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American Terrorism: Reconstruction to the Present, 2008.
An analysis of the development of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and its evolution from the time of reconstruction to the present day.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and describes acts of terrorism and hate crimes committed in the United States beginning with the evolution of the first Ku Klux Klan (KKK) organized after the Civil War (the era known as reconstruction). It discusses the people, geography and social forces which were instrumental in the formation of the first KKK, as well as subsequent reorganizations of the KKK. It then looks at the evolution of hate crimes in America and uses examples of organizations and activities of hate crime perpetrators as defined by legislative acts.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
American Terrorism
The First Ku Klux Klan
The New Ku Klux Klan of 1915
The Klan after World War II
Hate Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed a hate-crime bill that mandated the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to systematically collect information on hate-motivated crimes. Criminal justice decision makers consequently began to place central importance on attaching hate as a motivation for criminal acts. By establishing racial or religious hate as the component of an incident, the police were able to gain political impetus for expanding financial resources to law enforcement agencies, enabling them to enforce the laws directed at hate crimes (Maxwell, C., 1995)."
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Chris Matthews' "Hardball", 2008.
Reviews Chris Matthews' book "Hardball" and uses it to evaluate President George W. Bush.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike scholarly works of political science, Chris Matthews in his book "Hardball" employs a highly readable journalistic style and brevity of expression, which will ensure the book's status as a modern-day version of Machiavelli's "The Prince". The paper points out that Matthew's compendium of handy quotes and anecdotes, when applied to the rarefied sphere of politics, tend to carry a considerable amount of truth. The paper also explains that Matthew's book focuses on the highest levels of political power including many case studies of former presidents. The paper then offers of brief biography of US President Bush and applies three of the book's aphorisms to Bush's political career.
From the Paper
"Another defining aspect of the Bush presidency is the sanctified doctrine of "it's not who you know; it's who you get to know." In other words, personal relationships are as important - if not more important- than professional competence, diplomatic savvy, and political intelligence. This principle has guided George W. Bush since his days as a baseball league owner, and it continues to do so during these dying days of his presidency: "The lesson is obvious. If you want to do business with someone, don't forget the personal aspect.""
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The CIA in Vietnam, 2008.
An in-depth examination of the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Vietnam War, 1956-1975.
3,017 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper explains why the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s role in Vietnam has been difficult to assess completely. The paper first looks at the degree of commitment that the US government had developed in the political outcome of Vietnam. The paper then discusses the conflict over whether the military or the CIA should establish precedence over covert operations in Vietnam and describes what actually led to the eventual dominance of the CIA in Vietnam. The paper focuses on the many failures of the CIA's covert operations and counter-insurgency effort and contends that the war was already lost when intelligence failures of the CIA failed to adequately prepare the US and its forces to function appropriately in the region.
From the Paper
"The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the United States (US) and its role in Vietnam during that country's involvement in Southeast Asia is a role that has been difficult to assess completely. Part of the difficulty is that the CIA's role is, of course, almost completely related to covert operations in the conflict which are, by nature, secretive and most often censored. Additionally, the role of the CIA in Vietnam was also often one that was competitive in nature with the role of the military's own covert operations with both bodies vying for dominance in the conflict. Yet, there is a long precedence of CIA involvement in Vietnam and it is one that generally established the US government itself in the region while the French colonial forces were still struggling for dominance."
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Scapegoating in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible", 2008.
This paper demonstrates the theme of scapegoating in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible".
972 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the societal need to seek scapegoats, as demonstrated through the play, "The Crucible", by Arthur Miller, which aims to link the 1950s issue of McCarthyism to the colonial witchcraft trials in Salem, Massachusetts. The paper goes on to explain that although the event in Salem was presented by some as an expression of religious fervor directed at a perceived evil in the community, Miller sees the time as a hysterical expression in society to find and identify an enemy. Furthermore, the paper explains how a broad-based social crisis contributes to scapegoating.
From the Paper
"Terry Otten sees the drama as following a pattern he finds in many Miller plays as innocence is destroyed by temptation, in this case the temptation to denounce others and so to assert a sort of higher innocence based on religious fervor. Otten says that 'the play is constructed on a conspiracy of silence in which characters do not divulge the truth about others--or, more importantly, about themselves--and gradually fall prey to a deceit so pervasive as to be believed' (Otten 61), and it is in the conspiracy that innocence is lost. For Miller, this was an apt description of what was taking place in the McCarthy era, and it was the conspiracy of falsehood and of silence in the face of falsehood that he decried and found so damaging."
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Leadership in a Movie: The Case of Patton, 2008.
This paper assesses the film "Patton", by Frank Schaffner, through the portrayal of General George S. Patton.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The essay examines the 1970 film, "Patton", and illustrates the sort of leadership that director Frank Schaffner (and lead actor George C. Scott) feels typified the command of World War II American Army General, George S. Patton. Specifically, the paper looks at how Patton led through a combination of technical ingenuity, mastery and sheer force of will. Specifically, the paper demonstrates that Schaffner sincerely wants to portray Patton in a well-rounded fashion and shows how brilliance can be complicated by poor people skills and by a grasping nature.
From the Paper
"Still, even as he acknowledges Patton's strengths as a military commander, Schaffner never fails when the opportunity is available to show the down-side of Patton's leadership style. For instance, his intemperate outbursts to the press ruffle enough feathers among the high command that Patton must promise, at one point, to keep his big mouth zippered. Similarly, his poor people skills cause considerable tension between himself and other senior commanders - and may partly explain why Patton was placed on probation for the previously-discussed slapping incident (Patton). All told, the film is an enthralling look at a gifted man who, not unlike Douglas MacArthur, simply could not get along very well with other human beings and simply could not, though he was far from perfect himself, tolerate perceived shortcomings in others."
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Did the US and Canada Betray the Jews?, 2008.
A look at the failure of Canada and the United States to respond to the crisis of European Jewry, 1938.
1,976 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the extent to which the leaders of the United States and Canada refused to consider the pleas of Jewish refugees for protection during World War II. The paper portrays the vitriolic anti-Semitism present in both countries but shows how the Canadian leadership was more anti-Semitic than President Roosevelt of the United States. The paper still concludes that both countries failed to respond to the plight of Jewish refugees during World War II.
From the Paper
"By 1938, few people with more than the most basic awareness of world events could doubt that Adolf Hitler represented a threat to the Jews of Europe. In February of that year, he assumed personal command of the German armed forces (Churchill 261). Days later, he invited Austrian Chancellor von Schuschnigg to Germany, and demanded what amounted to a capitulation of the Austrian government to the Austrian Nazi Party (Churchill, 262-65). It was clear that the Nazis intended to take over Austria, and that the Jewish population of Austria would be subjected to pogroms and expulsion (Gedye "Schuschnigg Visit" 4)."
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North American Response to Jewish Refugees, 2008.
This paper takes a strong stance that both North American leaders and its people did little to aid the numerous Jewish refugees fleeing from Nazi Germany and Austria during WWII.
2,008 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The author argues in this paper that one of the great moral blights on the face of Canada and the United States is their failure to act effectively in the face of the horror that Nazi Germany perpetrated against Jews before and during World War II. The author further states that both countries during this period were marked by vitriolic anti-Semitism and goes on to analyze the question of what the leaders of the United States and Canada stood for by refusing to consider the pleas of Jewish refugees for protection.
From the Paper
"Within the government of Canada after the Liberal's accession to power in 1935, the Immigration Branch had been shuttled into the Department of Miner and Resources, under minister Frederick Charles Blair. The Immigration Branch was nominally headed by Thomas Creara, but effectively Blair gave the commands to Creara, and Blair was a rule-bound bureaucrat who firmly believed in protecting Canada from refugees, a group that to him meant Jews. (Abella & Troper, 7-8) Blair was anti-Semitic, a man of almost unbounded contempt for Jews, although he insisted in remarkable self-serving statements that he was innocent of all such sentiments and that his refusal to accommodate refugees was actually favorable to Jews, since they would only be despised by the Canadian populace (Abella & Troper, 8-9)."
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Cultural Retention in the Caribbean, 2008.
An examination of the retention of food, religion and music traditions in the Caribbean.
991 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at three instances of cultural retention in the modern-day Caribbean. It discusses the region's cuisine, its faithful adherence to non-Christian religions and its vigorous local music tradition. The paper then outlines how each culture may be understood as a form of resistance to both European imperialism and to the homogenizing forces of globalization.
From the Paper
"Music is the third and final item on our agenda and, like the two preceding it, a review of music offers some valuable insight into how the oppressed peoples of the Caribbean/West Indies were able to retain at least some of their cultural traditions in the face of European hostility. First of all, "mento" music emerged as a distinct kind of Jamaican folk music in the early part of the 1900s, although its actual roots - like so much Caribbean music - are founded in African rhythms, Latin rhythms and Anglo folksongs. From roughly the midway point of the twentieth century onward, Mento was muscled aside by Rocksteady and by Reggae (Romer, 2007). Nonetheless, what is important about this music is that, even while slaves might have been compelled prior to independence to sing Christian church hymns, there was always time - albeit perhaps not much of it, and perhaps the singing itself was done in secret - to sing indigenous songs that recalled a long-ago African world."
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Islam in India, 2008.
This paper discusses the expansion of Islam into India in the 7th century.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer explores the early history of Islamic expansion into India, in particular during the 7th century CE. The writer notes that this discussion is in order to understand how this early expansion defined the later history of Islam in India. As is seen, the writer discusses that while there was an undeniable military aspect to this expansion, one's focus during this early period must be upon how Islam entered India through long-existing trade networks. Further, the writer looks at how Muslim preconceptions of Indian religion and culture defined these contacts with implications for the future of Islamic India.
From the Paper
"This being said, however, it is important to recognize that these early Islamic views of India were not based upon ignorance but were actually highly complex. As well, it would be erroneous to assume that these views stemmed from Muslim religious prejudices. On the contrary, historians contend that early Islamic expansion in India in the 7th century CE was not a consequence of the desire to spread Islam or even to acquire territory. Instead, it is argued that the motives behind the initial Islamic military incursions in India during this period were commercial in nature, and stemmed from a desire to protect trade between the Persian Gulf and the western Indian Ocean.
From this perspective, the early Islamic expansion into India in the 7th century CE occurred in the context of a complex trade and cultural relationship between Arabian society and Indian civilization that stretched back for centuries."
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China's History and Today's Business, 2008.
This paper discusses China's historical past and its current business success.
3,037 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This document discusses China's current economic success and expansion from the perspective of its historical continuity and identity. The writer contends that the early consolidation of China under the Emperor Huangdi is the initial shift that provides the foundation for the national and cultural consistency that supports business enterprise in the market. Additionally, the writer discusses that structural economic and social reforms instituted under Deng Xiaoping are utilized as part of this evolutionary development that allows China to effectively leverage its labor force as a competitive advantage to dominate manufacturing and trade. The writer concludes that China's historical past relevant to its unification ensured that it would develop the strong national identity required to support a market economy that could leverage its workforce to gain competitive advantage.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction & Aim
Historical Foundations
Reform Era
Current Economic Growth
Conclusion
From the Paper
" This research project examines the current economic and professional success both at a national levels as well as a global level within the context of its historical past and its evolutionary development as a nation. It is argued that China's early unification under a single Emperor during the 3rd century B.C. laid the foundation for national and cultural unity which provides much of the necessary social continuity for the country's current economic success. Additionally, the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping are seen as the requisite structural changes which China needed to institute if it were going to successfully navigate the global economy and integrate itself within the international trade framework. Finally, the economic expansion that China is currently experiencing is touched upon as a result of these historical and structural advancements and the social factors of Chinese society are as a key component of Chinese enterprise now and in the future."
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The Neanderthal Problem, 2008.
A analysis of the relationship between early homo sapiens and the Neanderthals.
1,011 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a number of the dominant theories concerning the nature of the relationship between the ancestors of modern humans - early homo sapiens or "anatomically modern" (AM) populations - and the distinct species of the "homo" genus known as the Neanderthals. The paper then examines the fate of the Neanderthals. The paper focuses on the two main groups of theories: replacement theory and the interbreeding theory.
From the Paper
"It should be noted, however, that there is as yet no definitive conclusion to the "Neanderthal problem" as scholars and researchers in a range of disciplines from archaeology to bio-genetics argue about the complex issues in this debate. It is clear that AM populations who comprise the ancestors of modern day humanity likely played some role in the extinction of the Neanderthals, given the coincidence of their settlements in the archaeological record, as well as similarities in their cultural technologies. This being said, however, the question of whether early humans replaced Neanderthals - who became extinct through natural processes or violence - or absorbed them through interbreeding, remains an open subject of debate to this day."
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"The Mexican War", 2008.
A review of the content and approach of Otis Singletary's work, "The Mexican War."
1,013 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the war with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848. It focuses on Otis Singletary's work, "The Mexican War" and how he details the events leading up to this war as America invaded Mexico. The paper describes the content of the book and then reviews Singletary's approach to the content matter and its presentation.
Table of Contents:
The Coming of the War
The Invasion of Northern Mexico
Thrust to the Pacific
To the City of Mexico
Politicians and Generals
The Hidden War
The Diplomacy of War
Review
From the Paper
"The approach is chronological but also based on larger patterns and what they indicate about the battle. The author sometimes gets lost in what seem to be peripheral issues, though he later ties them into the main thrust of his narrative and does so in a way that makes the reader see why this approach was taken. The documentation is not as clear in the body of the book as it is in the bibliography, where the author suggests the use of both primary and secondary sources and a reliance on other accounts by other historians. However, this documentation is not made by means of footnotes that would enable the reader to trace the source of any particular bit of information as clearly as might be done. Overall, the book is a good synthesis of research and a clear detailing of the people and events involved in the Mexican War."
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Civil War and African Americans, 2008.
A discussion of the Civil War's impact on African-American soldiers.
709 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Civil War greatly altered the lives of tens of thousands of African-American soldiers and their families because of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and his related decision to authorize African Americans to serve in the Union Army. The paper shows how historic events inspired an overwhelming number of former slaves to enlist in order to fight against the Confederacy that had enslaved them and also earn military wages so they could support their families.
From the Paper
"In the second chapter of his book, Climbing Up To Glory, Wilbur Jenkins examines how and why initial Northern opposition to African-American participation in the Civil War was related to the respective treatment African-Americans received from the Union and Confederate governments during the fighting. African-Americans eagerly offered to fight for the Union as soon as the war broke out, but authorities in Washington D.C. rejected their offers for political reasons. (Jenkins 29-31)"
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Canada-American Relations, 2008.
Looks at Canadian-American relations during the Cold War.
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, most of the time, Canada was a loyal ally of the U.S. during the first three decades of the Cold War. The paper also argues, however that, in the period from 1968 to 1975, Canada deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. The paper concludes that Canada may have failed to "tow the line" on occasion, but its record as an ally of Washington's is a strong one, especially during the late 1940s, 1950s and most of the 1960s.
From the Paper
"In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Canada's contribution to continental air security extended beyond simply being a welcome cushion for America in the event of an all-out war. Firstly, Canada erected, maintained and operated the Mid-Canada or McGill Radar Warning Line - an installation that paralleled the complex US Pine Tree System. The existence of the Mid-Canada Radar Warning Line says a couple things about Canada during this period: firstly, it says that Canada was willing to expend large sums of money on a defense project that would benefit America as well as the Dominion."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the crisis itself and the way that President Kennedy handled the issue.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cuban Missile Crisis and President Kennedy's handling of this confrontation with the Soviet Union. First, the paper briefly examines the global events and Cold War conditions that precipitated the missile crisis. The paper then discusses the tensions between Moscow and Washington and why they had increased throughout the decade of the 1950s after the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, then its first hydrogen bomb and brutally invaded Hungary in 1956.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, President John F. Kennedy's ability to balance issues of national interest against the imminent threat of global nuclear war was the most important aspect of his leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October of 1962. Ironically, it was disagreement among Kennedy's advisors that ultimately produced a tough but measured response that compelled Khrushchev to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and thus avoid an American invasion and likely escalation into nuclear war.
"By the narrowest of margins, World War III had been avoided. Despite the ill-considered decision of Premier Khrushchev to antagonize the United States by deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba certain to be discovered, and President Kennedy's ill-considered decision to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion the preceding year, which antagonized Khrushchev into deploying those nuclear missiles to Cuba, both leaders managed to restrain their hawkish advisors and generals, and found a way to resolve the crisis through back-channel diplomacy and covert compromise."
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"Korematsu vs.United States", 2008.
Looks at the Supreme Court case of "Korematsu vs.United States", which upheld the Japanese-American relocation order of WWII.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in September 1944, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of "Korematsu v. United States" (1944) by a 6-3 vote, to uphold Korematsu's conviction for violating the order to evacuate the West Coast. The author points out that the majority ruling was written by Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter wrote a concurring opinion and dissenting opinions were written by Robert Jackson, Owen Roberts, and Frank Murphy. The paper stresses that, in this case, the Court placed a heavy burden on anyone trying to defend racial discrimination even though the Court allowed such discrimination against Fred Korematsu. The author argues that, nonetheless, the Court should have protected Korematsu's constitutional rights.
From the Paper
"Fred Korematsu was an American citizen of Japanese ancestry and lived in the San Francisco Bay area. He had a good job and a steady girlfriend, and he decided not to obey the relocation order. He went so far as to have plastic surgery performed on his face, and he told strangers that he was of Mexican descent, or Spanish-Hawaiian. This was not an effective ploy, though, and Korematsu was arrested in May 1942 for failing to comply with the evacuation order."
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The Stupa and Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka, 2008.
An analysis of the ongoing significance of stupas in everyday popular Sri Lankan Buddhism.
2,318 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Sri Lanka as a foremost country of Theravada Buddhism with several very important and many more local stupas found in most parts of an officially Buddhist country. It specifically discusses the ongoing importance of stupas in everyday popular Sri Lankan Buddhism and describes the more colloquial meaning and popularity of stupas of different descriptions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Stupas as Architecture
Popular Buddhism and the Stupa
Symbolism and Stupas
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"One sees that the stupa has terrific and varied significance in Sri Lanka's Theravada Buddhism whether in formal observances as can involve festival times or traveling to very important sites or what occurs locally involving what may be a very small district stupa, perhaps situated near a temple or upon a hill. In the upcountry areas of Sri Lanka, stupas may dot hillsides and with each, however small, having particular importance to someone or to residents of a particular village, rather like the roadside crucifixes or other religious statues one expects to see in Roman Catholic countries and implying the same sense of daily awareness and frequent related observance. There is the same contrast too between Christians viewing art as merely representing a saint or the divine, as opposed to persons who can actively worship an image or attach special powers to it. The smallest of white stupas can remind the Buddhist of how he or she is to live, develop the self, of the example of the Buddha's mind, the helpfulness of veneration. Preparing this paper has been a good exercise in seeing the different levels on which Asian religious phenomena need to be assessed, the understanding of an educated monk in Sri Lanka or a Buddhist historian of antiquities obviously rather different from the homespun understanding of a person who may be a very devout Buddhist citizen. In this sense the stupa offers different kinds of symbolism that can unite diverse members of a philosophical tradition."
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"The English Reform Act of 1867", 2008.
A review of the contents and arguments of "The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867" by Gertrude Himmelfarb.
1,707 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes "The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867" by Gertrude Himmelfarb. More specifically, the paper discusses the Himmelfarb's position that the Reform Act of 1867 was the most significant event in British history, specifically with regard to establishing household suffrage and democratic principles.
From the Paper
"Himmelfarb's real intentions and arguments are crystal clear. She wants to convince her readers that the Conservatives are responsible for the Reform Act, and history misrepresents their role in the affairs of the 19th century. The Liberals are not a progressive and altruistic party. She insinuates that the Conservative party is superior and works for the national interests, while Liberalism is an unstable and unimaginative ideology. Liberals see politics as a "rolling stone, uncontrollable and predictable" (Himmelfarb, 1967, p.123.). Civilisation is like the flickering flame of candle waiting to be snuffed out by the political mismanagement of the Liberal party. How, Himmelfarb asks, can such a party be responsible for the Reform Act of 1867? Only a strong and respectable party like the Tories could accomplish such a task. Although the Liberals advocated the Reform Act, Himmelfarb asserts that the "Reform Act was a Conservative measure, initiated and carried by a Conservative government"
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The Nature of War and the Significance of Strategy, 2008.
An essay on the military strategies of various war leaders.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses many well-known ancient commentators of war and highlights the thoughts expressed by one of the most famous of these commentators, Sun Tzu, who lived some time between 500 and 300 B.C.E., during the warring kingdoms period in China. The paper goes on to discuss the five factors Sun Tzu saw necessary for implementing war and then compares his ideas with that of Henri-Antoine Jomini, who was influenced by the Napoleonic era, and many others. The paper concludes that with the power of nuclear warheads today perhaps mankind has realized that "warring" is no longer an option.
From the Paper
"While there are many commentators in western history, including notably Thucydides and Julius Caesar - both of them practitioners as well as commentators - perhaps the most notable of the ancient commentators is a person of who we know very little. We believe Sun Tzu lived some time between 500 and 300 B.C.E., during the warring kingdoms period in China. His various teachings on war were written out some 200 years later."
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