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The Swastika, 2008.
A look at the history of the swastika and how it has been in existence for over 3,000 years, and a variety of cultures have used it in a variety of ways.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of cultural symbols and their importance to society. Specifically, the paper researches the history of one of the world's most infamous cultural symbols - the swastika. The paper relates that the history of this notorious symbol is long and varied, and much of it has little to do with the hatred and violence that mark it today. The swastika is an ancient symbol used for decoration and ornamentation, but it has come to civilize the Nazis, one of the most brutal cultures on earth.
From the Paper
"Interestingly, there are many buildings and infrastructure decorated with swastikas even here in the United States. One is the Laguna Dam, near Yuma Arizona. Built in the early 1900s, it was the first dam to harness the Colorado River, and it took technology from India to accomplish the feat. Bureau of Reclamation engineers traveled to India to study their dams and weirs, and when they came back, they designed the dam with traditional Hindu symbols for good luck. In fact, for a short while, the bureau's flag even sported the symbol."
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Civil War Strategy, 2008.
This paper discusses Abraham Lincoln's contributions to the Civil War.
3,888 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals the lack of strategy with which the American Civil War began but relates that the Army had one man, Abraham Lincoln, who had the vision to formulate a strategy that could win the war. The paper describes the events of the war and shows how despite several mistakes, Lincoln achieved his foremost goal of preserving the Union.
From the Paper
"One of the remarkable things about the Civil War was the lack of strategy with which it began. In 1861, with the southern states in secession and war looming, President Abraham Lincoln came into office to find a woefully understaffed and inadequate Army and a Navy so small and poorly ordered that it clearly could not address the crisis which the nation faced.
"The Army, which would be reduced substantially as southerners left, numbered barely 16,000 men, and had no general staff to develop strategic plans or even to envision strategy. Although it was soon apparent where a good deal of the fighting would take place, the Army plunged into campaigns without even basic maps, so that units wandered from one location to another with little or no idea where they were going."
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The Great Depression: Causes and Effects, 2008.
An analysis of the causes and the long- and short-term effects of the Great Depression on the United States and the rest of the world.
2,510 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the many causes of the Great Depression and its many effects, both upon the United States and the rest of the world. It describes the short-term causes and a series of long-term historical trends that resulted from the Great Depression. The paper looks in detail at the election of Franklin Roosevelt and his New Deal program.
Table of Contents:
The Only Thing We Have To Fear
Immediate Events: The Crash, Bank Runs
Additional Trends and Causes
The Immediate Effects of the Great Depression
100 Days and Long-term Effects On America
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Great Depression led to the election of Franklin Roosevelt and his New Deal program. The New Deal changed the role of the Federal Government and gave it much more power. It also changed the attitude of many Americans. In the 1920's businessmen were held in high esteem and business had few restrictions placed on it by the government. In the Depression many businessmen wound up on breadlines or selling apples on street corners. People no longer had such respect for business. Following the Great Depression workers and unions gained strength and the Federal Government was given greater power to regulate business. For the first time laws like Social Security and the Civilian Conservation Corp were passed. Government agencies now helped people directly."
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Military Intelligence of General Koch, 2008.
An analysis of the military intelligence of General Oscar Koch for the Sicily operation, Normandy invasion and the Battle of the Bulge.
1,818 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper assesses the enemy situation that General Oscar W. Koch had to face in his planning for the Sicily operation, Normandy invasion and the Battle of the Bulge. It looks at the strength and disposition of enemy armor, artillery and infantry units and discusses the reinforcement potential that had to be ascertained and planned for. The paper also discusses the quality of German commanders and units that had to be calculated. Finally, it looks briefly at the terrain to be encountered and how the enemy might take advantage of it for defensive purposes, as well as the morale or lack thereof of enemy units.
From the Paper
"General Koch also had to study and evaluate the terrain to be encountered during these operations in order to determine how the enemy might exploit it for defensive purposes, and he had to gather intelligence regarding the morale level of enemy units, which is always a factor in warfare. He performed well prior to and throughout Operations Husky and Overlord, but like most Allied intelligence personnel, he performed much less effectively prior to the Battle of the Bulge, when the Germans struck without warning through the Ardennes and inflicted heavy Allied casualties before being defeated by superior numbers and the intervention of the powerful Allied air forces once the weather improved."
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The Development of America, 2008.
A personal position on Jon Butler's ideas in "Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776".
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at Jon Butler's "Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776" where Butler asserts that the combination of five important factors were critical to the development of America. The paper disagrees and contends that the tremendous economic growth present during that time was the most critical factor. The paper supports the position that money is what made the significant difference in the survival of the colonies as an independent entity.
From the Paper
"Butler's comments regarding politics of the day outline the operation of local and imperial administration, the rise of the colonial assemblies, and the expansion of the crown of England's claims of authority over the colonists and the new land they inhabited. Appointed rather than elected officials conducted most local government, and even when colonists were given the chance to vote, most did not. Moreover, not everyone was allowed to vote, as women, servants, slaves, Indians, and those without property were denied that right. At this time, voting was a new process that many eligible men were not familiar with, so they were reluctant to use their vote. The fact that a democratic voting process was in place represented a shift from the monarchy to a modern hierarchal society, and finally a democratic nation."
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Woodrow Wilson's "The Study of Administration", 2008.
A paper that describes and details the essay "The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper critically analyzes the administration policies and ideas set forth in an essay by President Woodrow Wilson entitled "The Study of Administration". The paper describes Wilson's thoughts about using ministrant (function of the government) and constituent ideas to represent political and apolitical branches respectively and relates that constituent functions were given very important tasks, such as the protection of liberty, life, and property, while ministrant functions were necessary for advancing societal interests. The paper concludes that Woodrow Wilson attempted to outline a coherent and somewhat revolutionary idea about public administration and politics and how each should be separate, yet work together.
From the Paper
"Wilson was determined to make reforms and labeled areas that were functions of the government "ministrant" and those that were not, or were apolitical, he labeled "constituent" (Clements 320). These constituent functions were given very important tasks, such as the protection of liberty, life, and property, while ministrant functions were necessary for advancing the societal interests (320). Although these labels appear to be incorrectly given as ministrant areas were given what really appeared to be political functions such as labor regulation, communications, transportation maintenance, education, and conservation efforts."
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The Travels of Ibn Battuta, 2008.
A review of the content and literary style of Ibn Battuta's "The Travels of Ibn Battuta."
796 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "The Travels of Ibn Battuta" which describes Ibn Battuta's descriptions of his travel experiences between 1325 and 1354. The paper discusses how, according to the book, Islamic culture dominated much of the 14th Century world because of the Baghdad Caliphate's widespread political and economic dominance. The paper also discusses the content of the book as well as the literary manner in which Battuta described his travels.
From the Paper
"Because of the descriptive style of Battuta's writing, modern readers can better understand the significance and implications of Islamic economic dominance in the 14th Century, which inevitably produced cultural influences. Battuta's observations about the impact of trade and mercantile activities are especially incisive, for in land after land he traveled through, trade established relationships between Muslims and infidels which served as a unifying force and as a means of cultural assimilation.
"The analysis of shared Islamic culture that Battuta presented in his book was very methodical for his time and is still of great interest today, for it reveals the vast scope and influence of Muslim civilization in the 14th Century and bears comparison with the vast scope and influence of American culture in the modern world. The accomplished literary manner in which Battuta described how a shared Islamic culture was manifested in the countries he visited provides for fascinating reading and has made The Travels of Ibn Battuta a classic for more than seven centuries."
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"Declaration of Independence", 2008.
A review of "Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas" by Carl L. Becker.
711 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that "Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas" by Carl L. Becker is unique in that it focuses the reader's attention on the document itself rather than its its historical and political origins. The paper discusses Becker's theme that the Declaration is a direct reflection of Jefferson's personal political philosophy and literary skill. The paper also examines the strengths and weaknesses of this book and compares it to other books and articles on this topic. An annotated bibliography is included with the paper.
From the Paper
"Becker's eminent background as an historian, his analytical viewpoint, and his purpose for writing this book are evident in every chapter as he thoroughly analyzes the historical and philosophical antecedents of the Declaration of Independence, first from a natural rights perspective and then from a British Empire perspective. After discussing these influences he proceeds to explain the drafting process Jefferson engaged in, which produced a document of exceptionally high literary quality. In the final chapter, Becker examines the philosophy of the Declaration of Independence in the Nineteenth Century and how it was perceived and understood by succeeding generations. (Becker 1991)"
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John Locke, 2008.
This is a historical study and analysis of John Locke's philosophy towards the American Declaration of Independence and his influence on the American Revolution.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the importance of John Locke's philosophy on the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The paper analyzes various segments of Locke's "The Second Treatise of Civil Government," the philosophical influence of the 'government by consent' for American leaders who sought to create a new representational republican government. This paper argues that the basis of Locke's philosophy on governing is readily applicable to the way and manner in which personal liberties took a greater value in early America. By understanding the premise of life, liberty, and the pursuit of individual liberties, Locke's philosophy represents a major influence on how America's revolution created a republican government that denied absolutist governmental institutions within this historical period.
From the Paper
"The ultimate act of revolution must stem from a dissolution of the laws that had once formed the unity of government. Locke also proposed this solution when a government had violated its own laws, especially through the corruption of those that rule or make these laws in association with the people. For the Founding Fathers, the ideology of representational government had become paramount, as they had virtually no rights to legally debate or vote in laws that might be beneficial for them, as well as the British government. They defined these beliefs through Locke's understanding of the inherent right of those being ruled to have a legal representation, even under a monarchy..."
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World War I, 2008.
This paper outlines the history and events of World War I.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the causes of World War I, describes the confidence throughout Europe that the war would only last a few weeks and shows how, instead, the war became a bloody stalemate by the end of 1914. The paper depicts the new, deadly methods of mass killing that caused the scale of injury and death to be beyond anything people had believed possible. The paper also points out that tragically, this war to end all wars failed to achieve these lofty goals and within a generation the world was plunged into an even more destructive and horrific war. There is a large amount of source material appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"Historians are in general agreement that World War I was caused by intensifying political and economic rivalries between the great powers of Europe at the beginning of the 20th Century. The leading nations of Europe all sought to expand their empires, which led to arms races, entangling alliances, and increasing tensions. By 1914 these factors combined to produce such instability that the crisis in the Balkans triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary rapidly degenerated into a general European war characterized by unprecedented slaughter."
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Kennedy, Johnson and the Cold War, 2008.
A comparison of John F. Kennedy's and Lyndon B. Johnson's presidencies.
1,308 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the presidencies and administrations of John F. Kennedy (1960) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964). The paper relates that both presidents were elected to back-to-back terms as president and both faced difficult foreign policy decisions that defined their presidencies. The paper looks at the different backgrounds, political strengths, style and image of the two men. The paper also discusses the goals shared by both Kennedy and Johnson and compares Johnson's presidency to that of President George W. Bush today.
From the Paper
"John F. Kennedy (1960) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) were the only two Twentieth Century Democrats to be elected to back-to-back terms as president since Franklin Roosevelt (1944) and Harry Truman (1948).
Both Truman and Johnson inherited cabinet members and policies from a popular predecessor who died in office. In both cases they followed popular presidents about whom citizens had strong feelings. Roosevelt after twelve years in office was like a father to many people, Kennedy, then the youngest man elected president, represented youth and change an image he worked very hard to cultivate (Hammond, pages 139-142). Today people running for president try to copy Kennedy's style and want to be compared to him - not so Lyndon Johnson."
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America's Practice of War, Now and in the Future, 2008.
A review of the United States' past methods of fighting wars and how the trend seems to have changed over time.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the methods of combat that the United States has engaged in past wars that they have fought. It describes the methods used in battles prior to the 20th century, during World War I and II, and during the Vietnam War. Finally, the paper discusses the methods that the US uses today in Iraq and Afghanistan and suggests that this method of guerrilla warfare seems to be the trend of the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nature of War in the 21st Century
From the Paper
"Although modern military technology has changed the nature of war as an individual or a small group can coordinate terrorist activities in multiple cities at one time or on the other side of the world, hand-to-hand combat or guerrilla warfare still appears to be the wave of the future. No longer are vast armies clashing on battlefields, as the battlefield is now urban centers and highly populated areas. Along with guerilla warfare, the U.S. must continue to use full-scale firepower to be completely successful in future wars. As stated, however, it appears that guerilla warfare and hand-to-hand combat will be the dominant method of fighting now and in the future. If the U.S. and other countries were to resort to other more aggressive means of war, such as nuclear or atomic bombs, there would likely be no recovering from such overwhelming attacks, and the world would be left devastated and damaged forever."
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Indonesia, 2008.
Looks at the political and economic history of Indonesia before, during and after the rule of its military leader and president Suharto.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the history of Indonesia, the rule of Suharto is only somewhat less violent and repressive than had been true of Sukarno before him. The paper points out that Suharto used the military to crush any opposition to his effort at economic development. The paper also points out that, although it was one of the world's poorest countries in 1967 when Suharto came to power, Indonesia today is considered an economic success story. The paper further notes that the military, which was key to the New Order economic changes brought about by Suharto, remains strong after his death and concludes that, at this time, the balance between civilian and military rule in Indonesia is neither even nor tilted in favor of civilian rule.
From the Paper
"One element in the conflict in the region is ethnic, directed against a Chinese majority that has been economically successful but not fully assimilated into Indonesian society. In the Sukarno and Suharto periods, the Chinese minority continued its business success but otherwise tried to a great extent to blend in and to go unnoticed. More recently, however, there has been a political re-awakening of the Chinese minority after the heavy hand of President Suharto was removed. In May 1998, there were anti-Chinese riots which made the Chinese see themselves as vulnerable."
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Bush, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2008.
Looks at the entrance of President Bush into the Iraq War based on the possible existence of weapons of mass destruction.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the allegation that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, which were never discovered, was a deliberate deception by the Bush administration to justify their aggression in terms of containing terrorism by maintaining the international balance of power. The paper further asserts that Bush ignored the truth that he heard from his advisers and deliberately misled the American people to make an excuse to go to war with Iraq. The paper contends that Bush wanted to secure America's position of dominance, power and access to oil resources in the Middle East and tricked the American people into thinking that going to war with Iraq was a way of waging war on terrorism.
From the Paper
"The primary thrust of Bush's argument for the invasion of Iraq was that Iraq was a serious threat to the rest of the world because it was building WMD. This is an interesting allegation, given that the only country that really has a large supply of WMD is the USA. However, it must be borne in mind that those countries who seek to justify owning WMD - such as the USA - seek to do so in terms of deterrence theory. The idea is that if rational countries such as the USA and Russia possess nuclear weapons, their mutual knowledge that the other country has WMD will deter either country from ever deploying the WMD."
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Loyalty Oaths, 2008.
A discussion on why loyalty oaths don't work with a focus on loyalty oaths in President Truman's America.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, when President Harry S. Truman instituted a loyalty program in March of 1947, he did so because the U.S. was facing an insidious assault from Communist forces trying to infiltrate. It then examines several instances of oath-taking pursued by the U.S. Federal Government and by other institutions in the middle of the last century and outlines how each one did nothing to thwart unfriendly Communist activity. Next, the paper argues that, instead of wasting time and energy on a fatuous loyalty oath, public and private employers should have focused wholly upon improving security and clearance measures, should have educated the public on the dangers Communism presented to the American way of life, and should have reminded American citizens of what they needed to do to keep the country safe at the height of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"Understandably, loyalty oaths were frequently demanded of those who, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, were prospective recipients of the largesse of the American government or its various appendages. For instance, May of 1949 saw the Atomic Energy Commission pass a rule that all future holders of Commission fellowships were to provide an Oath of Loyalty and to fill out a non-Communist affidavit if they wished to receive the much-coveted prizes (Waggoner, 1; for another example of the ubiquitous Loyalty Oath in action, please see "Edison, CIO Agree on Loyalty Oath," 20). Although such a measure might seem like a good idea at first glance, the simple truth is that someone trying to secure one of the nation's most prestigious fellowships (this was certainly the case in 1949) is already tempted to tell Commission Board members whatever it is they want to hear - and they will undoubtedly sign most any document if doing so will gain them a competitive advantage over someone else."
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The Federal Reserve and the Depression, 2008.
This paper considers the degree to which the Federal Reserve can be blamed for causing the Great Depression.
4,172 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the four key events that the Federal Reserve had to confront during the Great Depression: the Stock Market collapse, the failure of the banks, Britain's abandonment of the gold standard and the Federal Reserve's large scale open-market purchases. The paper looks at Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz's account "The Great Contraction," that contends that the Federal Reserve failed to expand the money stock in the face of the Depression and in doing so aggravated the situation. The paper also discusses how some of the failure of the Federal Reserve can be blamed on the radical changes in the American economy and its government brought about by the Depression. Finally, the paper looks at a defense of the Federal Reserve's actions.
From the Paper
"During the period 1929 through 1932, the Federal Reserve confronted a series of economic crisis, and an assessment of its actions during this period turns on the interpretation given to its responses to these crises. In the fall of 1929, the Stock Market plummeted. In the fall of 1930, banks throughout the nation failed, climaxing in the collapse of the Bank of the United States. In the fall of 1931, Britain abandoned the gold standard. In April 1932, the Federal Reserve undertook large scale open-market purchases."
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Vietnam, Watergate and President Nixon, 2008.
This paper outlines the US political turmoil and failures of the 1970s.
1,412 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the US failure of the War in Vietnam, the Watergate scandal and the resignation of Richard Nixon. The paper illustrates how the 1970s created an atmosphere in which the public doubted the ability of the country to wage war, the morality of government in general, and the truthfulness of political leaders. The paper highlights the long-lasting effects of the war in Vietnam and the Watergate scandal.
From the Paper
"Every president is faced with the need for an agenda on the domestic front and one on the foreign policy front. When Nixon entered the White House, the most important element on the foreign policy front was the Vietnam War, and domestically this war was having a major role as well, contributing to the general unrest in the country and to a public perception of growing lawlessness and anarchy. Nixon was forced to approach foreign policy from a position he would have opposed had he had any real choice: "It was Richard Nixon's fate that he had to preside over the retreat of American power. He hated it" (Ambrose, 1989, p. 252). Once he became president, Nixon proposed to the other side "mutual withdrawal, guaranteed withdrawal, of forces" (Ambrose, 1989, p. 252)."
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Colonial Economies in the Caribbean, 2008.
A comparison of the economy of the Spanish colony of Cuba and the British colony of Barbados.
2,355 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that both Cuba and Barbados became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, Spain and Britain, and both developed a plantation system which included the use of African slaves. The paper then compares the economy of two of those colonies, and shows how the British colony of Barbados differed in many economic factors from the Spanish colony of Cuba.
Outline:
The Beginning of a Spanish Colony: Cuba
An English Colony - Barbados
From the Paper
"The Spanish explored and established colonies in many places in the New World beginning at a very early date. Christopher Columbus first stopped in Cuba on his second voyage. Cuba's settlement began in 1511 when Diego Velasquez and 300 men were sent from Hispaniola."
"The island was home to many Tainos tribesmen, who resisted Spanish rule, but were easily and quickly conquered. By 1517 Cuba was divided into municipal divisions, each of which was run by a council that reported to a royal council back in Spain."
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Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb in the Medici Chapel, 2008.
A discussion of Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb in the Medici Chapel, based on a study by Andrew Morrogh and a study by Estelle Lingo.
1,917 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two studies of Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb in the Medici Chapel towards complementary, as opposed to different, conclusions. The studies reviewed are Andrew Morrogh's "The Magnifici Tomb - a Key Project in Michelangelo's Architectural
Career" and Estelle Lingo's "The Evolution of Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb - Program versus Process in the Iconography of the Medici Chapel".
The paper relates that both studies are authoritative and careful contributions to the study of the Medici Chapel, the tomb in question and the career of Michelangelo. The paper also asserts that their different vantage points on the Magnifici Tomb help along what should be a broad approach to any artifact or installation, investigating origins, features and salient details in relation to context, remembering that there shall forever be different opinions which can be powerful guides towards personal appreciation and further study.
Outline:
Introduction
Andrew Morrogh - The Magnifici Tomb as a Key Project.
Estelle Lingo - Program versus Process and Iconography
Discussion
From the Paper
"The errors made by Michelangelo included the level at which the viewer examined them, the focal point of three statues too low, a statue of the Madonna, on the other hand, requiring a higher viewing point. (p.594) As Morrogh concluded, imperfections and all, Michelangelo had been able to exercise considerable license in what he designed so tentatively and in its results, thanks to the nature of his patron. Michelangelo had mixed opinions concerning the tradition of classicism that would have satisfied many sculptors of his day, but his results were not just innovative but 'difficult' as Morrogh comments, still apt to draw mixed reviews from those examining the Magnifici Tomb in the present. From this article, the reader obtains much detail and most readers will enjoy the illustrations of very different drawings to which Morrogh refers, a familiar aspect of the Medici Chapel revealed to have been a much changing or even piecemeal affairs thanks to the patronage of Pope Clement who seems to have recognized Michelangelo's originality and given it free reign. One leaves this article with the impression of having enjoyed a 'solid' few pages of scholarship, the author plainly knowing far more on Italian Renaissance design and architecture of which this article indicates one quite small topic."
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