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How American Civilization Was Formed, 2008.
A comparison of James Axtell's "The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America" and William Cronon's "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England".
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper compares how James Axtell and William Cronon analyze in their respective works, "The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America" and "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England", the essential aspects of the first interaction between the Native-American peoples of North America and the Europeans that colonized them. The paper explains that both authors aim to analyze the way in which this first contact between the Natives and their colonizers influenced the future development of America as a nation. The paper shows how Axtell focuses on the spiritual history of the two nations, while Cronon concentrates on the outer, external aspects of the meeting between the Natives and the colonizers. The paper posits that although the two authors manage their argumentation very well and make very interesting points about the history of the colonization, Cronon's book seems more remarkable in terms of argumentation and originality.
From the Paper
"Axtell's book, as its title indicates, focuses on the way in which the three main ethnicities, the Native Indians, the English and the French attempted a mutual conversion, each struggling to impose its cultural identity over the identity of the other. Axtell thus advocates that ethnohistory is the best instrument for the examination of the confluence between the three cultures, Indian, English and French. He focuses therefore on the way in which each of the three nations perceived the others, and how they struggled to impose their own views over the others. "
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| Term Paper # 108156 |
temporarily unavailable
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Patterns of Immigration, 2008.
This paper analyzes the changes and social impact associated with immigration to the United States.
1,023 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper examines immigration statistics from the 1930s to the 1980s that show significant shifts in immigration patterns. The paper discusses the high levels of German immigration during World War II that reflect the political and social chaos then. The paper then focuses on the 1950's shift from European immigration to Latin-American, namely Mexican immigration, that highlights many social issues. The paper concludes that as immigration is a basic social situation in America, based on the real and perceived standard of living and opportunity levels in the US, there is no doubt it will remain a strong social current in the nation.
From the Paper
"A great deal of the German (and other European) immigration, was in part associated with WWII and the preceding and following political and social chaos, that led many German's to seek immigration to America between the two world wars. The war within Germany, when many restrictions and changes made living very difficult, specifically for the Jewish population, created countless messages of the need to immigrate to a nation with fewer restrictions. (Lederhendler, 2007, p. 1) The war years, also increased immigration from Europe as the German hostilities spread throughout Europe and destruction and depravity reigned supreme."
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Charles Darwin's "The Voyage of the Beagle", 2008.
Relates that adventures in chapters 'Tierra del Fuego' and 'Straits of Magellan' in Charles Darwin's "The Voyage of the Beagle".
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Charles Darwin is often called a man ahead of his time, because his theory of evolution challenged Victorian religious doctrine. However, in his book "The Voyage of the Beagle", Darwin appears to be a man of his culture and times even though he had a unique viewpoint about nature. The paper points out that Darwin's discussion of the different flora and fauna on his journeys on the 'Beagle' are extraordinarily modern in their detail and accuracy; conversely, in Darwin's chronicles about the natives, his racial attitudes show that he was a man of his time. The paper contends that Darwin views his own European civilization as inherently superior to that of civilizations in other hemispheres. The paper uses examples taken from the book to demonstrate Darwin's attitude.
From the Paper
"Likewise the natives' darker skin, which shields them against the sun, reveals them, in Darwin's eyes, as closer to nature. The fact that they speak a different language that is not of the Indo-European family like Darwin's English or Romantic (presumably, he would not look down upon them if they spoke French rather than their native tongue) likewise is unscientifically judged upon the basis that Darwin finds it unpleasant to listen to. Strikingly, even though some of these natives have already picked up a few words of English and can mimic the body language of the crew, showing what might be called a quick linguistic intelligence, Darwin sniffs that all savages are good mimics."
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| Term Paper # 108094 |
temporarily unavailable
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Medieval Architecture, 2008.
This paper looks at architecture and design from the period of the Middle Ages.
833 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that according to most historians, the Medieval Period, also known as the Middle Ages, represents about a thousand years from circa 400 A.D. to 1400 A.D., and is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages." For centuries, this period of time was thought to be the dark interval between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the rebirth of Western civilization in the Renaissance. However, the writer points out that since the 18th century, historians have revised their opinions on this period, particularly regarding the idea that Medieval design and architecture was crude and primitive. Tee writer discusses that several outstanding examples of Medieval architecture demonstrate that this old view is totally inaccurate, for there are many churches, cathedrals and related buildings in countries like France, England and Germany which bear out the truth, being that Medieval architecture and design was just as complicated and beautiful as any created during the centuries that followed the "Dark Ages."
From the Paper
"Not too far from this enormous chapel, one can find a single, huge window divided into horizontal tiers of transom windows which help to illuminate the whole interior.
"Overall, this beautiful building must have been a very popular gathering place for worshippers from all levels of English society, even the English peasantry who usually lived in mud huts or cheaply-constructed wooden houses and could find some form of sanctuary within the walls of Salisbury away from all the poverty and starvation that characterized the typical Medieval village or town.
"In Germany, the Church of St. Elizabeth at Marburg, built between 1233 and 1283 A.D., .."
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Jefferson Davis, 2008.
A look at the life and qualities of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Jefferson Davis' background and his positions as U.S. senator, Congressman and President of the Confederacy. The paper looks at a work he authored and goes on to depict how Davis was captured and imprisoned after the surrender of General Lee. The paper discusses his last years and his funeral and provides a quote from a tribute by a Reverend Gallaher.
Outline:
Introduction
Davis: Senator, Congressman and Confederate President
Davis: The Author
Davis: The Surrender
Davis: The Last Years
From the Paper
"Jefferson Davis was born on June 3, 1808 in Kentucky in Todd County, formerly Christian County, Kentucky. Davis was educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky and attended the U.S. Military Academy graduating in 1828. David fought in the Mexican War at Monterrey and Buena Visa and was wounded. David retired from the army in 1835 due to health problems. In the same year Jefferson Davis married Miss Sallie Taylor whose father was Zachary Taylor however, Sally died only three months following their wedding. (Alward, nd) After Sallie died, David purchased a cotton plantation complete with slaves working the field and was a successful plantation cotton farmer. In 1845, David married again, this time to Miss Varina Howell. (Alward, nd) Davis was both a devoted father and husband."
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Harry S. Truman, 2008.
This paper discusses the tumultuous presidency of Harry S. Truman.
1,902 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the political and social background of Harry S. Truman, his inexperience and his sudden appointment as president. The paper explains that Truman walked into a presidency characterized by landmines, disruption, war, change and the Soviet threat, with little advisory framework in place to support his administration. The paper relates that while Truman was very unpopular at the time he left the presidency in 1953, his contributions were appreciated more in later years.
Outline:
Introduction
No Warning and No Time To Prepare
Political and Social Background of Harry S. Truman
Inexperienced and New
Truman: End To Fascism and Police Government
Tried To Please Everybody, Satisfied Nobody
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Former President Harry S. Truman's life changed with five mere words and so did the face of world politics on the day that upon entering Eleanor Roosevelt's sitting room at the White House and was informed: "Harry, the President is Dead." (Donovan, 1996) April 12, 1945 was a day that was quiet in Washington D.C. and in fact it had rained all afternoon. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had stopped in Warm Springs, Georgia for a rest after returning from the Big Three Conference in Yalta at the Crimea. (Donovan, 1996; paraphrased) "
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Nigeria's Challenges, 2008.
Presents a creative essay written as if Miss Nigeria America is speaking with the new president of Nigeria, Umaru Yar'Adua, about the problems of Nigeria.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the safety, health and happiness of so many Nigerian citizens is depending on the administration of the new president, Umaru Yar'Adua. The paper points out the need for Nigeria to have true democratic elections instead of flawed elections and discusses other pressing issues facing Nigeria including environmental problems, the plight of the poor people in rural Nigeria and the AIDS/HIV epidemic. The writer concludes that she dreams of a country free of corruption, which provides a good education, dependable housing and police protection for all people.
From the Paper
"There are other issues I hope you can work on, as well, Mr. President. Shell Oil, as you know, has been allowing gas flares to burn and burn and burn. Many groups have protested against the burning of these gases, which are a product of the production of crude oil. This is a terrible abuse of our environment. For one thing it contributes to global warming, and for another, it hurts the air that our citizens breathe. Chevron, Texaco, and Mobil are also exploiting our people by polluting our air - and to top it off, money these American oil companies are making is not shared fairly with Nigerians."
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Great Powers, 2008.
The writer examines the concept of a great power and discusses states in terms of major powers.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, in order to ascertain the degree to which states exercise their power, it is first necessary to properly analyze the components which define great powers - that is the political, military, and, most importantly, economic components. The writer then discusses several theories that quantify power in terms of these components, noting that there have been numerous examples of great powers that have exercised their political, military, and economic influence throughout the centuries. Next, the writer examines the current international scene and asserts that, at this time, the international scene is not dominated by a great power, nor should it be. The paper concludes that, while there have been numerous examples of great powers that have exercised their political, military, and economic influence throughout the centuries, at this time, and taking into account the current evolutions in international affairs in terms of security, financial supremacy and political diversity, it is hard to find a state that would fit the traditional definition of a great power.
From the Paper
"However, the range of their power cannot be compared to any subsequent definitions of the term great power due to the fact that at the time, the Hellenistic world was considered to be the only one available for states to claim. In this sense, one cannot look at the magnitude of their influence but from a military perspective. Nonetheless, in all confrontations that took place at the time victory resulted in the political domination of the adversary. The Macedonian empire under the rule of Alexander exercised complete political control over the territories it conquered. Even so, neither example can be certified as being but regional powers because of the limited amount of time they manifested their dominance."
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Xerxes, 2008.
An overview of Persian history and the life and times of Xerxes, the king of Persia during the Persian Empire.
2,504 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the life and achievements of Xerxes, king of Persia, one of the most notable figures of the Great Persian Empire. To provide a better understanding of Xerxes' life and deeds, the paper also describes the circumstances in which Xerxes was raised to power and that influenced his later preoccupations.
From the Paper
"First we will refer briefly to the Persian Empire, its raise and evolution, and its relation to the Greek world to understand where the Median Wars originated and how they evolved until Xerxes's times. It is necessary to establish the circumstances that provoked those wars and the situation present at the time when Xerxes became king. This was not a new situation that he came to face, but the continuation of a long conflict that had started before he reached the throne, and that he found his duty to continue and solve to the end.
"The Median Wars were the confrontations between the Persian Empire and some of the Greek city-states during the V century B.C."
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Rail Resources in the Civil War, 2008.
This paper explores the U.S. government's strategic control of railroad resources during the Civil War.
5,557 words (approx. 22.2 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the ability of President Lincoln to harness the power of the U.S. transportation infrastructure was essential to eventual victory on the part of the Union forces. The paper looks at Herman Haupt's role in controlling the railroads and maintaining the war effort and shows how the ensuing end of the war and reconstruction cemented both the need and the ability of the US government to control this essential developmental resource.
From the Paper
"One of the most important issues with regard to armed conflict is resources, who has them or can get them and who does not and cannot. It would seem that to a large degree resources can make the difference between the winner and the loser in any regional or international conflict. In fact resources are so crucial that most use the availability of resources, rather than the righteousness of the cause as one of the fundamental decision factors of whether to enter into armed conflict at all. In the case of civil wars the issue frequently becomes more complicated, as the control of such resources, as they exists and can be manipulated, determines to some degree the outcome."
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"Africa Since 1800", 2008.
A review of "Africa Since 1800" by Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore.
859 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Africa Since 1800", which is primarily a survey text of the recent history of the continent of Africa. The paper reveals that this text that is factually correct still has a clear ideological point of view in terms of what the authors chose to include and exclude. The paper is of the opinion that regardless of their editorializing, "Africa Since 1800" is still a worthy read, for its illumination of West African political development as distinct from Central and Eastern African history, and its condense yet diverse factual array of events that may be unfamiliar to a new student of African history.
From the Paper
"Africa Since 1800 is primarily a survey text of the recent history of the continent of Africa. However, even a survey history of a region still has a clear ideological point of view in terms of what the authors chose to include and exclude. This text, although factually correct and valuable in its treatment of often uncovered areas of African history and territory, tends to deemphasize the immorality of the colonialist impulse, and locate anti-colonial resistance as part of a larger history of a region characterized by frequent struggles for dominance by a variety of political leaders. Authors Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore in no way defend colonialism, but they wish to present what they believe to be balanced and fairly dispassionate overview of the region."
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Counterculture in the Sixties, 2008.
This paper discusses the element of questioning the status quo that was common to all the countercultural movements of the sixties.
1,599 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that counterculture movements of the sixties radically questioned the pervading views pertaining to political, cultural and social conventions of American society. The paper focuses particularly on the anti-war movements, the human rights and liberties movements and the general youth cultural or 'hippie' movement that all rejected the conventional values of society.
From the Paper
"The sixties were a time of change, and more importantly of changing perceptions within American and Western culture about the meaning of social as well as personal life. The common thread that runs through all the aspects, events and movements in this turbulent period is that of the interrogation and questioning of the status quo. If there is one common element that joins the various strands, ideas and movements of this period it is a feeling of dissatisfaction with the way that society was run. This led to the often outspoken and even violent expression of these feelings that characterized many of the events that we associate with society during this time."
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The Second World War, 2008.
This paper discusses the military events of World War II and the Allies' eventual victory.
896 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the early victories of Germany until the surprise turnaround in June 1941 when Germany attacked Russia and the U.S. entered the war. The paper relates that by the summer of 1942 the Allies were winning consistently. The paper points out that the eventual victory of the Allies was not a foregone conclusion until the U.S. joined the war.
Outline:
Early victories of Germany
The Turnaround
Foregone Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Second World War began with only one objective in mind: world domination. With Germany, Italy and Japan having incurred massive losses in the First World War, they sought revenge and redemption. It is rightly said that, "The Second World War was a war of ambitions and denials." the ambitions obviously belonged to the three precipitators while the denial was also encountered by them. They were denied their over ambitious goals with the help of Allies, namely Britain, France and the US."
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"Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma", 2008.
An examination of the reconstruction of the life of Pocahontas in Camilla Townsend's book, "Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma."
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historian Camilla Townsend's new book, "Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma", in which she attempts to shed some light upon the history behind the myth of Pocahontas. It discusses Townsend's reconstruction of the life of Pocahontas and the difficulties that she faced in doing so. It also looks at Townsend's attitudes to the early Jamestown settlers.
From the Paper
"Townsend admits that in reconstructing the life of Pocahontas, she faces many difficulties, including the fact that Pocahontas came from a non-literate society that left no formal records, and that the settlement of Jamestown and the records of Smith cannot always be relied upon as a true and fair depiction of what Indians were 'like' at this time. However, she believes that the relationship of the tribes of the area were more complex than that of two people who were at war, who suddenly were brought to a truce by Pocahontas. Sometimes, the Indians would provide the colonists with food, as the people of Jamestown were struggling in the new climate and the demands the settlement made upon their fortitude, although for a time Powhatan began to kill the men who openly came begging for food, in an attempt to make the colonists go home (96)."
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Pittsburgh, 2008.
This paper discusses the city of Pittsburgh and looks at its history, society and dialect.
3,288 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the city of Pittsburgh has long been known as a 'steel' tough city filled with a variety of individuals who are as rough and coarse as the city itself. The writer points out that this perception of Pittsburgh and its inhabitants began to change in the early 1980s with the decline of the steel production for which the city was famous. Pittsburgh, from the time of the Civil War until those early 1980s, was a city filled with steel mills and other factories whose sole purpose was to provide America and the world with the steel it needed to fuel unprecedented growth. The writer then looks at the dialect that developed in Pittsburgh. The writer discusses that with competition and a decline in the need for steel, Pittsburgh had to transform itself from a city of steel mills to a city that provides (primarily) services such as healthcare and medical expertise.
From the Paper
"Another important factor in this continued use of Pittsburghese is the media's use of the same words and pronunciations. Many of the immigrants were poor and uneducated and easily fell into the same patterns of language usage as those around them, both at work and at home. Many of them were unable to read, but importantly, they wanted more for their children and because of the available work, they were able to provide the children with the opportunity to become educated. Because the media continued to use the same phrases as they had used earlier, even the now educated offspring spoke in the same manner."
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A Nation At War With Itself, 2008.
This paper explores the failure of the Sudan to become a cohesive and peaceful nation.
1,216 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that colonialism attempted to sew together a loose confederation of warring tribes and regions with different religions and tribal ties, creating the state of Sudan. The paper then discusses how the Sudanese have acted barbarically towards one another, practicing genocide on members of their own nation who do not support the current government or observe Islamic law. The paper emphasizes that this inhumanity, especially towards women, retards Sudan's economic and political development. The paper concludes that there is a need for a functional, non-state affiliated agency to negotiate peace settlements in place of the state government.
Outline:
Introduction
Religion and politics
Ethnic-cultural divisions
Women and Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To some extent, what we call the nation of the Sudan is a fiction. It is a product of colonialization, or rather the drawing of artificial boundaries that occurred after European colonialization in Africa. It is a polymorphous conglomerate of many different tribes, nations, and regions sewn together by a national government that strives to govern and manage the many inherent tensions and conflicts within the official Sudanese borders. Throughout the nation's history the government has often acted in a highly partisan fashion. A cynic or simply an honest observer might say that Sudan is not so much a nation as a war zone."
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Indentured Servants, 2008.
This paper focuses on indentured servants as a major aspect of America's colonial history.
3,329 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of redemptioners and indentured servants in the US. The paper looks at the various methods used to entice immigrants to colonial America and how the immigrants were treated once they arrived in American and during their passage. The paper notes that indentured servitude, while not exactly the same, was very similar to slavery and that conditions under which the white servant and the black slave labored were practically identical, except for the greater possibility of freedom for white indentured servants. The paper concludes that no servitude is just, especially in a country that is founded on democracy and the notion that "all men are to be created equal."
From the Paper
"In 1901, Karl Frederick Geiser wrote the book Redemptioners and Indentured Servants of Pennsylvania, to "in the hope of throwing some new light upon an important phase of our Colonial history upon which comparatively little has been written." One hundred years later, Geiser could easily publish his book again, since most people in the United States do not know about servitude during early America except for the African slaves. Terms such as redemptioners, embarkation, debarkation, and even indentured servants are not detailed often, yet this was--for good or bad--a major aspect of Colonial history."
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