequent years, the government has attempted to redirect FDI to other areas, with much less success. The author points out that FDI is allocated through the decentralized, largely market-oriented mechanism, which supports the view that the Chinese central government has only a limited capacity to compel private groups and local governments to adhere to policies it believes are in the national interest The paper concludes that China has received a huge amount of FDI, which will have profound impacts on that country in the coming decades.
Table of Contents:
The Reform Period and Foreign Direct Investment
The Goals of Reform
China and FDI: The Initial Success
The Inability to Control Special Interests
The Lack of Social Embeddedness
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Indeed, the change was sufficiently sudden that in several instances, the ideological rationale for the change was not formulated until after markets were opened to foreign investment. The rationale for the new policy was reflected in several areas. In terms of economic development, the Chinese conceded that despite major gains, their economic condition was not improving at a rate comparable to that of other comparably situated countries. The new policies were advanced as allowing China to secure needed new sources of capital, advanced technology, advanced management skills."
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