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The USSR and US in Afghanistan, 2008.
This paper presents a policy analysis of the Soviet Union and the US in Afghanistan.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the geopolitical significance of Afghanistan to the Americans and Soviets before and during the Cold War. The paper analyzes Russian and Soviet policy in Afghanistan and relates that policy decisions in the United States relating to Afghanistan have been historically affected by the Soviet presence in the country. Finally, the paper explores the nature and limits of the United States' role in the Afghan war and the present US involvement in Afghanistan.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Geopolitical Significance of Afghanistan
Soviet Policy in Afghanistan
Nature and Limits of the Role of the US in Afghanistan
Present US Involvement in Afghanistan
From the Paper
"Afghanistan is a region characterized by mountains and desert terrain that are practically impassable and is a country that has been dominated by the culture of Islam since 882 A.D. The Soviet war that occurred in Afghanistan lasted approximately nine years and was a conflict that centered upon the Soviet military support of the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), the government of Afghanistan and the Mujahideen insurgents that were trying to overthrow the government in Afghanistan. The work of Singleton (1981) relates "Soviet-Afghan contacts began when Amir Amanullah Khan expelled British control during the Third Afghan War.""
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A Program to Relieve Food Insecurity, 2008.
An analysis of the theory of a proposed program to reduce food insecurity and relieve hunger.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the very prominent problem of hunger that exists particularly in the third world, today. The paper proposes a solution to the problem of hunger that relates to decentralizing and localizing the production of food as much as possible. The paper then discusses the theory and logistics of the proposed program and looks at its potential benefits.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Problem
Demographics
Proposal
Analysis
Eligibility
Service Delivery
Theory and Specification
Projected Costs and Funding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned, $7300 to feed one person for a year may appear rather expensive. However, the potential benefits of the program should not be overlooked when comparing it with existing initiatives (none of which are sustainable). The figure represents an initial investment. This means an investment that will not have to be repeated year by year, like those for other food programs. After the first year, the operation should become self-sustaining, and no further investment should be required. Indeed, an added potential advantage is that there may be an excess of production, resulting in a further revenue stream. Whereas programs such as the food stamp initiative often entail the hidden costs of transport and delivery, this problem is eliminated by the proposed program."
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The Hamas Organization, 2008.
An overview of the history, origins, and goals of the Hamas organization, the most influential Islamic movement in the Palestinian territories.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the history and goals of Hamas, an acronym for Harakat al-Mugawima al-Islamiyya, also known as the Islamic Resistance Movement. The paper relates that the organization's goals are anti-Israeli, as it fights for destroying the state of Israel and creating a Palestinian Islamic state by using very violent terrorist aggression against Israeli civilians. The paper also relates that one of the most dangerous threats for regional security resides in the violent fights between Hamas and Fatah, which led to the separation of Palestine with Hamas controlling Gaza and Fatah, the West Bank.
From the Paper
'Despite the organization's social and religious activities, Hamas is primarily a military organization, well equipped, financed and organized. Its military wing is responsible for the acts of violence attributed to the organization. In achieving their goal of re-establishing Palestine on the territories that were known as hers before 1947, Hamas has used the term "jihad" (religious war), with the meaning that it will carry a war against any enemy of Islam, referring to Israel. Comparing to PLO, which has carried negotiations in the past with Israel and which seems more eager to find a solution for the dispute, Hamas remains radical in claiming all the territories they believe are rightfully Palestinian and accept no negotiation with Israel.'
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Chapter 13 Summary: "Night Draws Near", 2008.
A review and discussion of chapter 13 of Anthony Shadid's "Night Draws Near."
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses chapter 13 of Anthony Shadid's chronicle of the American military's recent experience in Baghdad, "Night Draws Near." The paper discusses the title of the chapter, "A Bad Muslim" and then looks specifically at American incomprehension of the Middle East and how it is a reoccurring pattern in American history. The paper looks at how Shadid's chapter 13 reflects this incomprehension.
From the Paper
"American incomprehension of the Middle East is a reoccurring pattern in American history. It lies partially misunderstanding of how America's close ties with Israel make it seem partisan in Arab eyes, not a neutral force as it regards itself, in its own democratic vision. It lies partially in the American ideal of secularism that is so anathema to the Middle East. Americans thought that ancient rivalries in Iraq could be swept away with new a new form of governance, with democratic ideals that America regards as universal ideals, and with superior but just military force. America thought that the terrors of the Saddam Hussein regime were enough to eradicate the hatred of America and the ideology of militant Islam. Instead, the chaos of civil war made religion and the identity afforded by nationalism even more comforting to Iraqis. Of course, it is not only in the Middle East that America has made this mistake: "Their destiny will be the same as in Vietnam," says one Iraqi (285). Hearing unfortunate American involvement in a foreign land analogized with Vietnam is nothing new for Americans, but it sounds especially chilling in the voice of an Iraqi, not just in the voice of an American critiquing the Iraqi war."
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The Uniform Code of Military Justice, 2008.
A reflection on the uniform code of military justice and its implications on army personnel.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the uniform code of military justice or UCMJ as a system that balances the need of the commander to ensure proper order and discipline in the armed forces, and the principles of process and fairness. The paper states that servicemen who go beyond US jurisdiction need to understand both UCMJ and the laws of the foreign countries and the international community. The paper also mentions that that the UCMJ replaced command authority in criminal justice with one which balances individual rights under the American concept of fairness, with the need to ensure proper order and discipline.
From the Paper
" The Uniform Code of Military Justice or UCMJ is viewed as a system that balances the need of the commander to ensure proper order and discipline in the armed forces and the principles of due process and fairness (Turner 2000). Servicemen who go beyond US jurisdiction need to understand both UCMJ and the laws of the foreign countries as well as the international community. In cases like this, the foreign country would have the right to prosecute offenders from the US armed forces who break their criminal laws. This is the concept of foreign criminal jurisdiction. International law also affects the legality of the actions of a service member. In some cases, the international community would have the right to prosecute alleged war crimes. The UCMJ replaced command authority in criminal justice with one, which would balance individual rights under the American concept of fairness and due process with the need to ensure proper order and discipline. Before 1951, the laws governing the Army and Navy were commander-centered. They grew out of ancient military codes, which drew upon the right and necessity of the commander to impose strong disciplinary measures as he found fit. Courts were his tools and the rights of the accused were little considered. The more than 16 million men and women serving the US armed forces during World War separated from the service with a poor view of the Articles of War enforced (Ohman 2005). The need for reforms was the outcry of the American Bar Association, American Legion, and other private organizations and the public. This led to the creation and enactment of the UCMJ. Each amendment of the Code increased protections for the members of the armed forces."
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Cross-Cultural Comparison, 2008.
A comparison of the effects of the modern world on Mexicans living in Ciudad Juarez and the Indians who live in Ecuador.
1,645 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a cross-cultural comparison between the Mexicans living in Ciudad Juarez and the Indians who live in Ecuador. It describes how both of these groups of people have been affected by the modern world in terms of industrialization and globalization. It also discusses the effects that this modern world has had on the culture and behavior of the people in these areas.
Table of Contents:
Mexican Border Culture
Ecuadorian Indians' Culture
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, in the Jivaro Indians' culture, far from being murdered and disrespected, the woman is greatly prized and protected, partly because of the plants she helps grow. To give an idea of how important some plants are to the lives and beliefs of the Jivaro people, the author of the book, The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls, Michael J. Harner, an anthropologist and an ethnographer, explains on page 70 that the "Nunui" (a spirit, or fairy), provides supernatural help for the woman of the family, which it vital to the success of important plants."
"The Nunui's help in the garden is important for the natives, not just in the process of growing food items like sweet potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, squash, red peppers, onions, pineapple, banana, and other edibles. The Nunui also helps in the growing of medicinal plants and hallucinogenic plants (drugs) such as Banisteriopsis species, and Datura Arborea."
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The Globalized World, 2008.
An analysis of the possible negative results of globalization and the possible international approaches to handling the problems.
3,324 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of globalization on the world. The paper first provides examples of negative occurrences around the world that occurred due to globalization. It then describes the importance of viewing the social picture of globalization from a worldwide perspective in order to develop international approaches to handling the numerous problems that lie ahead.
From the Paper
"Privatization of resources has also proven to be an ineffective way to seed the roots of democracy; after all, privatizing water in Bolivia was the direct cause of their civil war. So, it would seem that increasing the involvement of African nations in the global economy is the only realistic choice that the Bush administration is likely to adopt. Still, it is not wholly apparent that this will work either. This is because the manner with which most developing nations have been incorporated into the globalized economy has been primarily through outsourcing, and--as is the case with China--there is not an obvious link between low-level employment of the working classes and democratic values in the host government. Nevertheless, it would seem that the Bush administration, and neoconservatives in general, is stuck; they are forced to take some hand in the development of democracy in African nations because they have already make it clear that nation-building is now part of the U. S. repertoire. Yet, involvement in Africa cannot be as lucrative as the neo-imperialist wars in the Middle East and that, more than anything, means that any action the Bush administration takes will be minimal."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An examination of how the Cuban Missile Crisis showed
the US and the USSR how to understand the perils of a nuclear conflict.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Cold War, viewed as a battle of power between the two major actors, the United States of America and the USSR, had several turning points in its evolution. The paper continues and states that one of the most important moments of the Cold War, when mankind was closest to a nuclear disaster, happened in 1962 in Cuba. The paper then relates that, in order to further understanding of the crisis, it discusses it in a historical context, describes it and discusses its results within the Cold War evolution. The paper concludes that an effect of the crisis was the creation of a direct link between the US and the USSR (the Hot Line) which represented a first step towards a better communication and cooperation between the two political systems.
From the Paper
"The beginning of the crisis can be placed when the American President, John F. Kennedy was notified that the Soviets deployed missile equipment and missiles in Cuba, on October 16, 1962. Viewed as a serious threat not only for the American security but also a threat for the European Allies, the US's response had a large number of possibilities to be taken into account. These were "a Blockade Plan--employs 24 to 36 destroyers, a carrier task force, etc., which can marshal significant strength to blockade Cuba, both air and maritime; air Strike Plan--currently being revised, but employs between 450 and 500 aircraft. (...); fast Reaction Assault Plan--employs both air-borne and amphibious assault with about 32,000 troops in initial phase, with balance of assault forces arriving in increments as they become available. Ultimately builds up to about 80,000 troops in Cuba around D+18 days. Full-Scale Deliberate Assault Plan--employs simultaneous airborne and amphibious assault with around 49,000 troops engaged on D-Day, building to about 60,000 by D+5 days, and again to 80,000 by D+16 days." (The Avalon Project, 1998). Form the scenarios that President Kennedy and his team made, the first option was chosen. This was a very important moment not only for the crisis itself, but for the evolution of the Cold War. A military naval blockade was chosen for several reasons: Kennedy wanted to diffuse the crisis on the basis of a non-military action that would have probably given reason for an increase in tensions between the US and the USSR. Also, because the US was unable to 100% prove that USSR had rockets in that area it needed to gain support from its European allies. "
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The Guatemalan Coup of 1954, 2008.
This paper reviews the books "Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala" by S. Schlesinger and S. Kinzer and "Modern Latin America" by T. E. Skidmore and P. H. Smith.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala" by Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer and "Modern Latin America" by Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith as they relate to the Guatemalan coup of 1954. The paper explores the role of the United Fruit Company (UFC) in the coup that overturned the legitimate Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954, the CIA role in this affair and the UFC's relationship with the U.S. State Department and with the Guatemalan workers.
From the Paper
"How many Americans know that the United States Government directly and dramatically interfered with the internal affairs of a sovereign nation (Guatemala) in 1954? And it wasn't a matter of small-time inference, but in fact the American CIA installed a dictator friendly to the U.S., and ousted the existing Arbenz administration. Probably few Americans also realize that this action in Guatemala was not a unique moment in U.S. interference in foreign nation's internal affairs. Indeed, the CIA had orchestrated and carried out a coup in Iran on August 19, 1953. The CIA installed the Shah of Iran into power thanks to a plan called "Operation Ajax" authorized by President Dwight Eisenhower and directed by the same men who carried out the coup against the legitimate government of Guatemala - brothers John Foster Dulles (Secretary of State) and Allen Dulles (CIA Director). The Iranian coup was fully explained in a book called All the Shaw's Men by Stephen Kinzer, the same author who co-wrote Bitter Fruit."
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Contemporary Africa Ethnic Conflict Resolution, 2008.
Analyzes ethnic conflict resolution and policy in contemporary Africa, especially Ethiopia.
15,860 words (approx. 63.4 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies key elements in conflict and conflict resolution theories from the perspectives of ethnicity, culture, and politics in Africa and non-African countries. The author points out that Africa has been wracked time and time again by wars of all types, intensities and durations. The author then presents several ways that Africans resolve ethnic conflict and reports that, unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of the 1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. However, Ethiopia has been wracked by a series of bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought and massive refugee problems.
Table of Contents:
Theory
Key Historical and Contemporary Theorist
Conflict Theories and African Policy Issues
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Social Learning Theory
Social Identity Theories
Implementation of Ethnic Conflict Management and Policy
Community Assembly: The Semai Becharaa'
Qat-Chewing Sessions
The Role of Poetry
Dia
Go-Between Mediator
Apology
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
Public Trials
Reparations Payments
Writing a Common History
Track II Diplomacy
Literature Review
Global Ethnic Resolution, Conflict and Relevant Policy
African Ethnic Conflict and Policy
Application of Theory and Practice on Ethiopia
Ethnic Conflict Resolution and Theories within a Policy Context
Ethiopian Socioeconomic and Political Climate
From the Paper
"The native inhabitants of the area were organized in agrarian-based chiefdoms like those of the Bench and Dizi people (living in the highlands) or in decentralized age-grade societies like the Toposa, Anyuak, Nyangatom and Suri (living in the lowland plains). The state presence was constituted by superior military force (soldier contingents with better arms), and by the imposition on the locals of tribute and tax requirements, and the obligation to provide corvee agricultural labor for the northern immigrants. The latter also took cattle, ivory and slaves for trade to the north."
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International Genocide, 2008.
A criticism of the way in which the United Nations deals with international genocide.
10,895 words (approx. 43.6 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 215.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of genocide as proof of the lack of political and practical capacities of the UN in trying to avert mass killings and crimes against humanity. It begins by addressing the issue of genocide from the point of view of international law, by focusing on the history of the notion, the background, and the discussions surrounding this matter. It then takes into consideration the UN's general role in relation to the act of genocide by pointing out several aspects important for a proper description of the actions the organization took and should have taken throughout time. The next part focuses on particular cases of genocide, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. In conclusion, the paper determines several aspects that must be taken into consideration by the UN and the international community at large in order to prevent such cases from happening again, to increase the political and practical response to such situations, as well as to increase the capacity in which the UN deals with the issue of genocide.
Outline:
Introduction
Genocide: Definition, Context, and Legal Aspects
The United Nations and Genocide
Case Study: Rwanda
The Kosovo Crisis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The creation of the various organisms destined to trial these crimes have come about only in the light of the international law doctrine that dates back to the time of Hugo Grotius. In this sense, the 17th century personality argues that the issue of sovereignty is an essential component of the attributes of a state and it should stand at the basis of any political, economic, or legal agreement between countries at the international level. This is an important aspect because it justifies the structure of the actual United Nations and of the previous organizations, regardless of their spectrum of activity. It is based on the assumption that the state can and may, yet it is not obliged to engage in international relations. This possibility is given precisely by the exercise of the quality of sovereignty. "
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U.S. Foreign Policy After WWII, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of the end of the Second World War on US foreign policy and its international conduct.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how the effects of the war determined consequences for the United States that would mark its history for the next fifty years. The paper discusses how the end of the war represented an identification of the two enemies: the capitalist and the communist systems of government. The paper further discusses the creation of the United Nations and the American acceptance of the role of the leader of the free world. The paper also looks at America's engagement in the European affairs and in the nuclear race for the next half a century.
From the Paper
"After the end of the war and once the establishment of the communist rule across the Eastern part of Europe and large parts of the world in general, it came apparent that an eventual clash of doctrines and political system would emerge (Kissinger, 1995). From this point of view, it can be said that the start of the Cold War determined the way in which foreign relations and internal structures would be shaped. More precisely, once the Yalta discussions had taken place it was rather obvious for the US Administration as well as for the rest of the Western bloc that Stalin would try to impose the communist rule over most of the European continent in a quest for supremacy."
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Western Influences in the Middle East, 2008.
An argument that western influences on ethnic minorities have produced more harm than good.
1,977 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the book "Persepolis" by Marjane Satrapi that recounts the chaos and bloodshed that resulted from the western world's "westernization" of Iran. The paper also refers to "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order", by Samuel P. Huntington and then discusses the horrific number of Iraqis who have been killed since Bush launched the invasion. The paper concludes that this is clearly part of the negative impact of "westernization".
From the Paper
"What was life really like for Marjane Satrapi as she was growing up? A brief look at the history of her times is appropriate here, as the discussion of western influences into the Middle East is reviewed. Many Americans remember that the U.S.-backed Shah was pushed out of Iran in 1979, and the Ayatollah Khomeini took over the government, which set off the Islamic revolution that Marjane Satrapi writes about. She was swept up in it and many of the injustices that she witnessed and her family endured resulted from the Islamic backlash (led by Khomeini's regime) following the demise of the Shah. In fact, the fall of the Shah also set off a hostage crisis; pro-Khomeini militants in Teheran held U.S. embassy staff members for 444 days."
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Cuba and Marxism, 2008.
An analysis of the Cuban Revolution and Cuba's future from the perspective of the Marxist theory.
4,651 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the Marxist theory, which is considered to be the explanatory context for the Cuban Revolution, and applies this theory to the events that took place in Cuba. The paper examines the Marxist views on the present situation in the country, taking into account the expected change of leadership in Havana.
Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical aspects of Marxism
The Cuban Revolution
Marxist views on Cuba
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cuba can be seen as one of the most important countries in Latin America and an influential actor on the international scene. This is largely due to the fact that its political system as well as its geographical position has made it a crucial neighbor for the strongest country in the world, the United States. The role of the Cuban Republic in the region as well as in the world is often described and analyzed in comparison with the US and, consequently with the democratic system of government. From this perspective, Cuba is seen as a state with few democratic institutions and is somewhat opposition with the flow of the globalised world. This can be said to be the result of the way in which internal and foreign politics is conducted, as well as the stand often taken by the Cuban authorities in respect to the major issues of our world."
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The United States and Globalization, 2008.
This paper discusses America's influence on globalization.
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the United States has exported its model of economy, society and culture to various parts of the world that has embraced it and sometimes successfully applied it. The paper then discusses how globalization has also generated many aggressive reactions, mainly due to the desire of other nations and their citizens to protect their cultural identity.
From the Paper
"Globalization has been one of the most debated topics of the past decades and there are many scholars that believe that this phenomenon is affecting every aspect of our life. Furthermore, the United States have always been linked to globalization as the country with the most significant influence over the development of globalization. Although globalization has come to refer to social and cultural aspects, its initial spread was related to economy. In terms of creating a global economy, there is no doubt that U.S. has played the decisive part. America seemed for a long period of time to be the only nation that could leave its mark on the world economy and the only nation capable of influencing the creation of a global economy."
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Developing Community: "The Different Drum", 2008.
An examination of M. Scott Peck's insights into community building as set forth in his book "The Different Drum."
1,128 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "The Different Drum," in which M. Scott Peck relates how he first developed a sense of community in his own life and then seeks to apply the lessons learned to global issues. The writer examines Peck's rules for community-making and the relationship that Peck sees between community building, religion and international peace. The writer concludes with a definition of religion and notes that Peck's ideal of a more integrated religious community worldwide could provide grounds for agreement on many issues in international relations.
From the Paper
"The role of religion in international conflict is far too often as a motivating force bringing about such conflict. Peck (1987) says this is because world views are religions and make all wars into "holy wars." To move away from this situation, it is necessary to distinguish between true and false religions: "Otherwise the only standards will be those that can win out over the others on a bloody battlefield" (p. 240)."
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The Role of Immigration in Shaping American Cities, 2008.
A review of the book "Urban Geography, New York" ,in which the authors, Dave Kaplan, James Wheeler and S. Holloway, explain the role immigration played in shaping American cities.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper states that immigration has played a significant role in shaping the growth and development of urban cities in America. In their book "Urban Geography, New York" the authors Kaplan, Wheeler & Holloway expand on this idea. The paper relates that the authors hypothesize that immigration is largely responsible for the expansion of many cities in the United States, Canada and other outlying regions. The paper comments that had the immigrants not populated many coastal cities in the United States, the country may not have had the flavor of diversity it has today.
From the Paper
"In figure 10 of the work, the reader can clearly see that Mexicans made up almost 59 percent of the population of immigrant settlers; this is the largest subdivision of Hispanic and Latino settlers. People of Puerto Rican ethnicity make up the next largest slice of the pie at just 10 percent of the Hispanic and Latino settlers. A review of the U.S. Census Bureau conducted in 1990 shows that many Cuban immigrants populated many coastal cities in Dade County in Florida, another major coastal city. In the New England States, Florida, California and Canada, the total number of immigrants exceeded either 500,000 or 1,000,000 of the population totals. The U.S. Census Bureau of 2000 also cited by Kaplan, Wheeler and Holloway (2004) shows the largest influx of Asians occurred in California, Washington State and in some New England cities, with as many as 1 million immigrants living in cities at any one time."
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The Jammu and Kashmir Conflict, 2008.
This paper explores the reasons behind the ongoing Indo-Pakistani conflict.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a background into the Indo-Pakistani conflict that is rooted in the dispute for the Jammu and Kashmir regions. The paper identifies the political, religious, ethnic and economic components that have created this difficult situation in South Asia. The paper discusses potential solutions that are all extremely challenging, but concludes that solutions and negotiations must be undertaken before nuclear conflict results.
From the Paper
"The relationship between India and Pakistan has evolved towards a very dramatic outcome after the fall of the British Indian Empire in 1947 and the emergence of the two countries as independent states. The two countries fought four wars between each other and the reasons that stand at the basis of the tensioned situation are complex and deeply rooted in the historical and cultural relation between the two countries. One of the main reasons for conflict is over the disputed regions of Jammu and Kashmir and the main concern is that the conflict does not seem to end, not even after all the wars."
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The Iraq War: Causes and Justifications, 2008.
This paper attempts to explore the real reasons behind the invasion of Iraq.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper questions whether the American invasion was an example of realism i.e. a reaction to actual international circumstances and domestic needs, or of constructivism in the name of fostering democratic and humanitarian ideals. The paper argues that this war has been a jumble of realist and constructivist ideas, with the Bush Administration changing its justifications for invading Iraq. The paper asserts that President George W. Bush and his administration have largely framed the need for war and its "successes" in terms of hoped-for visions of an Americanized Iraq and Middle East. The paper discusses Bush's dream for an Iraq that would be favorable to American business and which would peacefully acquiesce to America's security needs. The paper looks at Bush's democracy promotion agenda and claims that it failed to take into account the real conditions and hopes of the men and women on the ground.
From the Paper
"The Iraq War looms as one of the great international relations questions of our times. In March 2003, the United States invaded the sovereign nation of Iraq based on what it claimed were threats from Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction, the presence of Islamist terrorists on Iraqi soil, and similar threats to American security and general world peace and stability. In the aftermath of that invasion, the Iraq Study Group and various other investigators showed that Iraq had not possessed any such weapons, that there had been no terrorist presence in that country, and that virtually all of the other reasons given for the invasion had been false. The United States government blamed faulty pre-war intelligence and quickly shifted its justification for invasion to the changed circumstances of a post-9/11 world. In such a world, according to President George W. Bush, Vice Present Dick Cheney, and others, Saddam Hussein and his totalitarian regime represented an existential "gathering threat" to the United States and its friends and allies."
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